Outcome of early detection approach in control of breast, cervical, and oral cancer: Experience from a rural cancer center in India.

In low- and middle-income countries most of the cancer patients attend the hospital at a late stage and treatment completion of these cases is challenging. The early detection program (EDP), in rural areas of Punjab state, India was initiated to identify breast, cervical, and oral cancer at an early stage by raising awareness and providing easy access to diagnosis and treatment. A total of 361 health education programs and 99 early detection clinics were organized. The symptomatic and self-interested (non-symptomatic individuals who opted for screening) cases visited the detection clinic. They were screened for breast, cervical, and/or oral cancer. Further diagnosis and treatment of screen-positive cases were carried out at Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital (HBCH), Sangrur. Community leaders and healthcare workers were involved in all the activities. The EDP, Sangrur removed barriers between cancer diagnosis and treatment with the help of project staff. From 2019 to 2023, a total of 221,317 populations were covered. Symptomatic and self-interested individuals attended the breast (1627), cervical (1601), and oral (1111) examinations. 46 breast (in situ-4.3%; localized-52.2%), 9 cervical (localized-77.8%), and 12 oral (localized-66.7%) cancer cases were detected, and treatment completion was 82.6%, 77.8%, and 50.0%, respectively. We compared cancer staging and treatment completion of cases detected through EDP with the cases attended HBCH from Sangrur district in 2018; the difference between two groups is statistically significant. Due to the early detection approach, there is disease down-staging and improvement in treatment completion. This approach is feasible and can be implemented to control these cancers in low- and middle-income countries.

A Clinicopathological Analysis of Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer using Immunohistochemical Surrogates: A 6-Year Institutional Experience from a Tertiary Cancer Center in North India.

Puneet Kaur SomalObjective Classification of breast cancer into different molecular subtypes has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. The immunohistochemistry surrogate classification has been advocated for this purpose. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the prevalence of the different molecular subtypes of invasive breast carcinoma and study the clinicopathological parameters in a tertiary care cancer center in rural North India. Materials and Methods All female patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and registered between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2020, were included. Patients with bilateral cancer, missing information on HER2/ER/PR receptor status, absence of reflex FISH testing after an equivocal score on Her 2 IHC were excluded. The tumors were classified into different molecular subtypes based on IHC expression as follows-luminal A-like (ER- and PR-positive, Her2-negative, Ki67 < 20%), luminal B-like Her2-negative (ER-positive, Her2-negative and any one of the following Ki67% ≥ 20% or PR-negative/low, luminal B-like Her2-positive (ER- and HER2-positive, any Ki67, any PR), Her2-positive (ER- and PR-negative, Her2-positive) and TNBC (ER, PR, Her2-negative). Chi square test was used to compare the clinicopathological parameters between these subtypes. Results A total of 1,625 cases were included. Luminal B-like subtype was the most common (41.72%). The proportion of each subtype was luminal A (15.69%), luminal B Her2-negative (23.93%), luminal B Her2-positive (17.78%), Her2-positive (15.26%), TNBC (27.32%). Majority of the tumors were Grade 3 (75.81%). Nodal metastases were present in 59%. On subanalysis of the luminal type tumors without Her2 expression (luminal A-like and luminal B-like (Her2-negative), luminal A-like tumors presented significantly with a lower grade ( p < 0.001) and more frequent node-negative disease in comparison to luminal B-like (Her2-negative) tumors. In comparison to other subtypes, TNBC tumors were more frequently seen in the premenopausal age group ( p < 0.001) and presented with node-negative disease ( p < 0.001). Conclusion This is one of the largest studies that enumerates the prevalence of various molecular subtypes of breast cancer in North India. Luminal B-like tumors were the most common followed by TNBC. TNBC tumors presented more commonly in premenopausal age group and with node negative disease in comparison to other subtypes.

Deciphering the Patterns of Dual Primary Cases Registered at the Hospital-Based Cancer Registry: First Experience from Rural Cancer Center in North India.

