Juçara (Euterpe edulis Martius) improves time-to-exhaustion cycling performance and increased reduced glutathione: a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, and triple-blind study.

To examine the effects of 7-days juçara powder (JP) intake on oxidative stress biomarkers and endurance and sprint cycling performances. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, and triple-blind study, 20 male trained cyclists were assigned to intake 10 g of JP (240 mg anthocyanins) or placebo (PLA) for 7 days and performed a cycling time-to-exhaustion (TTE). A 5 s cycling sprint was performed before and after the cycling TTE. Blood oxidative stress biomarkers and lactate concentration where evaluated 1 h before (T-1), immediately after (T0), and 1 h after (T1) the cycling TTE. The mean duration time for the cycling TTE was 8.4 ± 6.0% (63 ± 17 s) longer in the JP condition (JP: 751 ± 283 s) compared to PLA (688 ± 266 s) (P < 0.019). Two-way repeated measures Analysis of variance showed an increase in the JP condition for reduced glutathione (GSH) (P = 0.049) at T0 (P = 0.039) and T1 (P = 0.029) compared to PLA with a moderate effect size at T0 (d = 0.61) and T1 (d = 0.57). Blood lactate levels increased over time in both conditions (P ≤ 0.001). No differences were observed for the post-TTE sprint fatigue index, total phenols, protein carbonyls, and glutathione peroxidase activity. Seven-day intake of JP improved cycling endurance performance and increased GSH levels but had no effect on lactate and cycling sprint-induced fatigue.

Plyometric exercise enhances twitch contractile properties but fails to improve voluntary rate of torque development in highly trained sprint athletes.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate a plyometric conditioning activity (3 sets of 5 countermovement jumps, [CA]) for twitch properties and voluntary knee extension. Methods: After a familiarization session, fourteen highly trained sprint athletes, 12 men (23.25 ± 7.17 years) and 2 women (23.0 ± 2.8 years) performed 2 experiments, each in a randomized order (crossover design). In one experiment, the time-course of twitch contractile properties was evaluated with and without the previous CA at 2, min intervals to 10 min of recovery. In the second session, maximal voluntary knee extension was evaluated at the same recovery intervals, for control and experimental condition in random order. Results: Mixed-model ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc revealed significant differences between pre-test and 2 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.42) and 4 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.20) for peak twitch torque of quadriceps femoris muscles confirming postactivation potentiation [PAP] at these times. Twitch rate of torque development (RTD) was significantly greater than pre-test value only at 2 min (p < 0.01, ES = 0.58) after the CA. Twitch contraction time and ½ relaxation time were not significantly difference from pre-test values after the CA (p > 0.05). No significant difference was observed for voluntary RTD following CA. Conclusion: The plyometric CA increased twitch peak torque and RTD consistent with PAP; however, there was no effect of CA on voluntary RTD of knee extension at any time after the plyometric CA. Even with PAP confirmed, we observed that the CA fails to improve isometric RTD of quadriceps femoris muscles. HighlightsA plyometric CA significantly increased twitch peak torque (at 2 and 4 min) and twitch rate of torque development (at 2 min) of quadriceps femoris muscles, indicating postactivation potentiation (PAP).No effect was observed for twitch contraction time and ½ relaxation time after the CA.No improvement was observed on voluntary rate of torque development evaluated at the same time intervals.

Effects of Euterpe edulis Martius on inflammatory responses to high-intensity intermittent exercise: Crossover randomized trial.

OBJECTIVE: High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) may enhance the antiinflammatory status. The juçara fruit juice (JFJ) has well-established antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. This study investigated the effect of JFJ consumption on the inflammatory response to HIIE in physically active subjects. METHODS: In a randomized crossover design, 15 men were assigned to drink 250 mL of either JFJ or water (control) 1 h before a cycling HIIE session (seven sets of 60 s at 100% peak power output; 75 s recovery between sets). Blood samples were obtained before and at 0, 30, and 60 min post-HIIE, and the serum was analyzed for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cortisol. RESULTS: After HIIE, the IL-6 levels were higher than baseline (percent change) at 30 min (P = 0.041) and 60 min (P = 0.038) for the control, but were unaffected by JFJ. IL-10 was higher in the JFJ group than in the control at 30 min (d = â€’0.63). Tumor necrosis factor-α was lower than baseline at 30 min for the control (d = â€’0.71) and at 60 min for the JFJ group (d = â€’0.60). For control, cortisol increased to higher than the baseline at 30 and 60 min (d = 0.54 and d = 0.76, respectively). For the JFJ group, the cortisol levels were significantly higher than the baseline at 30 min (P = 0.022). Performance during sprints was higher in the JFJ group than in the control (P = 0.002). In the control group, performance was with both IL-6 (semipartial correlation; sr = -0.59, large effect size) and cortisol at 0 h (sr = -0.52, large effect size). CONCLUSIONS: JFJ intake attenuated the antiinflammatory response to HIIE, possibly resulting from a lower degree of muscle stress.

Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy in the 1500 m Run: An Analysis of Performance and Individual Responsiveness.

