Podocytopathies associated with familial partial lipodystrophy due to LMNA variants: report of two cases.

Lipodystrophies are characterized by complete or selective loss of adipose tissue and can be acquired or inherited. Familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) is a hereditary lipodystrophy commonly caused by mutations in the LMNA gene. Herein, we report two cases of FPLD associated with podocytopathies. Patient 1 was diagnosed with FPLD associated with the heterozygous p.Arg482Trp variant in LMNA and had normal glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia. During follow-up, she developed nephroticrange proteinuria. Renal biopsy was consistent with minimal change disease. Patient 2 was diagnosed with FPLD associated with a de novo heterozygous p.Arg349Trp variant in LMNA. Microalbuminuria progressed to macroalbuminuria within 6 years and tonephrotic range proteinuria in the last year. He remained without diabetes and with hyperinsulinemia. Renal biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis not otherwise specified. This report provides further evidence of variable features of lipodystrophy associated with LMNA variants and the importance of long-term follow-up with evaluation of kidney dysfunction.

Clinical validation of a smartphone-based retinal camera for diabetic retinopathy screening.

AIMS: This study aims to compare the performance of a handheld fundus camera (Eyer) and standard tabletop fundus cameras (Visucam 500, Visucam 540, and Canon CR-2) for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema screening. METHODS: This was a multicenter, cross-sectional study that included images from 327 individuals with diabetes. The participants underwent pharmacological mydriasis and fundus photography in two fields (macula and optic disk centered) with both strategies. All images were acquired by trained healthcare professionals, de-identified, and graded independently by two masked ophthalmologists, with a third senior ophthalmologist adjudicating in discordant cases. The International Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy was used for grading, and demographic data, diabetic retinopathy classification, artifacts, and image quality were compared between devices. The tabletop senior ophthalmologist adjudication label was used as the ground truth for comparative analysis. A univariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression was performed to determine the relationship of each independent factor in referable diabetic retinopathy. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 57.03 years (SD 16.82, 9-90 years), and the mean duration of diabetes was 16.35 years (SD 9.69, 1-60 years). Age (P = .005), diabetes duration (P = .004), body mass index (P = .005), and hypertension (P < .001) were statistically different between referable and non-referable patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed a positive association between male sex (OR 1.687) and hypertension (OR 3.603) with referable diabetic retinopathy. The agreement between devices for diabetic retinopathy classification was 73.18%, with a weighted kappa of 0.808 (almost perfect). The agreement for macular edema was 88.48%, with a kappa of 0.809 (almost perfect). For referable diabetic retinopathy, the agreement was 85.88%, with a kappa of 0.716 (substantial), sensitivity of 0.906, and specificity of 0.808. As for image quality, 84.02% of tabletop fundus camera images were gradable and 85.31% of the Eyer images were gradable. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that the handheld retinal camera Eyer performed comparably to standard tabletop fundus cameras for diabetic retinopathy and macular edema screening. The high agreement with tabletop devices, portability, and low costs makes the handheld retinal camera a promising tool for increasing coverage of diabetic retinopathy screening programs, particularly in low-income countries. Early diagnosis and treatment have the potential to prevent avoidable blindness, and the present validation study brings evidence that supports its contribution to diabetic retinopathy early diagnosis and treatment.

Maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily injections during pregnancy - A Brazilian health care referral center cohort study

ABSTRACT Objective: Pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (T1D) have an increased risk of maternal-fetal complications. Regarding treatment, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) has advantages compared to multiple daily injections (MDI), but data about the best option during pregnancy are limited. This study's aim was to compare maternal-fetal outcomes among T1D patients treated with CSII or MDI during pregnancy. Subjects and methods: This study evaluated 174 pregnancies of T1D patients. Variables of interest were compared between the groups (CSII versus MDI), and logistic regression analysis was performed (p < 0.05). Results: Of the 174 included pregnancies, CSII was used in 21.3% (37) and MDI were used in 78.7% (137). HbA1c values improved throughout gestation in both groups, with no difference in the first and third trimesters. The frequency of cesarean section was significantly higher in the CSII group [94.1 vs. 75.4%, p = 0.017], but there was no significant difference in the frequency of other complications, such as miscarriage, premature delivery and preeclampsia. The mean birth weight and occurrence of neonatal complications were also similar, except for the proportion of congenital malformations, which was significantly lower in the CSII group [2.9 vs. 15.6%, p = 0.048]. In regression analysis, the association of CSII with cesarean section and malformations lost significance after adjusting for HbA1c and other covariates of interest. Conclusion: In this study, we observed a higher frequency of cesarean section and a lower occurrence of congenital malformations in the CSII group, but the adjusted results might indicate that these associations are influenced by glycemic control.