Objectives The objective is to present the patterns of dual primary malignancies diagnosed at the Pathology Laboratory of Cancer Hospital with the support from hospital-based cancer registry (HBCR), Sangrur, Punjab, India for the years 2018 and 2019. Methods HBCR abstracts data from electronic medical records. Trained cancer registry staff abstracts cases in standard pro forma. Dual primary was coded as per the International Agency for Research on Cancer rule and was rechecked by the pathologist. Statistical Analysis Data about multiple primary was entered and documented in an Excel sheet. Time interval was calculated by subtracting the date of diagnosis for second primary and first primary. Results A total of 6,933 cases were registered, 45 cases are dual primary (26 females, 19 males) of which 64.4% are synchronous and 35.6% metachronous cases. Seventy-nine percent received cancer-directed treatment for synchronous and 87% for metachronous. The most common sites of the primary tumor were breast (33%), head and neck (22.2%), gynecological sites (11%), prostate (9%), esophagus (4%), and remaining other tumors (20.8%). Most common sites for second malignancies were gastrointestinal (GI) tract (31%), gynecological sites (18%), head and neck (16%), hematological malignancies (7%), soft tissue sarcoma (4%), breast (2%), and other sites (22%). Conclusion More than 70% of cases of primary tumors were in breast, head and neck, gynecological, and prostate. Of these, more than 60% of the second malignancy was found in the GI tract, gynecological, and head and neck sites. Around two-thirds of dual tumors are synchronous. Breast cancer cases have higher incidence of second malignancy. Regular follow-up is necessary to assess the survival of the second primary.

Head and neck cancer burden in India: an analysis from published data of 37 population-based cancer registries.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a major public health problem in India. This article presents the HNC burden in different regions of India. The published population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) data from the National Cancer Registry Programme, Bengaluru, and the Tata Memorial Centre, Mumbai, India, were utilised. The 37 PBCRs were divided into six regions including central, east, north, northeast, west and south. The age-standardised incidence rate of HNC was 25.9 (95% CI 25.7-26.1) and 8.0 (95% CI 7.9-8.1) per 100,000 population, respectively, in males and females. HNC accounted for about 26% of all cancer cases in males and 8% in females. The risk of developing HNC was 1 in 33 for males and 1 in 107 for females. The northeastern registries reported the highest incidence rate 31.7 per 100,000 population in males followed by northern (28.5), central (28.3), western (24.4), southern (23.9) and eastern (18.3). In females, the incidence was in the range of 6.2-10.1 per 100,000 population. For all PBCRs together, the HNC burden was two to three times higher in the age group 60+ as compared to 20-39 years. The HNC burden in India is higher than in the USA, UK, Australia, Africa and Brazil. The PBCRs from the south-east Asia region such as the Colombo district, Sri Lanka, as well as Siraha, Saptari, Dhanusha and Mohattari - Nepal have also reported a high burden of HNC. All regions reported mouth as a leading cancer site followed by tongue, larynx, hypopharynx and tonsil except the northeastern region registries where hypopharynx was the top leading cancer. The burden of other sites of HNC is low. Raising awareness of the disease and associated risk factors, providing early detection services, as well as easy access to diagnosis and treatment are required. The government should focus on building the infrastructure and capacity building to control this disease.

Overall survival of prostate cancer from Sangrur and Mansa cancer registries of Punjab state, India.