Objective: The aims of this study were to verify the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on time trial run performance over 1500 m, as well as on individual responsiveness of recreative runners. Materials and methods: Nineteen recreationally trained runners participated in a randomized, crossover, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. The study was divided in four sessions: (1) incremental maximal running test; (2) 1500 m run control (without placebo or PBMT); and (3, 4) PBMT or placebo before 1500 m run. PBMT or placebo was applied over 14 sites per lower limb immediately before time trial run using a mixed wavelength device (33 diodes: 5 LASERs of 850 nm, 12 LEDs of 670 nm, 8 LEDs of 880 nm, and 8 LEDs with 950 nm). PBMT delivered 30 J per site, with a total energy dose of 840 J. Physiological variables [maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX), velocity associated to VO2MAX (vVO2MAX), peak of velocity, and respiratory compensation point (RCP)] were assessed during incremental maximal test. During 1500 m races we accessed the following: time, heart rate, and lower limb rate perception exertion per lap, total time, and blood lactate concentration ([Lac]). Results: PBMT had no significant difference and likely trivial effect for performance in the total time trial run over 1500 m compared to placebo. In the responsiveness analyses, 10 participants positively responded to PBMT, whereas total time reduced for responders (-10.6 sec; -3.18%) and increased for nonresponders (+6.0 sec; +1.73%). Responders presented higher aerobic parameters (VO2MAX and RCP) than nonresponders. Moreover, responders had lower time per lap and [Lac] (1 and 3 min) when PBMT was applied. Conclusions: PBMT applied immediately before running in noncontrolled environment was not able to improve the 1500 m performance of recreationally trained runners. However, responders to PBMT presented higher aerobic capacity than nonresponders.

Dose-Response Effect of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscle Performance and Fatigue During a Multiple-Set Knee Extension Exercise: A Randomized, Crossover, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the best energy dose of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) able to improve muscle performance and reduce fatigue during multiple-set knee extension exercise. Methods: Eighteen physically active men participated in this study. Each participant performed an isokinetic exercise protocol (5 sets of 10 knee extension repetitions, maximum contractions at 60°·s-1) in 6 sessions, 1 week apart. Control condition (no PBMT/placebo treatments) was applied at the first and sixth sessions. Placebo or PBMT with 135, 270, or 540 J/quadriceps was randomly applied from the second to fifth sessions. Placebo/PBMT treatments were always applied at two moments: 6 h before and immediately before exercise. The isometric and isokinetic concentric peak torques were assessed before and after the exercise protocol. Results: The knee extension exercise performance (total work performed during exercise) was not affected by PBMT (135, 270, and 540 J) compared with placebo treatment. However, all PBMT treatments (135, 270, and 540 J) led to lower percentage drop compared with placebo and control conditions on isometric peak torque (IPT), concentric peak torque (CPT), and concentric work (W). All PBMT doses led to possibly positive or likely positive effects on IPT, CPT, and W compared with placebo. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that PBMT with 135, 270, and 540 J applied at two moments (6 h before and immediately before exercise) was able to produce the same total work with lower fatigue, which may facilitate the performance of additional sets (i.e., higher training volume).

Photobiomodulation Therapy Effects on Resistance Training Volume and Discomfort in Well-Trained Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Objective: To investigate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on resistance training volume and discomfort of well-trained adults. Background: PBMT has been used to attenuate fatigue in several physical exercise topics. However, it is unclear if PBMT can increase volume and reduce discomfort in resistance training well-trained individuals. Methods: Fourteen participants (women = 7, 27.7 ± 6.0 years and men = 7, 28.3 ± 5.7 years) visited the laboratory three times, 7 days apart. In the first visit, 12-repetition maximum (12-RM) test was performed unilaterally on the standing calf raise machine. In the second and third visits, subjects were randomly submitted to a PBMT (60 J per site, 6 sites per limb, total dose = 360 J) or placebo treatment on the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles with a randomized crossover design. Five minutes after the treatment, subjects began the resistance training session, performed unilaterally with six sets of repetitions to concentric failure. In addition, the rate of perceived exertion for discomfort (RPE-D) was asked after each set. Results: After the training session, it was observed a similar force reduction of 10.0 ± 13.6% for placebo and 7.7 ± 7.3% for PBMT (p = 0.815). No differences between PBMT and placebo was observed for the repetitions fatigue index (53.4 ± 11.7% and 50.0 ± 11.6%; p = 0.325) and total repetitions volume (55.4 ± 10.9 and 54.8 ± 13.0 reps; p = 0.764), respectively. RPE-D presented large means for all sets representing a large discomfort during resistance training to concentric failure for both PBMT (7.3 ± 2.3) and placebo (7.5 ± 2.5). Conclusions: The PBMT was not effective for increasing volume and reducing discomfort during resistance training performed to concentric failure by well-trained men and women.

Time Response of Photobiomodulation Therapy on Muscular Fatigue in Humans.