Neck circumference as a predictor of gestational diabetes and risk of adverse outcomes in pregnancy of Brazilian woman with overweight and obesity

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association of neck circumference (NC) with gestational diabetes (GDM) and adverse outcomes in women with overweight and obesity. Subjects and methods: This prospective study included 132 (BMI > 25 kg/m2) pregnant women without and with GDM. Standardized questionnaire and biochemical/physical evaluation were performed during the 1st to 3rd trimester. Fifth-five women were evaluated regarding hypertension in pregnancy, type of delivery and neonatal complications (death, intensive care unit admission and hypoglycemia). Results: Women with (n = 61) and without (n = 71) GDM had similar mean (SD) pre-gestational BMI [30.3 (4.0) vs. 29.4 (3.5) kg/m2, p = 0.16]. Women with GDM were older [32 (6) vs. 28 (6) yrs, p < 0.001] and had greater NC [36.0 (2.7) vs. 34.5 (1.8) cm, p < 0.001]. NC was similar in women with GDM diagnosed in first or third trimester [p = 0.4] and was correlated with FPG [r 0.29, p = 0.01] and systolic [r 0.28, p = 0.001] and diastolic [r 0.25, p = 0.004] blood pressure. NC was associated with GDM [OR 1.25, 95%CI 1.03-1.52] adjusted for age, physical activity, education and familiar history of diabetes. In ROC analysis, the area under the curve was 0.655 and the cut-off value of 34.5 cm had 0.70 of sensitivity and 0.51 of specificity for GDM. Women who had NC ≥ 34.5 vs. < 34.5 cm had higher frequencies of hypertension [32.3 vs. 4.2%, p = 0.01]. Conclusions: In a group of pregnant women with overweight or obesity, NC can be a useful tool for identifying risk of GDM and obstetric adverse outcomes.

Adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells + cholecalciferol: a pilot study in recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients

ABSTRACT Objective: Adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) and vitamin D have immunomodulatory actions that could be useful for type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed in this study to investigate the safety and efficacy of ASCs + daily cholecalciferol (VIT D) for 6 months in patients with recent-onset T1D. Materials and methods: In this prospective, dual-center, open trial, patients with recent onset T1D received one dose of allogenic ASC (1 x 106 cells/kg) and cholecalciferol 2,000 UI/day for 6 months (group 1). They were compared to patients who received chol-ecalciferol (group 2) and standard treatment (group 3). Adverse events were recorded; C-peptide (CP), insulin dose and HbA1c were measured at baseline (T0), after 3 (T3) and 6 months (T6). Results: In group 1 (n = 7), adverse events included transient headache (all), mild local reactions (all), tachycardia (n = 4), abdominal cramps (n = 1), thrombophlebitis (n = 4), scotomas (n = 2), and central retinal vein occlusion at T3 (n = 1, resolution at T6). Group 1 had an increase in basal CP (p = 0.018; mean: 40.41+/-40.79 %), without changes in stimulated CP after mixed meal (p = 0.62), from T0 to T6. Basal CP remained stable in groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.58 and p = 0.116, respectively). Group 1 had small insulin requirements (0.31+/- 0.26 UI/kg) without changes at T6 (p = 0.44) and HbA1c decline (p = 0.01). At T6, all patients (100%; n = 7) in group 1 were in honeymoon vs 75% (n = 3/4) and 50% (n = 3/6) in groups 2 and 3, p = 0.01. Conclusions: Allogenic ASC + VIT D without immunosuppression was safe and might have a role in the preservation of β-cells in patients with recent-onset T1D. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03920397.

Adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells + cholecalciferol: a pilot study in recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients.