Introduction: There is a scarcity of population-based prostate cancer survival data in India. We assessed the population-based, overall survival of patients with prostate cancer from the Sangrur and Mansa cancer registries of the Punjab state, India. Methods: In the year 2013-2016, a total of 171 prostate cancer cases were registered in these two registries. Based on these registries, survival analysis was performed using the date of diagnosis as the starting date and the last follow-up date being December 31, 2021 or the date of death. Survival was calculated using STATA software. Relative survival was calculated using the Pohar Perme method. Results: Follow up was available for all the registered cases. Of the 171 cases, 41 (24%) were alive and 130 (76.0%) were dead. Of the prescribed treatments, 106 (62.7%) cases completed the treatment and 63 (37.3%) cases did not complete the treatment. Overall, 5-year age-standardized prostate cancer relative survival was 30.3%. Patients who completed the treatment had a 7.8 times higher 5-year relative survival (45.5%) compared to those who did not (5.8%). The difference between the two groups is statistically significant (hazard ratio 0.16, 95% confidence interval [0.10-0.27]). Conclusion: To improve survival, we need to raise awareness in the community and among primary physicians so that prostate cancer cases can reach the hospital early and should be treated effectively. The cancer center should develop the systems in their hospital so that there will be no hurdles to the patients in treatment completion. We found a low overall relative survival among patients of prostate cancer in these two registries. Patients who received treatment had a significantly higher survival.

Early endometrial carcinoma: Experience and outcomes.

Aim: Endometrial carcinoma (EC) data from India are very sparse. We did a retrospective analysis of our patients registered at this peripheral cancer center based in rural Punjab and studied their outcome. Materials and Methods: Ninety-eight Stage I and II EC patients with endometroid histology registered at our institute from January 2015 to April 2020 were studied for demography, histopathology, treatment received, and outcomes. FIGO 2009 staging and new European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) risk group classification was used. Results: Our patients had a median age of 60 years (range 32-93 years). There were 39 (39.8%), 41 (42.0%), 4 (4.1%), 12 (12.2%) patients in the low risk, intermediate risk (IR), high intermediate risk, and high risk groups, respectively, as per new ESMO risk classification. Two (2.0%) patients had incomplete information to assign them to a particular risk group. Fifty (46.7%) patients underwent complete surgical staging and 54 (50.5%) patients received adjuvant RT. With a median follow-up of 27.0 months, there were 1 locoregional and 2 distant recurrences. There were 8 deaths in total. Three-year overall survival for the entire group is 90.6%. Conclusions: The risk group determines adjuvant treatment in endometrial cancer. Patients operated at dedicated cancer center tend to have better surgical staging and thus better outcome because of better risk stratification and grouping for adjuvant therapy. IR histology was more common in our group of patients, which is variable as compared to available literature.

Challenges Encountered and Pattern-Based Analysis of Bone Marrow Biopsy in Lymphomas: An Institutional Experience.

Objective The evaluation of bone marrow (BM) status is an integral part of the initial workup of patients diagnosed with lymphoma as it plays an important role in staging and predicting prognosis in these patients. This article determines the incidence and pattern of BM involvement in lymphoma cases and distinguishes benign from malignant lymphoid aggregates in BM biopsies. Materials and Methods The study group included 121 cases of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas for which BM biopsies were performed, fixed in acetic acid-zinc formalin solution, decalcified using 10% formic acid, and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry. Results The overall incidence of BM biopsy involvement in our study was 31.4% (37/118), including 34.7% (35/101) in cases of B cell lymphomas, 25% (2/8) in cases of T cell lymphomas, and no involvement in Hodgkin lymphoma. The predominant histological pattern of BM involvement was diffused (14/37; 37.8%), followed by interstitial (10/37; 27.1%). Five cases revealed benign nonparatrabecular lymphoid aggregates which could be confused with lymphomatous involvement, especially in low grade lymphomas. Conclusion A careful examination of the BM biopsies along with clinical history, peripheral blood examination, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry will help in arriving at the correct diagnosis.