Rossato, M, Dellagrana, RA, Sakugawa, RL, Lazzari, CD, Baroni, BM, and Diefenthaeler, F. Time response of photobiomodulation therapy on muscular fatigue in humans. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3285-3293, 2018-The aim of this study was to identify the effects of 2 different time responses on fatigue of knee extensor. Sixteen male volunteers (26 ± 6.0 years, 81 ± 12 kg, and 181 ± 7.4 cm) participated in the study. Participants performed the same protocol in 5 sessions {control, placebo (placebo applied both 6 hours before and immediately before the test), 6 hours before + immediately before (photobiomodulation therapy [PBMT] applied both 6 hours before and immediately before the test), 6 hours before (PBMT applied 6 hours before and placebo applied immediately before the test), and immediately before (placebo applied 6 hours before and PBMT applied immediately before the test)}. Photobiomodulation therapy was applied on knee extensor (9 sites; 30 J per site). Maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) was assessed before and after an isokinetic fatigue (45 flexion-extension concentric at 180°·s), associated with electromyography (root mean square [RMS] and median of frequency [MF]). For MIVC, there was no treatment × time interaction for all variables. Time effect was observed for peak torque (PT), RMS, and MF. Treatment effect was verified for PT, and 6 hours before + immediately before condition presented higher PT during MIVCpre than control (p = 0.004) and placebo (p = 0.044). The immediately before presented higher PT values than control (p = 0.047). Regarding MIVCpost, the PT for 6 hours before + immediately before presented higher values than control (p = 0.001) and placebo (p = 0.004). Peak torque during MIVC (pre to post) was reduced in 6 hours before + immediately before treatment (26%) compared with control (33%), placebo (29%), and immediately before (32%). The application of PBMT 6 hours + immediately before and immediately before exercise protocol is able to reduce the fatigue.

Dose-response effect of photobiomodulation therapy on neuromuscular economy during submaximal running.

The purpose of this study was to verify the photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) effects with different doses on neuromuscular economy during submaximal running tests. Eighteen male recreational runners participate in a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial, which each participant was submitted to the same testing protocol in five conditions: control, placebo, and PBMT with doses of 15, 30, and 60 J per site (14 sites in each lower limb). The submaximal running was performed at 8 and 9 km h-1 during 5 min for each velocity. Muscle activation of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) was collected during the last minute of each running test. The root mean square (RMS) was normalized by maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) performed a priori in an isokinetic dynamometer. The RMS sum of all muscles (RMSLEG) was considered as main neuromuscular economy parameter. PBMT with doses of 15, 30, and 60 J per site [33 diodes = 5 lasers (850 nm), 12 LEDs (670 nm), 8 LEDs (880 nm), and 8 LEDs (950 nm)] or placebo applications occurred before running tests. For the statistical analysis, the effect size was calculated. Moreover, a qualitative inference was used to determine the magnitude of differences between groups. Peak torque and RMS during MIVCs showed small effect sizes. According to magnitude-based inference, PBMT with dose of 15 J per site showed possibly and likely beneficial effects on neuromuscular economy during running at 8 and 9 km h-1, respectively. On other hand, PBMT with doses of 30 and 60 J per site showed possible beneficial effects only during running at 9 km h-1. We concluded that PBMT improve neuromuscular economy and the best PBMT dose was 15 J per site (total dose of 420 J).

Can power and anaerobic capacity reduce according to disordered eating behaviors in cyclists?

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the power, anaerobic capacity (AC) and performance in a road bicycle race among cyclists with and without risk of disordered eating behaviors (DEB). The sample was selected in a non-probabilistic way, totaling 69 male road cyclists aged between 19 and 30 years. The Wingate test was used to evaluate peak power (PP) and mean power. Time in minutes was adopted to determine performance in a 120-km road cycling race (competitive event). The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) was completed to assess DEBs. The results did not indicate a difference in PP among cyclists with and without risk of DEBs (F (2, 67)=3.92; p=0.13). Findings showed a difference in mean power among cyclists with and without risk of DEBs (F (2, 67)=36.43; p=0.01). The results revealed a difference in performance in 120-km cycling races among cyclists with and without risk of DEBs (F (2, 67)=46.03; p=0.01). It could be concluded that DEBs were associated with a lower mean power and performance in a competitive event among male road cyclists, although the same was not true for PP.(AU)

Is respiratory exchange ratio an alternative to estimate anaerobic threshold in trained runners? / A razão de troca respiratória é uma alternativa para estimar o limiar anaeróbio em corredores treinados?

Abstract Several studies showed that respiratory exchange ratio (RER) have been used as an alternative to evaluate the aerobic capacity in a single incremental test. However, few studies have investigated trained runners. The aim of this study was to verify if the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) could be used as an alternative criterion for estimating anaerobic threshold (AT) in long-distance runners. Nineteen male long-distance runners volunteered to participate in the study. An incremental treadmill test was performed with initial speed of 10 km∙h-1 with increments of 1 km∙h-1 every 1 min until voluntary exhaustion. The variables measured were oxygen uptake (VO2), first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2, respectively), intensity corresponding to RER level of 1.0 (iRER1.0), peak velocity (PV), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). One-way repeated measure analysis variance was used, following Bonferroni post hoc test. Agreement between parameters was evaluated by Pearson correlation and dispersion error. There were no significant differences between iRER1.0 and VT2 parameters. The correlations were significant between iRER1.0 and VT2 parameters for absolute and relative VO2, speed, and HR (r=0.95; r=0.60; r=0.72; r=0.81, respectively). A small mean error (-0.2 km∙h-1) was observed between iRER1.0 and VT2. However, it was also observed an overestimation trend for high speeds. In conclusion, iRER1.0 can be used as an alternative method to detect AT in long distance runners. However, its use is limited in runners with high aerobic capacity.