OBJECTIVE: Adipose tissue-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) and vitamin D have immunomodulatory actions that could be useful for type 1 diabetes (T1D). We aimed in this study to investigate the safety and efficacy of ASCs + daily cholecalciferol (VIT D) for 6 months in patients with recent-onset T1D. METHODS: In this prospective, dual-center, open trial, patients with recent onset T1D received one dose of allogenic ASC (1 × 106 cells/kg) and cholecalciferol 2,000 UI/day for 6 months (group 1). They were compared to patients who received chol-ecalciferol (group 2) and standard treatment (group 3). Adverse events were recorded; C-peptide (CP), insulin dose and HbA1c were measured at baseline (T0), after 3 (T3) and 6 months (T6). RESULTS: In group 1 (n = 7), adverse events included transient headache (all), mild local reactions (all), tachycardia (n = 4), abdominal cramps (n = 1), thrombophlebitis (n = 4), scotomas (n = 2), and central retinal vein occlusion at T3 (n = 1, resolution at T6). Group 1 had an increase in basal CP (p = 0.018; mean: 40.41+/-40.79 %), without changes in stimulated CP after mixed meal (p = 0.62), from T0 to T6. Basal CP remained stable in groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.58 and p = 0.116, respectively). Group 1 had small insulin requirements (0.31+/- 0.26 UI/kg) without changes at T6 (p = 0.44) and HbA1c decline (p = 0.01). At T6, all patients (100%; n = 7) in group 1 were in honeymoon vs 75% (n = 3/4) and 50% (n = 3/6) in groups 2 and 3, p = 0.01. CONCLUSION: Allogenic ASC + VIT D without immunosuppression was safe and might have a role in the preservation of ß-cells in patients with recent-onset T1D. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03920397.

Relationship between short and long-term glycemic variability and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes mellitus under daily life insulin treatment

ABSTRACT Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the heterogeneity of the association between glycemic variability and oxidative stress markers in T1DM patients under daily life insulin treatment. Subjects and methods: We studied, in a cross-sectional analysis, 76 T1DM patients without clinical chronic diabetes complications and 22 healthy individuals. Were evaluated the short-term glycemic variability (STGV), long-term glycemic variability (LTGV), oxidative stress markers [8-isoprostaglandin-F2α (Ur-8-iso-PGF2α), nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and erythrocytes reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG)] and biochemical dosages (glycaemia, HbA1c, lipidogram, albuminuria). Results: Plasmatic NO was positively associated with LTGV (last year average of HbA1c) (8.7 ± 1.6% or 71 ± 18 mmol) (rS: 0.278; p: 0.042). Plasmatic TBARS, erythrocytes GSH/GSSH and Ur-8-iso-PGF-2α didn't show correlation with glycemic variability. GSH/GSSG was inversely correlated with LDL-cholesterol (rS: - 0.417; p: 0.047) and triglycerides (rS: −0.521; p: 0.013). Albuminuria was positive correlated with age (rS: 0.340; p: 0.002), plasmatic NO (rS: 0.267; p 0.049) and TBARS (rS: 0.327; p: 0.015). Conclusion: In daily life insulin treatment, young T1DM patients have higher plasmatic NO than healthy subjects. However, the correlation between glycemic variability and oxidative stress markers is heterogeneous. Lipid profile and albuminuria are associated with different oxidative stress markers. These data collaborate to explain the controversial results in this issue.

Seborrheic keratoses and severe hypoinsulinemic hypoglycemia associated with insulin grow factor 2 secretion by a malignant solitary fibrous tumor.

A rare sign of some malignant tumors is a sudden eruption of multiple seborrheic keratoses called Leser-Trélat sign. Overproduction of insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2) or its precursor is the main mechanism related to non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia. Doege-Potter syndrome is the name given to paraneoplastic hypoinsulinemic hypoglycemia in presence of a solitary fibrous tumor. This report describes a case of a patient with hypoinsulinemic hypoglycemia and Leser-Trélat sign associated with a malignant solitary fibrous tumor with IGF2 secretion. Both conditions have improved after tumor excision.

Inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid of periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to glycemic control: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and periodontitis are inflammatory conditions with a bidirectional association. This pilot study aimed to evaluate whether T2DM and glycemic control interfere in inflammatory markers profiles in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen diabetic periodontitis patients were enrolled in this study, seven with adequate glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] <8.0%) (DMA + P) and seven with inadequate control (HbA1c ≥8.0%) (DMI + P). Seven chronic periodontitis patients without diabetes formed the control group (P). GCF was obtained from diseased sites (probing depth >6 mm) of an entirely hemiarch, pooled and cytokines levels determined using multiplex beads immunoassay. Clinical periodontal parameters were analyzed by Mann-Whitney test and levels of cytokines by Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's multiple comparison tests with confidence level of 95% (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Cytokines profile of GCF obtained from deep periodontal pockets presented high levels of inflammatory cytokines, and there were no statistical differences between levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-α according to presence of diabetes or percentage of HbA1c among the groups, despite groups with T2DM and periodontitis exhibit higher levels of PD. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, inflammatory mediators in GCF are dependent to the local response and do not correlate with the diabetic status.

Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: an update 2013.

Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus are two common conditions and they are widely prevalent across all ages, races, geographical regions, and socioeconomic conditions. Epidemiologic studies have shown association of vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. The identification of 1,25(OH)2D receptors and 1-α-hydroxilase expression in pancreatic beta cells, in cells of the immune system, and in various others tissues, besides the bone system support the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Observational studies have revealed an association between 25(OH) D deficiency and the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. This review will focus on the concept of vitamin D deficiency, its prevalence, and its role in the pathogenesis and risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.

Serum leveis of inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontitis

Diabetes has been associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms through which periodontal diseases affect the metabolic control remain unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate serum leveis of inflammatory markers, IL-8, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), in type 2 diabetic patients in the presence of chronic periodontitis. Material and Methods: Forty two individuals were enrolled in this study and assigned to one of five groups: diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control and periodontitis (DMI+P, n = 10), diabetes mellitus with adequate glycemic control and periodontitis (DMA+P, n = 10), diabetes mellitus without periodontitis (DM, n = 10), periodontitis without diabetes (P, n=6), and neither diabetes nor periodontitis (H, n = 6). Periodontal clinical examination included visible plaque index (PL), gingival bleeding index (GB), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and bleeding on probing (BP). Glycemic control was evaluated by serum concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Inflammatory serum markers IL-8, IL-6 and (MCP-1) were measured by ELISA. Results: DMI+P and DMA+P groups presented higher PD (p=0.025) and AL (p=0.003) values when compared to the P group. There were no significant differences among groups for IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 serum levels. Conclusions: Although periodontitis was more severe in diabetic patients, the serum levels of the investigated inflammatory markers did not differ among the groups. .

Serum levels of inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes patients with chronic periodontitis.

UNLABELLED: Diabetes has been associated with periodontitis, but the mechanisms through which periodontal diseases affect the metabolic control remain unclear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate serum leveis of inflammatory markers, IL-8, IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), in type 2 diabetic patients in the presence of chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty two individuals were enrolled in this study and assigned to one of five groups: diabetes mellitus with inadequate glycemic control and periodontitis (DMI+P, n = 10), diabetes mellitus with adequate glycemic control and periodontitis (DMA+P, n = 10), diabetes mellitus without periodontitis (DM, n = 10), periodontitis without diabetes (P, n=6), and neither diabetes nor periodontitis (H, n = 6). Periodontal clinical examination included visible plaque index (PL), gingival bleeding index (GB), probing depth (PD), attachment level (AL) and bleeding on probing (BP). Glycemic control was evaluated by serum concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Inflammatory serum markers IL-8, IL-6 and (MCP-1) were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: DMI+P and DMA+P groups presented higher PD (p=0.025) and AL (p=0.003) values when compared to the P group. There were no significant differences among groups for IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 serum levels. CONCLUSIONS: Although periodontitis was more severe in diabetic patients, the serum levels of the investigated inflammatory markers did not differ among the groups.

Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus: an update 2013 / Vitamin D e diabetes melito: uma atualização 2013

Vitamin D deficiency and diabetes mellitus are two common conditions and they are widely prevalent across all ages, races, geographical regions, and socioeconomic conditions. Epidemiologic studies have shown association of vitamin D deficiency and increased risk of chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus. The identification of 1,25(OH)2D receptors and 1-α-hydroxilase expression in pancreatic beta cells, in cells of the immune system, and in various others tissues, besides the bone system support the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Observational studies have revealed an association between 25(OH) D deficiency and the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents. This review will focus on the concept of vitamin D deficiency, its prevalence, and its role in the pathogenesis and risk of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.