Recurrence pattern with respect to two different dose fractionations in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated with chemoradiation using image-guided volumetric arc therapy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with head and neck cancer were treated with either 70 Gy in 35 fractions (Arm A) or 66 Gy in 30 fractions (Arm B). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total 168 patients of carcinoma oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx treated with radical chemoradiation in two Arm A versus B (65 vs. 103 patients). RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 16 months (0-67), 2 year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was 56.3% versus 62.1% (p = 0.64) and 44.5% versus 53.0% (p = 0.51) in Arm A versus B. Total 22 (33.8%) versus 28 (27.2%) failed locoregionally. Majority of failures were infield for both primary (17 vs. 23 cases) and nodes (13 vs. 12) in Arm A versus B. Ten (71.4%) vs. 10 (76.9%) had nodal failure in index nodal level only. CONCLUSION: Commonly seen failure in head-neck radical chemoradiation is within infield high-risk volume, nodal failure being most common in index nodal level.

Months and Severity Score (MOSES) in a Phase III trial (PARCER): A new comprehensive method for reporting adverse events in oncology clinical trials.

Background: Adverse event reporting in oncology trials lacks temporal description. We propose a toxicity summarizing method that incorporates time. Methods: Patients recruited in a phase III trial (NCT01279135) that compared three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for late toxicity in cervical cancer were included. Adverse events were reported using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0 and quality of life (QOL) with EORTC QLQ-C30 and CX24. A total of six symptoms with a related QOL question (diarrhoea, abdominal pain, anorexia, urinary incontinence, frequency and fatigue) were included. Month and severity score [MOSES= ∑ (CTCAE grade x proportionate time)] was calculated. Cumulative-MOSES (C-MOSES) was calculated by summating these 6 individual MOSES. QoL was categorized as "substantially symptomatic" or "not". Receiver operator curve analysis was performed to determine the MOSES cut off that predicts for substantial QOL symptoms. CTCAE and MOSES were tested for accurately categorizing QOL impact. Findings: In the construction dataset, 201/300 patients had symptoms. MOSES > 0.20 had higher accuracy than CTCAE for predicting impact on QOL related to diarrhoea (85% vs. 69%), anorexia (61% vs 51%), abdominal pain (71% vs. 57%), urinary incontinence (72% vs. 61%) and frequency (62% vs. 59%). C-MOSES > 0·70 correlated with reduction in role functioning and global QOL. While no difference was seen in CTCAE grade ≥1 Gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity between 3DCRT or IMRT arm, 3DCRT had higher C-MOSES than IMRT (HR=0.64;95% CI 0.41-0.99, p = 0.04). Interpretation: MOSES has higher accuracy than CTCAE in categorizing symptom specific and functional QOL. These results require further external validation. Funding: None.

Patterns of Relapse After Adjuvant Chemoradiation for Cervical Cancer in a Phase 3 Clinical Trial (PARCER): An Evaluation of Updated NRG Oncology/RTOG Target Delineation Guidelines.

PURPOSE: The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) under NRG Oncology recently published updated contouring guidelines for intensity modulated radiation therapy in postoperative treatment for endometrial and cervical cancer. The present study was designed to evaluate the implications of newly published guidelines. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We recruited 300 patients in a phase 3 randomized controlled trial of adjuvant chemoradiation therapy for cervical cancer (NCT01279135) to understand patterns of relapse. For those patients with pelvic relapse, we imported radiation therapy structure sets, treatment plans, and diagnostic images at relapse on the treatment planning system. We performed rigid registration with treatment planning images that contained the delineated planning target volume and radiation dose information. We delineated gross tumor volume at time of relapse on the diagnostic scans and superimposed it on the radiation therapy treatment scans. We categorized the site of pelvic relapse as "within field of old RTOG/[Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation in Cervical Cancer (PARCER)] target delineation guidelines" or "within field of new NRG/RTOG guidelines," or both, and compared proportions of recurrences contained within the 2 guidelines. We consider a P value of <.05 statistically significant. Additionally, we generated intensity modulated radiation therapy treatment plans based on the new guidelines for a limited set of patients to see if these new guidelines increased the organ at risk doses. RESULTS: Most common form of relapse was distant metastasis (15%). Pelvic relapse rate in our study was 8%. Overall, 9 out of 19 relapses were encompassed in the contouring guidelines of the old RTOG/ Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation in Cervical Cancer (PARCER) trial, and 12 out of 19 were encompassed within the new RTOG 2021 contouring guidelines. This corresponded to a further 1% reduction in local relapses (P = .007). Dose to rectum was marginally increased with the new contouring, with no difference in other organs at risk. Salvage treatment was offered in 25 out of 60 patients who relapsed. Patients who received local treatment after relapse had a mean survival after relapse of 27.2 months compared with 8 months among those who received supportive care alone. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the use of newly published NRG/RTOG contouring guidelines in patients with cervical cancer who have undergone hysterectomy. Further data are needed to ascertain if anterior extension of the clinical target volume is needed as in the Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation in Cervical Cancer trial.