Resumo Diversos estudos demonstram que a razão de troca respiratória (RER) tem sido utilizada como uma alternativa para estimar a capacidade aeróbia em único teste incremental. No entanto, poucos estudos foram realizados com corredores treinados. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a utilização do RER como uma alternativa para estimar o limiar anaeróbio (AT) em corredores de longa distância. Dezenove corredores de longa distância do sexo masculino participaram do estudo. Foi realizado um teste incremental com velocidade inicial de 10 km∙h-1 com incrementos de 1 km∙h-1 a cada minuto até a exaustão voluntária. As variáveis mensuradas foram consumo de oxigênio (VO2), limiares ventilatórios (VT1 e VT2), intensidade correspondente ao RER no valor igual a 1,0 (iRER1.0), pico de velocidade (PV), frequência cardíaca (HR) e percepção subjetiva de esforço (RPE). Foi realizada a análise de variância de medidas repetidas do tipo one-way, seguido do teste post hoc de Bonferroni. A relação entre as variáveis foi verificada pela correlação de Pearson e a concordância por meio da medida de dispersão dos erros. Não houve diferença significativa entre as variáveis iRER1.0 e VT2. Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre as variáveis iRER1.0 e VT2 para os valores absolutos e relativos de VO2, velocidade e HR (r=0,95; r=0,60; r=0,72; r=0,81, respectivamente). Um pequeno erro médio (-0,2 km∙h-1) foi observado entre iRER1.0 e VT2, bem como uma tendência de superestimação em altas velocidade. Em conclusão, iRER1.0 pode ser utilizado como um método alternativo para detectar o AT em corredores de longa distância, entretanto, seu uso é limitado em corredores com alta capacidade aeróbia.

Effects of saddle height on performance and muscular activity during the wingate test / Efeitos da altura do selim no desempenho e na ativação muscular durante teste de wingate

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the anaerobic performance and muscle activation during a supramaximal cycling test at three different saddle positions. Twelve competitive cyclists completed an incremental cycling test and three 30-s Wingate tests in three different saddle heights (reference, downward, and upward), in a random order, on different days. The saddle height was individually shifted downward and upward (seeing 2.5% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to ground) from the reference position. The electromyographic signal (EMG) data was obtained from the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (long head), and gastrocnemius lateralis in order to assess muscle activation during the entire test. The anaerobic variables and the EMG data were divided into six consecutive windows of 5-s. The EMG signals were normalized by the first 5-s window of the reference position to provide the percentage changes throughout the test. The results suggest that during a 30-s Wingate test small changes in saddle height result in greater peak power output (reference=1380±241 W; downward=1497±175 W, p=0.036; upward=1491±225 W, p=0.049) and greater activation period for vastus lateralis (reference=33.6%, downward=33.2%, upward=35.0%; p=0.001) in comparision to rectus femoris (reference=24.5%, downward=25.2%, upward=23.7%), biceps femoris (reference=20.7%, downward=20.8%, upward=19.9%), and gastrocnemius lateralis (reference=21.2%, downward=20.8%, upward=19.9%). The results suggest that small adjustments in saddle height may affect the force-length relationship of the muscles of the lower limb, and consequently their recruitment pattern and their ability to generate force.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar o desempenho anaeróbio e a ativação muscular durante um teste de ciclismo supramáximo em três diferentes alturas do selim. Doze ciclistas competitivos completaram um teste incremental em cicloergômetro e três testes de Wingate de 30 s em diferentes alturas do selim (referência, baixa e alta), de forma randomizada, em diferentes dias. A altura do selim foi alterada para baixo e para cima a partir da posição de referência usando como parâmetro o valor referente a (± 2,5%) da distância da sínfise púbica até o solo. O sinal eletromiográfico (EMG) foi obtido dos músculos reto femoral, vasto lateral, bíceps femoral (cabeça longa) e gastrocnêmio lateral. As variáveis anaeróbias e os dados de EMG foram divididos em seis janelas consecutivas de 5 s. Os sinals EMG foram normalizados pela primeira janela da posição de referência para estipular as mudanças percentuais ao longo do teste. Os resultados sugerem que durante o teste de Wingate de 30 s pequenas alterações na altura do selim resultam em aumento da potência pico (referência=1380±241 W; baixa=1497±175 W, p=0,036; alta=1491±225 W, p=0,049) e maior período de ativação percentual para o vasto lateral (referência=33,6%, baixa=33,2%, alta=35,0%; p=0,001) em relação ao reto femoral (referência=24,5%, baixa=25,2%, alta=23.7%), bíceps femoral (referência=20,7%, baixa=20,8%, alta=19,9%) e gastrocnêmio lateral (referência=21,2%, baixa=20,8%, alta=19,9%). Os resultados sugerem que pequenos ajustes na altura do selim podem afetar a relação força-comprimento e, consequentemente, a capacidade de gerar força e o padrão de recrutamento muscular dos membros inferiores.

