Sustained remission of type 2 diabetes in rodents by centrally administered fibroblast growth factor 4.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Despite the availability of multiple drugs for short-term management, sustained remission of T2D is currently not achievable pharmacologically. Intracerebroventricular administration of fibroblast growth factor 1 (icvFGF1) induces sustained remission in T2D rodents, propelling intense research efforts to understand its mechanism of action. Whether other FGFs possess similar therapeutic benefits is currently unknown. Here, we show that icvFGF4 also elicits a sustained antidiabetic effect in both male db/db mice and diet-induced obese mice by activating FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) expressed in glucose-sensing neurons within the mediobasal hypothalamus. Specifically, FGF4 excites glucose-excited (GE) neurons while inhibiting glucose-inhibited (GI) neurons. Moreover, icvFGF4 restores the percentage of GI neurons in db/db mice. Importantly, intranasal delivery of FGF4 alleviates hyperglycemia in db/db mice, paving the way for non-invasive therapy. We conclude that icvFGF4 holds significant therapeutic potential for achieving sustained remission of T2D.

A non-mitogenic FGF4 analog alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through an AMPK-dependent pathway.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a major liver disease increasingly in association with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there are currently no approved therapies for treating NAFLD and NASH. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) has recently been shown as a promising drug candidate for several metabolic diseases. METHODS: Mice fed a high-fat diet with high fructose/glucose drinking water (HF/HFG, Western-like diet) for 21 weeks were intraperitoneally injected with non-mitogenic recombinant FGF4△NT (rFGF4△NT, 1.0 mg/kg body weight) every other day for 8 weeks. Primary mouse hepatocytes cultured in medium containing high glucose/palmitic acid (HG/PA) or TNFα/cyclohexane (TNFα/CHX) were treated with 1.0 µg/ml rFGF4△NT. Changes in parameters for histopathology, lipid metabolism, inflammation, hepatocellular apoptosis and fibrosis were determined. The Caspase6 activity and AMPK pathway were assessed. RESULTS: Administration of rFGF4△NT significantly attenuated the Western-like diet-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, liver injury and fibrosis in mice. rFGF4△NT treatment reduced fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation and lipotoxicity-induced hepatocyte apoptosis, which were associated with inhibition of Caspase6 cleavage and activation. Inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by Compound C or deficiency of Ampk abrogated rFGF4△NT-induced hepatoprotection in primary hepatocytes and in mice with NASH. CONCLUSION: rFGF4△NT exerts significant protective effects on NASH via an AMPK-dependent signaling pathway. Our study indicates that FGF4 analogs may have therapeutic potential for the Western-like diet induced NASH.

FGF4 protects the liver from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase-Caspase 6 signal axis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: NAFLD represents an increasing health problem in association with obesity and diabetes with no effective pharmacotherapies. Growing evidence suggests that several FGFs play important roles in diverse aspects of liver pathophysiology. Here, we report a previously unappreciated role of FGF4 in the liver. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Expression of hepatic FGF4 is inversely associated with NAFLD pathological grades in both human patients and mouse models. Loss of hepatic Fgf4 aggravates hepatic steatosis and liver damage resulted from an obesogenic high-fat diet. By contrast, pharmacological administration of recombinant FGF4 mitigates hepatic steatosis, inflammation, liver damage, and fibrogenic markers in mouse livers induced to develop NAFLD and NASH under dietary challenges. Such beneficial effects of FGF4 are mediated predominantly by activating hepatic FGF receptor (FGFR) 4, which activates a downstream Ca2+ -Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase beta-dependent AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Caspase 6 signal axis, leading to enhanced fatty acid oxidation, reduced hepatocellular apoptosis, and mitigation of liver damage. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identifies FGF4 as a stress-responsive regulator of liver pathophysiology that acts through an FGFR4-AMPK-Caspase 6 signal pathway, shedding light on strategies for treating NAFLD and associated liver pathologies.