Late Toxicity After Adjuvant Conventional Radiation Versus Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer (PARCER): A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: Postoperative Adjuvant Radiation in Cervical Cancer (PARCER), a phase III randomized trial, compared late toxicity after image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) in women with cervical cancer undergoing postoperative radiation. METHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either IG-IMRT or 3D-CRT after stratification for the type of hysterectomy and use of concurrent chemotherapy. The primary end point was 3-year grade ≥ 2 late GI toxicity assessed using Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events v 3.0 and estimated using time-to-event, intention-to-treat analysis, with a study level type I error of 0.05 and a nominal α of .047 after accounting for one interim analysis. Secondary end points included acute toxicity, health-related quality of life, and pelvic relapse-free, disease-free, and overall survival. RESULTS: Between 2011 and 2019, 300 patients were randomly assigned (IG-IMRT 151 and 3D-CRT 149). At a median follow-up of 46 (interquartile range, 20-72) months, the 3-year cumulative incidence of grade ≥ 2 late GI toxicity in the IG-IMRT and 3D-CRT arms were 21.1% versus 42.4% (hazard ratio [HR] 0.46; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.73; P < .001). The cumulative incidence of grade ≥ 2 any late toxicity was 28.1% versus 48.9% (HR 0.50; 95% CI, 0.33 to 0.76; P < .001), respectively. Patients reported reduced diarrhea (P = .04), improved appetite (P = .008), and lesser bowel symptoms (P = .002) with IG-IMRT. However, no difference was observed in the time by treatment interaction. The 3-year pelvic relapse-free survival and disease-free survival in the IG-IMRT versus the 3D-CRT arm were 81.8% versus 84% (HR 1.17; 95% CI, 0.68 to 1.99; P = .55) and 76.9% versus 81.2% (HR 1.03; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.71; P = .89), respectively. CONCLUSION: IG-IMRT results in reduced toxicity with no difference in disease outcomes.

Presentation and Spectrum of Male Breast Cancer in a Rural Cancer Center in a Subunit of Tata Memorial Center, India.

This is a retrospective study of the incidence and clinical profile of male breast cancer (MBC) presenting to a rural cancer center in Punjab, India. All MBC cases registered over a period of 4.5 years from January 2015 to July 2019 were included. The study included 34 MBC patients accounting for 1.9% of all breast cancer cases with median age of 62.5 years. All patients were from Punjab except one, with majority from district Sangrur. Family history was present in 7 (20.6%) patients. Mean BMI (n = 23) was 24.8. The median duration of symptoms was 6 months (range 1-60 months). Main complaint was lump in 58.8% of patients followed by lump with ulceration (41.2%). All cases were mostly unilateral, left in 21 (61.8%) and right in 13 (38.2%), and one had bilateral breast cancer. Most tumors were centrally located (70.6%). Infiltrating ductal carcinoma and grade 3 were the commonest histology. ER positivity was high seen in 76.5% cases. In our study, 16 (47.1%) patients presented with distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis, and 10 (39.1%) were locally advance. Bone (41%) followed by lung (17%) were the most common sites of metastasis. Thirteen patients were treated radically, nine were treated with palliative intent, and twelve patients defaulted. Median follow-up period was 16.5 months. MBC constituted 1.9% of all breast cancers registered at our institute, which is higher than worldwide average. Our study population had a longer time to presentation, and majority were metastatic.