Influence of saddle height and exercise intensity on pedalling asymmetries in cyclists / Influência da altura do selim e intensidade do exercício sobre assimetrias na pedalada de ciclistas

Abstract Pedaling asymmetries quantified during stationary cycling, when cyclist body positioning and intensity remain unchanged, may not fully reproduce the training and competition situations, in which cyclists experience different intensities and may opt for different saddle positioning aiming at power output optimization. Previous studies showed that torque and power can be asymmetric in cyclists. It is not clear whether changes in saddle height and exercise intensity may affect asymmetries. The aim of the present study was to determine pedaling asymmetries during cycling at different saddle heights and different exercise intensities. Twelve competitive cyclists performed an incremental maximal test, a constant-load (“heavy” intensity domain), and a Wingate test. Constant load and the Wingate tests were repeated using three different saddle heights (reference and lower or higher by 2.5% of the distance from the pubic symphysis to the ground). Crank torque was recorded throughout the pedaling cycle. Asymmetry (higher torque for the preferred limb) was found in all saddle heights (p<0.001) in both intensities. Asymmetry index was similar across the saddle positions (p>0.05) in both intensities. Our results suggest that asymmetric cyclists present a consistent pattern regardless of small changes in the saddle height or in exercise intensity. For practical implication, cyclists producing asymmetric torque may be adapted to this condition so they are continuously exposed to asymmetric effort and overload on the lower limbs.

Resumo Assimetrias na pedalada quantificadas durante o ciclismo estacionário, em que a postura do ciclista e a intensidade não mudam significativamente, podem não reproduzir situações de treino e competições em que os ciclistas experimentam diferentes intensidades e optam por mudar a postura no selim para otimização da potência. Estudos prévios mostraram assimetrias no torque e potência de ciclistas. Não é claro se mudanças na posição do selim e intensidade afetam essas assimetrias. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar as assimetrias na pedalada durante o ciclismo em diferentes alturas de selim e diferentes intensidades de esforço. Doze ciclistas competitivos realizaram um teste incremental máximo, um teste de carga constante (domínio severo) e um teste de Wingate. Os testes de carga constante e Wingate foram repetidos usando três alturas de selim (referência e 2,5% abaixo ou acima da referência, que foi medida pela distância da sínfise púbica até o solo). O torque gerado no pedivela foi medido durante todo o ciclo de pedalada. Assimetrias (maior torque na perna preferida) foram encontradas em todas as alturas de selim (p<0,001) em ambas as intensidades. O índice de assimetria foi similar em todas as alturas de selim (p<0,05) em ambas as intensidades. Os resultados sugerem que ciclistas assimétricos apresentam um padrão consistente independente de pequenas mudanças na posição do selim ou intensidade do exercício. Como implicação prática, ciclistas produzindo torque assimétrico podem estar adaptados a esta condição e sendo continuamente expostos a esforços e sobrecargas assimétricas nos membros inferiores.

Effects of mate tea consumption on muscle strength and oxidative stress markers after eccentric exercise.

Dietary phytochemical supplementation may improve muscle recovery from exercise. In this study, we investigated the effect of mate tea (MT) consumption - a phenol-rich beverage - on muscle strength and oxidative stress biomarkers after eccentric exercise. In a randomised, cross-over design, twelve men were assigned to drink either MT or water (control; CON) for 11 d. On the 8th day, subjects performed three sets of twenty maximal eccentric elbow flexion exercises. Maximal isometric elbow flexion force was measured before and at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h after exercise. Blood samples were obtained before and at 24, 48 and 72 h after exercise and analysed for total phenolics, GSH, GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH). After eccentric exercise, muscle strength was significantly reduced over time, regardless of treatments. However, MT improved the rate of strength recovery by 8·6 % on the 1st day after exercise (P<0·05). Plasma concentration of total phenolic compounds was higher in MT than in CON at all time points (P<0·05) but decreased significantly at 72 h after exercise in both trials (P<0·05). Blood levels of GSH were significantly decreased at 48 and 72 h after exercise in CON (P<0·05) but did not change over time in MT. No significant changes were observed for GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio and LOOH levels. MT intake did not influence muscle strength at all time points assessed but hastened the strength recovery over 24 h after exercise. MT also favoured the concentration of blood antioxidant compounds.

Relationship of kimono grip strength tests with isokinetic parameters in jiu-jitsu athletes / Relação entre testes de resistência de força com o kimono com parâmetros isocinéticos em atletas de jiu jitsu

Abstract The aim of the present study was to correlate two specific kimono grip strength tests (KGST) with elbow flexors and extensors isokinetic parameters in Jiu Jitsu (JJ) athletes. Fifteen male JJ athletes, from blue to black belt, participated in the study. The two KGST were: maximum static lift (MSL), and maximum number of repetitions (MNR), both gripping a kimono wrapped around a bar. Isokinetic tests consisted of three sets of 5 s elbow flexion-extension maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in three different elbow angles (45, 90 and 120°), and two sets of five concentric-eccentric elbow flexion-extension maximum dynamic contractions at 60°∙s-1, to determine peak torque (PT). Absolute values of MSL and MNR were 41.4 ± 16.2 s and 10 ± 5 reps, respectively, and tests presented a nearly perfect correlation among them (r=0.91; p<0.001). Significant correlations were reported between MNR and PT during MVIC for elbow flexors at 45° and 90°, elbow extensors at 120°, and during concentric and eccentric dynamic contractions for both flexors and extensors. Therefore, KGST were highly correlated with isokinetic parameters, and were nearly perfect correlated among them, supporting that one of the tests could be chosen to evaluate strength in JJ athletes. The MNR test presented apparently higher levels of relation than MSL, and provided significant information about muscle strength endurance in JJ athletes.