A deficiência de vitamina D e o diabetes melito são enfermidades comuns na população e são altamente prevalentes em todas as raças, idades, regiões geográficas e situação socioeconômica. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram uma associação entre hipovitaminose D com o aumento do risco de doenças crônicas, tais como câncer, doença cardiovascular, diabetes melito do tipo 2 e doenças autoimunes como a esclerose múltipla e o diabetes mellitus do tipo 1. A identificação de receptores da 1,25(OH)2 D e da expressão da 1 α-hidroxilase nas células betapancreáticas, em células do sistema imunológico e em uma variedade de células do organismo além do tecido ósseo, suporta o papel da vitamina D na patogênese do diabetes tipo 2 e do tipo 1. Esta revisão apresenta e discute o conceito de deficiência de vitamina D, sua prevalência e seu papel na patogênese e no risco de desenvolvimento do diabetes melito e doenças cardiovasculares.

Optimal cutoff points for body mass index, waist circumference and HOMA-IR to identify a cluster of cardiometabolic abnormalities in normal glucose-tolerant Brazilian children and adolescents / Valores de corte ótimos do índice de massa corporal, circunferência abdominal e HOMA-IR para a identificação de um conjunto de anormalidades cardiometabólicas em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros com tolerância normal à glicose

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish the best cutoff values for waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and HOMA-IR (HR) to identify a cluster (> 3) of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) Brazilian children and adolescents. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 319 individuals (aged 10 to 19y) from a southern Brazilian city. Gender-specific receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves were constructed to assess cutoffs values of BMI (kg/m², WC (cm), and HR. RESULTS: The areas under the ROC curves to detect a cluster of CVRF were 0.92, 0.93 and 0.68 (females), and 0.93, 0.93 and 0.89 (males), for WC, BMI and HR, respectively. The cutoff values were 83.0 and 80.5 cm (WC), 22.7 and 20.4 kg/m2 (BMI), and 1.65 and 1.95 (HR), for females and males, respectively, to detect the cluster of CVRF. CONCLUSION: These values of BMI, WC-) and (HR) detected a high proportion of NGTt Brazilian children and adolescents with a cluster of CVRF.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer os melhores valores de corte para circunferência abdominal (CA), índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e HOMA-IR (HR) para identificação da concomitância de um conjunto de fatores de risco cardiovascular (> 3) em crianças e adolescentes brasileiros com tolerância normal à glicose (TNG). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado em uma cidade do sudeste do Brasil com 319 indivíduos de 10 a 19 anos de idade. Curva ROC para cada gênero foi utilizada para estabelecimento dos valores de IMC (kg/m²), CA (cm) e HRR. RESULTADOS: As áreas sob as curvas ROC para detectar o conjunto de fatores cardiovascular foram 0,92, 0,93 e 0,68 (meninas) e 0,93, 0,93 e 0,89 (meninos) para CA, IMC e HR, respectivamente. Os valores de corte foram 83,0 e 80,5 cm (CA), 22,7 e 20,4 kg/m² (IMC) e 1,65 e 1,95 (HR), para meninas e meninos, respectivamente, para detecção do grupo de fatores de risco cardiovascular. CONCLUSÃO: Esses valores de IMC,CA e HR detectaram uma porcentagem significativa de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros com TNG e elevado risco cardiovascular.