Determinants of completion of cancer directed treatment: an experience from a rural cancer centre, Sangrur, Punjab state, India.

In low and middle-income countries, access to cancer diagnosis and treatment is suboptimal. Further, compliance to cancer treatment is a major issue due to various reasons including financial barriers, lack of family support and fear of treatment. This article discusses the determinants of treatment completion in cancer patients of a government-run hospital, in a rural part of Punjab in India. The Sangrur hospital-based cancer registry data for the year 2018 have been used. We have registered 2,969 cancer cases, out of which 2,528 (85%) cases were eligible for the analysis. Of the total 2,528 cases, 1,362 (54%) cases completed the cancer directed treatment and 1,166 (46%) did not. The data have been collected from the electronic medical record (EMR) department and entered into CanReg5 software. The bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was performed to see the effect of variables on the treatment completion. The results indicate that the elderly age group (>60 years) (odds ratio (OR): 0.52, (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31-0.86)), distance from hospital (OR: 0.67, (95% CI: 0.50-0.89)) and access to government health schemes (OR: 0.13, (95% CI: 0.10-0.19)] have direct correlation with the treatment completion. The educated patients (OR: 1.49, (95% CI: 1.13-1.96)) and patients who received curative treatment (OR: 2.7, (95% CI: 1.88-3.88)) have shown 58% and 84% compliance to treatment completion, respectively. The other variables like the clinical extent of disease, religion, gender and income do not have any significant effect on the treatment completion. Determinants like age (young), education, distance from the hospital, curative treatment and availability of government health schemes for financial support have shown positive effects on treatment completion. These factors have to be considered by the cancer hospitals, health departments and policymakers while planning for cancer care or control in India.

MRI- and PET-Guided Interstitial Brachytherapy for Postsurgical Vaginal Recurrences of Cervical Cancer: Results of Phase II Study.

PURPOSE: This phase II study evaluated the utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography for planning radiation and brachytherapy in patients with postsurgical recurrence of cervical cancer. METHODS AND MATERIALS: The study (NCT01391065) recruited patients with residual or recurrent disease after hysterectomy. Patients underwent baseline T2 weighted (T2W) MRI, 18F-flouro-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG), 18F-flouro thymidine (18F-FLT) and 18F-flouromisonidazole (18F-F Miso) positron emission tomography (PET) and received external radiation (50 Gy/25 fractions for 5 weeks) and weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m2). MRI was performed at brachytherapy and used for delineation of clinical target volume (CTV). Patients with parametrial disease at baseline received interstitial brachytherapy (16-20 Gy/4-5 fractions) and those with vaginal disease received intracavitary brachytherapy (12-14 Gy/2-4 fractions). Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to evaluate locoregional relapse, disease free survival, and overall survival. Common Toxicity Criteria for adverse event reporting (CTCAE) v4.1 was used for toxicity scoring and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questtionaire Core 30 (QLQC-30) and Cx 24 for quality-of-life reporting. RESULTS: Between January 2011 and February 2016, 60 patients were included, of which 50 received study treatment. The mean gross tumor volume on T2 W MR was 20 (IQR 3.6-90) cc. The metabolic tumor volume was 15 (interquartile range [IQR] 2.1-56.1) cc. The median FLT volume was 10 (IQR 0-48) cc. A total of 8 patients had 18-F F Miso uptake. The median CTV at brachytherapy was 38 (12-85) cc. The median CTVD90 and D 98 was 71 (53-74) and 74 (53-74) Gy. At a median follow-up of 60 (5-93) months, the 5-year local control, disease free survival, and overall survival were 84%, 73%, and 74.5%, respectively. Grade III and IV proctitis and cystitis were observed in 4% and 2% of patients. On multivariate analysis baseline tumor volume, on T2 W MR impacted disease free (91% vs 65%, P = .03) and overall survival (96% vs 77%, P = .06). CONCLUSIONS: Image-guided assisted radiation and brachytherapy are associated with good to excellent local control and survival in patients with vaginal recurrences of cervical cancer.

Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma of Larynx.

Extranodal lymphomas of the larynx are very rare, accounting for less than 1% of laryngeal tumours. This study aims to report a case of diffuse large B cell lymphoma of the larynx treated at a newly commissioned cancer centre in semi-urban part of northern India. The case record of a patient of diffuse large B cell lymphoma of larynx was retrospectively reviewed. Presenting complaints, examination findings, investigations, treatment and outcome of this patient are presented. Primary lymphoma of larynx is rare. The diagnosis of this disease is difficult. Combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is an effective strategy for treatment.

A comparative evaluation of diffuse reflectance and Raman spectroscopy in the detection of cervical cancer.

Optical spectroscopic techniques show improved diagnostic accuracy for non-invasive detection of cervical cancers. In this study, sensitivity and specificity of two in vivo modalities, i.e diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and Raman spectroscopy (RS), were compared by utilizing spectra recorded from the same sites (67 tumor (T), 22 normal cervix (C), and 57 normal vagina (V)). Data was analysed using principal component - linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA), and validated using leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for classification between normal (N) and tumor (T) sites were 91%, 96%, 95% and 93%, respectively for RS and 85%, 95%, 93% and 88%, respectively for DRS. Even though DRS revealed slightly lower diagnostic accuracies, owing to its lower cost and portability, it was found to be more suited for cervical cancer screening in low resource settings. On the other hand, RS based devices could be ideal for screening patients with centralised facilities in developing countries.

Case Report of Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma of Uterine Cervix Treated at a Semiurban Cancer Centre in North India.

Lymphoma of the uterine cervix is very rare. We report a case of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) involving the uterine cervix treated at a newly commissioned semiurban cancer centre in north India in 2015. Data for this study was obtained from the hospital electronic medical records and the patient's case file. We also reviewed published case reports of uterine and cervical lymphoma involving forty-one patients. We treated a case of stage IV DLBCL cervix with six cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone) and intrathecal methotrexate followed by consolidation with radiotherapy. The patient showed complete response to chemotherapy. We conclude that, in advanced stage lymphoma involving uterus and cervix, combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy is effective in short term.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is not superior to three-dimensional conformal radiation (3DCRT) for adjuvant gastric radiation: A matched pair analysis.

AIMS: To compare three-dimensional conformal radiation (3DCRT) and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IG-IMRT) for adjuvant gastric irradiation. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: From Jan 2010-Aug 2013, all patients undergoing 3DCRT and IG-IMRT were included. Systemic chemotherapy included 1 cycle before and 2 cycles after chemoradiation. Planning Target Volume (PTV) received 45 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks with concurrent capcetabine 825 mg/m2 bid. Matched pair analysis was performed to evaluate imbalance in two cohorts if any. Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Event (CTCAE) vs 3.0 was used to record gastrointestinal (GI), hematological (HL), and renal toxicity during treatment and follow-up. Patterns of recurrence were documented. Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison. RESULTS: Of the 51 patients, 26 received 3DCRT and 25 IMRT. IMRT led to decrease in dose received by right and left kidney (12.4 Gy and 7.1 Gy and 29 Gy vs 8.2 Gy; P<0.001). Overall, 17.6% and 19.6% patients had grade II GI and HL toxicity and 3.9% and 5.9% had grade III GI and HL toxicity. No difference was observed in acute grade II-V GI or HL toxicity (11.5% vs 24%, P=0.07; 7.6% vs 20% P=0.20) or late GI, HL, or renal toxicity between 3DCRT and IMRT. No difference was observed in patterns of local relapse (11.5% vs 12%, P=0.14) or overall survival (39% and 38% (P=0.97)) between 3DCRT and IMRT. CONCLUSIONS: 3DCRT and IMRT are equivalent in terms of toxicity and local control.