Resumo O objetivo do presente estudo foi correlacionar dois testes de força (Kimono Grip Strength Tests - KGST) com parâmetros isocinéticos de flexores e extensores do cotovelo em atletas de Jiu Jitsu (JJ). Quinze praticantes do sexo masculino, faixa azul à preta, participaram do estudo. Os dois KGST foram: máximo tempo de sustentação (MTS), e o máximo número de repetições (MNR), ambos com a pegada no kimono enrolado em uma barra fixa. O protocolo isocinético consistiu em três séries de 5 s de contração voluntária isométrica máxima (CVIM) para flexores e extensores do cotovelo, em três ângulos articulares (45, 90 e 120°), e duas séries de cinco contrações dinâmicas no modo concêntrico-excêntrico a 60°∙s-1, para determinação do pico de torque (PT). Os valores absolutos do MTS e MNR foram 41,4 ± 16,2 s e 10 ± 5 repetições, respectivamente, e apresentaram uma correlação quase perfeita (r=0.91; p<0.001). Correlações significativas foram encontradas entre MNR e PT durante a CVIM de flexores a 45° e 90°, extensores a 120° e em contrações concêntricas e excêntricas para flexores e extensores. Portanto, os KGST foram altamente correlacionados com parâmetros isocinéticos, e com correlação quase perfeita entre si, concluindo que apenas um dos testes pode ser utilizado para avaliar força em atletas de JJ. O teste MNR parece apresentar maiores correlações quando comparado ao MTS e fornecer informações significantes sobre força muscular em atletas de JJ.

Benefits of dietary phytochemical supplementation on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage: Is including antioxidants enough?

The purpose of this review was to critically discuss studies that investigated the effects of supplementation with dietary antioxidant phytochemicals on recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. The performance of physical activities that involve unaccustomed eccentric muscle actions-such as lowering a weight or downhill walking-can result in muscle damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These events may be accompanied by muscle weakness and delayed-onset muscle soreness. According to the current evidences, supplementation with dietary antioxidant phytochemicals appears to have the potential to attenuate symptoms associated with eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. However, there are inconsistencies regarding the relationship between muscle damage and blood markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Furthermore, the effectiveness of strategies appear to depend on a number of aspects inherent to phytochemical compounds as well as its food matrix. Methodological issues also may interfere with the proper interpretation of supplementation effects. Thus, the study may contribute to updating professionals involved in sport nutrition as well as highlighting the interest of scientists in new perspectives that can widen dietary strategies applied to training.

Comparison of body composition and aerobic and anaerobic performance between competitive cyclists and triathletes / Comparação da composição corporal, desempenho aeróbio e anaeróbio entre ciclistas e triatletas competitivos

The aim of this study was to compare anthropometric characteristics and aerobic and anaerobic fitness between competitive cyclists and triathletes. The sample consisted of 11 cyclists and 12 triathletes with experience in competitions. The tests were performed on two different days, with an interval of 48 h between sessions. On the first day, the athletes were submitted to anthropometric assessment (body mass, height, and skinfold thickness) and a maximal incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake, maximum power, maximum heart rate, maximum lactate, and the first (LL1) and second lactate threshold (LL2). The Wingate test was conducted on the second day to determine peak power, average power, and fatigue index. There were significant difference (p < 0.05), with medium effect size (0.80 - 1.5), in mid-thigh skinfold thickness (15.2 ± 6.3 and 10.5 ± 4.8 mm), power at LL1 (195.0 ± 30.9 and 162.7 ± 28.3 W), power at LL2 (247.6 ± 25.0 and 219.7 ± 37.9 W), and fatigue index (47.2 ± 13.0 and 60.1 ± 16.4%) between cyclists and triathletes, respectively. The other variables did not differ between groups. Anthropometric characteristics are similar in triathletes and cyclists. However, cyclists present higher power outputs at the lactate thresholds (LL1 and LL2) and lower fatigue indexes.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar as características antropométricas e aptidão aeróbia e anaeróbia entre ciclistas e triatletas competitivos. Participaram do estudo 11 ciclistas e 12 triatletas com experiência em competições esportivas. As avaliações foram realizadas em dois dias distintos, com intervalo de 48 h entre as sessões. No primeiro dia, foram realizados a avaliação antropométrica (massa corporal, estatura e dobras cutâneas) e um teste incremental máximo para determinação do consumo máximo de oxigênio, potência máxima, frequência cardíaca máxima, lactato máximo, primeiro limiar de lactato (LL1) e segundo limiar de lactato (LL2). No segundo dia, foi realizado um teste de Wingate para obter a potência pico, potência média e índice de fadiga. Houve diferença significativa (p < 0,05) e com tamanho de efeito moderado (0,80 - 1,5) para a dobra cutânea da coxa média (15,2 ± 6,3 e 10,5 ± 4,8 mm), potência no LL1 (195,0 ± 30,9 e 162,7 ± 28,3 W), potência no LL2 (247,6 ± 25 e 219,7 ± 37,9 W) e índice de fadiga (47,2 ± 13,0 e 60,1 ± 16,4 %) entre ciclistas e triatletas, respectivamente. As demais variáveis analisadas não diferiram estatisticamente entre os grupos. Os triatletas e ciclistas são semelhantes em relação às características antropométricas. No entanto, ciclistas apresentam maiores valores de potência nos limiares (LL1 e LL2) e menores valores do índice de fadiga.