Heterogeneidade clínica e coexistência das neuropatias diabéticas: diferenças e semelhanças entre diabetes melito tipos 1 e 2 / Clinical heterogeneity and coexistence of diabetic neuropathies: difference and similarities between types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJETIVO: Estudar a heterogeneidade e a coexistência das neuropatias no diabetes melito tipos 1 (DMT1) e 2 (DMT2). MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 74 DMT2 e 20 DMT1 em relação à idade (anos), tempo de diagnóstico do DM (TDDM, em anos), índice de massa corpórea (IMC, kg/m²), HbA1c e tipo de neuropatia (critérios da American Diabetes Association). RESULTADOS: DMT1 era mais jovem (32,7 ± 11 versus 56,9 ± 10,3; p = 0,0001), com maior TDDM (17,1 ± 9,7 versus 10,4 ± 6,8; p = 0,003) e menor IMC (23,6 ± 3,8 versus 28,4 ± 5,3; p = 0,0005). A neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular (NAC) (60 por cento versus 32,4 por cento; p = 0,02) e a coexistência desta com polineuropatia (PND) (62,5 por cento versus 33,3 por cento; p = 0,03) foram mais prevalentes no DMT1; a PND dolorosa crônica (PNDDC) (60,8 por cento versus 30,0 por cento; p = 0,009) o foi no DMT2. A HbA1c (p = 0,04) foi preditiva de PND em ambos os grupos. O TDDM (p = 0,03) e a PNDDC (p = 0,003) foram preditivos de NAC no DMT1. A idade (p = 0,0004) teve valor preditivo para PNDDC no DMT2. CONCLUSÕES: As neuropatias apresentam distribuição heterogênea no DMT1 e no DMT2. Com exceção do controle glicêmico, os fatores relacionados a essa complicação diferem de acordo com o tipo de diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the heterogeneity and the coexistence of diabetic neuropathy (DNP) in type 1 (T1DM) and 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus. METHODS: 74 T2DM and 20 T1DM patients were evaluated according to age (years), time from diagnosis of diabetes (TDD, years), body mass index (BMI, kg/m²), HbA1c and DNP type (American Diabetes Association criteria). RESULTS: T1DM was younger (32.7 ± 11.0 versus 56.9 ± 10.3; p = 0.0001), leaner (BMI: 23.6 ± 3.85 versus 28.4 ± 5.3; p = 0.0005) and they had longer TDD (17.1 ± 9.7 versus 10.4 ± 6.8; p = 0.003). Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) (60 percent versus 32.4 percent; p = 0.02) and its coexistence with polyneuropathy (PN) (62.5 percent versus 33.3 percent; p = 0.03) were more common in T1DM. Chronic painful polyneuropathy (CPP) was more prevalent in T2DM (60.8 percent versus 30.0 percent; p = 0.009). Logistic regression showed HbA1c as an independent variable related to PN (p = 0.04) in both groups. TDD (p = 0.03) and CPP (p = 0.003) were related to CAN in T1DM. Age (p = 0.0004) was related to CPP in T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: The DNP have shown a heterogeneity distribution in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The related factors to different phenotypes of this complication, apart from hyperglycemia, may be variable between these two types of diabetes mellitus.

Efeito da freqüência do exercício físico no controle glicêmico e composição corporal de diabéticos tipo 2 / El efecto de la frecuencia del ejercicio físico en el control glucémico y composición corporal de diabéticos tipo 2 / Effect of frequency of physical exercise on glycemic control and body composition in type 2 diabetic patients

FUNDAMENTO: O diabete e a doença cardiovascular emergiram como ameaças principais à saúde humana, e o risco está aumentado nos indivíduos com obesidade visceral. É consenso que o exercício físico deve fazer parte do tratamento do diabete melito (DM). OBJETIVO: Comparar a influência de programas de exercício físico orientados e estruturados (PEOE) com freqüência de três e cinco vezes por semana, no período de 20 semanas, no controle glicêmico e composição corporal de diabéticos tipo 2 (DM2). MÉTODOS: A pesquisa realizou-se na Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Grupo Controle (GC), n=17, idade (Mi: 55,8 anos), recebeu incentivo, na consulta médica, para o exercício físico. Grupo 3x (G3), n=14, idade (Mi: 57,4 anos), uma hora de exercício físico, 3x/semana. Grupo 5x (G5), n=9, idade (Mi: 58,8 anos), mesmo protocolo, mas 5x/semana. Tempo de diagnóstico: Mi: 5 anos, em todos os grupos. Aula constava de 5 min aquecimento, 30 min caminhada (esteira) a 70 por cento da freqüência cardíaca máxima e 10 min relaxamento. IMC, cintura, porcentual de gordura (PG), glicemia capilar (Gcap), glicemia de jejum (GJ), hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: Realizou-se uma comparação entre o instante Basal (B) e 20ª semana (20ª). IMC no G3(B: 29,5±2,9 vs 20ª: 28,3±2,2 kg/m², p=0,005) e G5 (B: 29,7±4,4 vs 20ª: 29,1±4,3 kg/m², p=0,025); cintura G5 (B: 100,5±11,9 vs 20ª: 933±11,7 cm, p=0,001); PG no G3 (B: 31±5,1 vs 20ª: 26±5 por cento, p=0,001) e G5 (B: 32,4±5,4 vs 20ª: 30,3±6,9 por cento, p=0,001); GJ, G5 (B: 150,8±47,5 vs 20ª: 109,2±30,5 mg/dl, p=0,034), apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas. GC não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas, nessas variáveis. Gcap apresentou uma tendência de queda no pós-exercício físico no G5. HbA1c não apresentou diferenças estatisticamente significativas nos três grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O G5 foi melhor que o G3, na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados. Porém, os resultados não apresentaram...