Frequência critica de braçadas como parâmetro para avaliação em natação / Frecuencia crítica de brazada como parámetro para evaluación en la natación / Critical stroke rate as a parameter for evaluation in swimming

The purpose of this study was to investigate the critical stroke rate (CSR) compared to the average stroke rate (SR) when swimming at the critical speed (CS). Ten competitive swimmers performed five 200 m trials at different velocities relative to their CS (90, 95, 100, 103 and 105%) in front crawl. The CSR was significantly higher than the SR at 90% of the CS and lower at 105% of the CS. Stroke length (SL) at 103 and 105% of the CS were lower than the SL at 90, 95, and 100% of the CS. The combination of the CS and CSR concepts can be useful for improving both aerobic capacity/power and technique. CS and CSR could be used to reduce the SR and increase the SL, when swimming at the CS pace, or to increase the swimming speed when swimming at the CSR.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a frequência crítica de braçadas (FCB) comparando com a frequência de braçadas (FB) quando nadando na velocidade crítica (VC) e em diferentes percentuais da VC no nado crawl. Dez nadadores competitivos realizaram repetições máximas nas distâncias de 200 e 400 m para a determinação da VC e FCB. Posteriormente, os sujeitos realizaram cinco repetições de 200 m a 90, 95, 100, 103 e 105% da VC, em ordem aleatória. FCB foi significativamente maior do que FC obtida a 90% e menor do que obtida a 105% da VC. Comprimento de braçada (CB) a 103% e 105% da VC foi menor quando comparado às repetições a 90, 95 e 100% da VC. A combinação dos conceitos de VC e FCB pode ser útil para incremento de ambos, capacidade/potência aeróbia e técnica, com objetivo de reduzir FB (e incrementar CB) quando nadando no ritmo de VC ou incrementar a velocidade de nado utilizando-se a FCB.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la frecuencia crítica de brazadas (FCB) en comparación con la frecuencia de brazadas (FB) al nadar a la velocidad crítica (VC) y diferentes porcentajes de la VC en estilo crol. Diez nadadores realizaron repeticiones máximas a distancias de 200 y 400 m para obtener la VC y la FCB. Posteriormente, los sujetos realizaron cinco repeticiones a 200 m para 90, 95, 100, 103 y 105% de la VC, de forma aleatoria. LaFCB fue significativamente mayor que la FC obtenida a 90 % y menor que la FC obtenida a 105 % de la VC. La longitud de la brazada (LB) a 103 % y 105 % de la VC fue menor en comparación con las repeticiones al 90, 95 y 100 % de la VC. La combinación de los conceptos de VC y FCB puede ser útil para aumentar tanto la capacidad / potencia aerobio y la técnica destinada a reducir la FB (y aumentar LB) al nadar en el ritmo de la VC o aumentar la velocidad de nado con la FCB.

Respostas fisiológicas agudas do futebol recreacional em mulheres adultas não treinadas / Acute physiological responses of recreational soccer in adult untrained women

Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar o perfil fisiológico e o padrão de atividade de jogos reduzidos (7x7 e 8x8) e se os mesmos podem ser utilizados como atividade promotora da aptidão física em mulheres não treinadas. Vinte e três mulheres (28,9 ± 3,5 anos, 165,1 ± 5,7 cm, 62,1 ± 8,7 kg, 26,6 ± 5,0 %G, 22,8 ± 2,8 kg/m2) participaram deste estudo. Foram monitorados quatro jogos, sendo dois em cada formato. A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi registrada durante as partidas e amostras de sangue foram coletadas após cada período dos jogos. O perfil de atividade foi mensurado por Global Positioning System (GPS) em uma sessão de cada formato. Os valores percentuais da frequência cardíaca máxima (%FCmax) durante o primeiro (T1) e o segundo tempo (T2) do jogo nos formatos 7x7 e 8x8 foram de 90,2 ± 4,0% vs. 89,5 ± 4,2% e de 90,6 ± 3,2% vs. 90,9 ± 3,6%, respectivamente. Na maior parte do tempo, em ambos os formatos de jogo, as jogadoras permaneceram na intensidade referente ao domínio severo (69% vs. 74%, respectivamente). As distâncias totais percorridas em ambos formatos de jogos não apresentaram diferenças significativas (3363,7 ± 489,6 m vs. 3340,6 ± 487,2 m, para 7x7 e 8x8 respectivamente, p=0,47). No entanto, foi observada diferença significativa para distância percorrida entre T1 e T2 do jogo 7x7 (1881,7 ± 251,4 m vs. 1481,9 ± 426,0 m, p=0,02). Conclui-se que jogos de futebol recreacional realizados nos formatos 7x7 e 8x8 podem ser potencialmente utilizados como atividade promotora da aptidão física em mulheres não treinadas.