BACKGROUND: Diabetes and cardiovascular disease have emerged as key threats to human health, and the risk is increased in individuals with visceral obesity. The consensus is that physical exercise should be part of the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE: To compare the influence of guided and structured physical exercise programs (SPEP), three to five times per week, during a period of 20 weeks, on glycemic control and body composition of type 2 diabetic patients (DM2). METHODS: The research was conducted at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Federal University School of Medicine in São Paulo). At the clinical visit, patients from the Control Group (CG) n=17, mean age 55.8 years, were encouraged to engage in a physical exercise program. Patients from Group 3x (G3), n=14, mean age 57.4 years, were to engage in 1 hour of physical exercise, 3x/week, and Group 5x (G5), n=9, mean age 58.8 years, followed the same protocol but 5x/week. Mean of 5 years since diagnosis in all groups. Classes consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30-minute treadmill walk at 70 percent of maximum heart rate, and 10-minute relaxation. BMI, abdominal circumference (AC), percentage of body fat (BF), capillary glycemia (CG), fasting glycemia (FG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were assessed. RESULTS: A comparison was made between the baseline time point (B) and the 20th week (20th). BMI in G3 (B:29.5±2.9 vs. 20th: 28.3 ± 2.2 Kg/sqm, p=0.005) and G5 (B:29.7±4.4 vs. 20th: 29.1 ± 4.3 Kg/sqm, p=0.025); abdominal circumference in G5 (B:100.5±11.9 vs. 20th: 933 ± 11.7 cm, p=0.001); BF in G3 (B:31±5.1 vs 20th: 26±5 percent, p=0.001) and G5 (B:32.4 ± 5.4 vs. 20th: 30.3 ± 6.9 percent, p=0.001); FG, G5 (B:150.8 ± 47.5 vs. 20th: 109.2± 30.5 mg/dL, p=0.034), showed statistically significant differences. CG did not show statistically significant differences for these variables. CG showed a tendency to drop after physical exercise in G5. HbA1c showed no statistically...

FUNDAMENTO: La diabetes y la enfermedad cardiovascular surgieron como principales amenazas a la salud humana, y el riesgo crece en los individuos con obesidad visceral. Es un consenso que el ejercicio físico debe formar parte del tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJETIVO: Comparar la influencia de programas de ejercicio físico orientados y estructurados (PEOE) con frecuencia de tres y cinco veces por semana, en el período de 20 semanas, en el control glucémico y la composición corporal de diabéticos tipo 2 (DM2). MÉTODOS: La investigación se realizó en la Universidad Federal de São Paulo. Grupo Control (GC), n=17, edad (edad promedio (EP): 55,8 años), recibió incentivo en la consulta médica para la realización de ejercicio físico. Grupo 3x (G3), n=14, edad (EP: 57,4 años), una hora de ejercicio físico, 3x/semana. Grupo 5x (G5), n=9, edad (EP: 58,8 años), mismo protocolo, pero 5x/semana. Tiempo de diagnóstico: EP: 5 años, en todos los grupos. La clase constaba de 5 min calentamiento, 30 min caminata en estera rodante hasta el 70 por ciento de la frecuencia cardiaca máxima y 10 min relajamiento. Se analizó IMC, cintura, porcentual de grasa (PG), glucemia capilar (GCap), glucemia de ayuno (GA), hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c). RESULTADOS: Se realizó una comparación entre el instante Basal (B) y la 20ª semana (20ª). Presentaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas: IMC en el G3(B: 29,5±2,9 vs 20ª: 28,3±2,2 kg/m², p=0,005) y el G5 (B: 29,7±4,4 vs 20ª: 29,1±4,3 kg/m², p=0,025); cintura G5 (B: 100,5±11,9 vs 20ª: 933±11,7 cm, p=0,001); PG en el G3 (B: 31±5,1 vs 20ª: 26±5 por ciento, p=0,001) y G5 (B: 32,4±5,4 vs 20ª: 30,3±6,9 por ciento, p=0,001); GA, G5 (B: 150,8±47,5 vs 20ª: 109,2±30,5 mg/dl, p=0,034). El GC no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas, en estas variables. La GCap presentó una tendencia de caída en el post ejercicio físico en G5. La HbA1c no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en...

Neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular diabética: fatores de risco, impacto clínico e diagnóstico precoce / Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: risk factors, clinical impact and early diagnosis

A neuropatia autonômica cardiovascular (NAC) constitui uma das complicações de maior repercussão clínica do diabete melito (DM) e, ao mesmo tempo, está entre as menos diagnosticadas. Nesta revisão, são discutidos os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento e a progressão da NAC nos pacientes com DM, a história natural da neuropatia autonômica e seu impacto na doença cardiovascular do DM, bem como os testes para o diagnóstico precoce e o estadiamento da NAC na prática clínica. A pesquisa bibliográfica teve como base dois bancos de dados: Medline e Tripdatabase, com os seguintes descritores: diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy e cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and diabetes. Os artigos de 1998 a 2007 em inglês e alemão foram selecionados. A NAC em estágios iniciais (precoce e intermediária) pode ser diagnosticada e revertida, porém, nos casos avançados (estágio grave), resta apenas o tratamento sintomático. A NAC está associada a um maior índice de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovasculares e pior qualidade de vida nos indivíduos diabéticos

Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is one of the most clinically significant complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), but one of the least frequently diagnosed. In this review, we discuss the major risk factors for the development and progression of CAN in patients with DM, the natural history of autonomic neuropathy and its impact on cardiovascular disease in DM, as well as the tests for the early diagnosis and staging of CAN in the clinical practice. The bibliographic research was based on two databases: Medline and Tripdatabase, with the following descriptors: diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and diabetes. We selected English and German articles, written between 1998 and 2007. In its initial stages (early and intermediate), CAN may be diagnosed and reversed. However, in advanced cases (severe stage), the only treatment that remains is a symptomatic one. CAN is associated with higher cardiovascular morbidity and mortality rates and poor quality of life in diabetic individuals.

Heterogeneidade do diabetes melito tipo 1 / Heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes mellitus

O diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1) caracteriza-se pela deficiência de insulina por causa da destruição das células-beta pancreáticas. O DM1 atualmente é classificado em dois subtipos: um auto-imune (DM1A) e outro não auto-imune (DM1B). O DM1A poligênico (isolado ou associado a outras doenças auto-imunes) é a forma mais prevalente. O DM1A pode fazer parte de síndromes raras em virtude de alterações monogênicas [gene regulador da auto-imunidade (AIRE)] e mutações no gene FOX-p3. O DM1B corresponde de 4 por cento a 7 por cento do DM1 e pode incluir formas não clássicas, como o diabetes fulminante e o DATC. Jovens com DM1A e sinais de resistência à insulina associados têm sido denominados de diabetes duplo (DD), tipo 1 e tipo 2. Nessa revisão são discutidas as patofisiologias e as características clínicas das formas raras de DM1A, o DM1B, as formas atípicas de DM1 não auto-imune e as inter-relações entre a inflamação subclínica da obesidade e o processo auto-imune do DM1A no DD. Em resumo, apresentamos o conceito de heterogeneidade do DM1.

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) comprises all forms of autoimmune-mediated and idiopathic beta-cell destruction leading to absolute insulin deficiency. The etiological heterogeneity of T1D has been recognized for the last decades, but it has been divided into only two subtypes so far: autoimmune (T1D)A and non-autoimmune (T1D)B mediated. Polygenic T1DA (isolated or associated to other autoimmune diseases) is the most prevalent type of T1D. T1DA might be part of rare monogenic syndromes related to mutations in the autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) and FOXp3. Non-autoimmune forms of T1D correspond to approximately 4 to 7 percent of newly diagnosed T1D and include T1DB, as well as other types of atypical diabetes, for example fulminant type 1 diabetes and adult ketosis-prone diabetes. A new expression of diabetes in young with insulin resistance and obesity, along with the presence of pancreatic autoimmunity markers, namely auto-antibodies to islet cell antigens, is called double diabetes (DD), T1DA plus type 2 diabetes. Evidence has been collected concerning the potential effect of obesity-linked cytokines in amplifying the autoimmune response in DD. Therefore all these issues are presented and discussed in this review as the concept of heterogeneity of Type 1 Diabetes.