The aim of this study were to investigate the physiological profile and activity pattern in small-sided games (7x7 and 8x8) and whether they can be used as promoter activity of physical fitness in untrained. Twenty-three women (28.9 ± 3.5 years, 165.1 ± 5.7 cm, 62.1 ± 8.7 kg, 26.6 ± 5.0%, 22.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2) participated in this study. Four matches were monitored, two in each format. Heart rate (HR) was recorded during all matches and blood samples were collected at one match in each format after each period of the game. The activity pattern of the players was measured by Global Positioning System (GPS) in a session of 7x7 and 8x8. The percentages of maximum heart rate (%HRmax) were 90.2 ± 4.0% vs. 89.5 ± 4.2%, during the first (T1) and second time (T2) of the game in 7x7 format, and 90.6 ± 3.2% vs. 90.9 ± 3.6% respectively, in the 8x8 format. Most of the time in both formats of the game, players in the remained at severe intensity (69% vs. 74%, 7x7 and 8x8 formats, respectively). The total distances performed between both matches formats, were not significantly different (3363.7 ± 489.6 m vs. 3340.6 ± 487.2 m, for 7x7 and 8x8 respectively, p=0,47). However, significant differences were observed for distance between T1 and T2 in the 7x7 game (1881.7 ± 251.4 m vs. 1481.9 ± 426.0 m, p=0,02). It is concluded from the results obtained that recreational soccer performed in 7x7 and 8x8 formats can be potentially used to improve physical fitness in untrained women.

Análise da técnica de pedalada durante o ciclismo até a exaustão / Analysis of pedaling technique during cycling until exhaustion

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a influência da fadiga na técnica de pedalada durante teste de ciclismo máximo até a exaustão. Oito ciclistas treinados realizaram um teste incremental máximo e um teste de carga constante até a exaustão com 48 horas de intervalo. As forças resultante (FR) e efetiva (FE) aplicadas no pedal foram calculadas para a determinação do índice de efetividade (IE). A FE apresentou aumento entre o início e fim do teste (de 125 ± 16 para 169 ± 52 N, p=0,03), enquanto o IE e a FR não apresentaram alterações (de 0,55 ± 0,10 para 0,59 ± 0,08, p=0,14; de 230 ± 33 para 284 ± 72 N, p=0,08, respectivamente). O tornozelo apresentou aumento na amplitude de movimento (de 19º ± 4,69 para 28 ± 7,29º, p<0,01). Os resultados sugerem que, durante teste de carga constante até a exaustão, ciclistas treinados mantêm a técnica de pedalada e que esta pode ser uma estratégia para manter a potência.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on the pedaling technique during maximal cycling test until exhaustion. Eight well-trained cyclists completed an incremental test and a constant workload cycling test until exhaustion with 48 hours of rest. The resultant (FR) and effective (FE) forces were calculated to obtain the index of effectiveness (IE). FE increased from the start to the end of the test (from 125 ± 16 to 169 ± 52 N, p=0.03), whereas no differences were observed for IE and FR (from 0.55 ± 0.10 to 0.59 ± 0.08, p=0.14; from 230 ± 33 to 284 ± 72 N, p=0.08, respectively). Increases in ankle joint range of motion were observed (from 19º ± 4.69 to 28 ± 7.29º, p<0.01). Results suggest that during cycling until exhaustion well-trained cyclists are able to sustain the pedaling technique, which can be an important strategy in order to sustain the power output.

Preference and torque asymmetry for elbow joint / Preferência e assimetria de torque na articulação do cotovelo

Extensively unilateral recruitment for daily activities may determine performance asymmetries in favor of the preferred side eliciting functional adaptation. Our study evaluated asymmetries in elbow torque output between preferred and non-preferred limbs. Eighteen subjects performed maximal elbow flexor and extensor isometric contractions at five different elbow joint angles (0º, 30º, 60º, 90º, 120º) and five different angular velocities (60, 120, 180, 240, 300º.s-1) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Higher flexor torque in favor of preferred arm was observed at 90º of flexion (p<0.05), which also corresponded to the highest torque produced (p<0.05). The fact that joint angle influenced torque asymmetries, whereas angular velocity did not, suggest that the observed asymmetry is likely related to preferential recruitment of elbow flexors at a 90º joint angle for daily tasks requiring high levels of force production. Muscle functional adaptation to frequent stimuli at this joint angle in healthy subjects may explain these results.

O frequente recrutamento unilateral de membros superiores pode determinar assimetrias de desempenho em favor do lado preferido, resultando em adaptação funcional. Assimetrias no torque gerado pelos músculos do cotovelo entre o membro preferido e não-preferido foram avaliadas. Dezoito sujeitos realizaram contrações máximas de flexo-extensão do cotovelo em cinco ângulos articulares (0º, 30º, 60º, 90º, 120º) e cinco velocidades angulares (60, 120, 180, 240, 300º.s-1) em um dinamômetro isocinético. Torque flexor mais elevado em favor do lado preferido foi encontrado no ângulo de 90º (p<0,05), que também correspondeu ao ângulo de maior torque (p<0,05). O fato de o ângulo articular determinar assimetrias no torque (enquanto a velocidade angular não) sugere que o recrutamento preferencial dos flexores do cotovelo em um ângulo de 90º nas tarefas da vida diária que requerem força elevada é responsável pela assimetria. Adaptação funcional a estímulos frequentes nesse ângulo articular pode explicar esses resultados em sujeitos saudáveis.