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Radiation therapy is a first-line treatment for head and neck cancer; however, it typically leads to hyposalivation stemming from fibrosis of the salivary gland. Current strategies to restore glandular function are dependent on the presence of residual functional salivary gland tissue, a condition commonly not met in patients with extensive fibrotic coverage of the salivary gland resulting from radiation therapy. Fibrosis is defined by the pathological accumulation of connective tissue (i.e., extracellular matrix) and excessive deposition of crosslinked (fibrillar) collagen that can impact a range of tissues and given that collagen crosslinking is necessary for fibrosis formation, inhibiting this process is a reasonable focus for developing anti-fibrotic therapies. Collagen crosslinking is catalyzed by the lysyl oxidase family of secreted copper-dependent metalloenzymes, and since that copper is an essential cofactor in all lysyl oxidase family members, we tested whether localized delivery of a copper chelator into the submandibular gland of irradiated mice could suppress collagen deposition and preserve the structure and function of this organ. Our results demonstrate that transdermal injection of tetrathiomolybdate into salivary glands significantly reduced the early deposition of fibrillar collagen in irradiated mice and preserved the integrity and function of submandibular gland epithelial tissue. Together, these studies identify copper metabolism as a novel therapeutic target to control radiation induced damage to the salivary gland and the current findings further indicate the therapeutic potential of repurposing clinically approved copper chelators as neoadjuvant treatments for radiation therapy.
RESUMO
Oral potentially malignant disorders represent precursor lesions that may undergo malignant transformation to oral cancer. There are many known risk factors associated with the development of oral potentially malignant disorders, and contribute to the risk of malignant transformation. Although many advances have been reported to understand the biological behavior of oral potentially malignant disorders, their clinical features that indicate the characteristics of malignant transformation are not well established. Early diagnosis of malignancy is the most important factor to improve patients' prognosis. The integration of machine learning into routine diagnosis has recently emerged as an adjunct to aid clinical examination. Increased performances of artificial intelligence AI-assisted medical devices are claimed to exceed the human capability in the clinical detection of early cancer. Therefore, the aim of this narrative review is to introduce artificial intelligence terminology, concepts, and models currently used in oncology to familiarize oral medicine scientists with the language skills, best research practices, and knowledge for developing machine learning models applied to the clinical detection of oral potentially malignant disorders.
Assuntos
Doenças da Boca , Neoplasias Bucais , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas , Humanos , Inteligência Artificial , Aprendizado de Máquina , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/diagnóstico , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Neoplasias Bucais/diagnósticoRESUMO
Radiation therapy-mediated salivary gland destruction is characterized by increased inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis, both of which ultimately lead to salivary gland hypofunction. However, current treatments (e.g., artificial saliva and sialagogues) only promote temporary relief of symptoms. As such, developing alternative measures against radiation damage is critical for restoring salivary gland structure and function. One promising option for managing radiation therapy-mediated damage in salivary glands is by activation of specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors due to their demonstrated role in resolution of inflammation and fibrosis in many tissues. Nonetheless, little is known about the presence and function of these receptors in healthy and/or irradiated salivary glands. Therefore, the goal of this study was to detect whether these specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors are expressed in healthy salivary glands and, if so, if they are maintained after radiation therapy-mediated damage. Our results indicate that specialized proresolving lipid mediator receptors are heterogeneously expressed in inflammatory as well as in acinar and ductal cells within human submandibular glands and that their expression persists after radiation therapy. These findings suggest that epithelial cells as well as resident immune cells represent potential targets for modulation of resolution of inflammation and fibrosis in irradiated salivary glands.
Assuntos
Tolerância a Radiação , Receptores de Quimiocinas/genética , Receptores de Formil Peptídeo/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores do Leucotrieno B4/genética , Receptores de Lipoxinas/genética , Glândula Submandibular/efeitos da radiação , Células Acinares/citologia , Células Acinares/metabolismo , Células Acinares/efeitos da radiação , Adulto , Idoso , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/efeitos da radiação , Feminino , Raios gama , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Leucócitos Mononucleares/citologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Leucócitos Mononucleares/efeitos da radiação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Receptores de Formil Peptídeo/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores do Leucotrieno B4/metabolismo , Receptores de Lipoxinas/metabolismo , Glândula Submandibular/citologia , Glândula Submandibular/metabolismoRESUMO
Plasma cell cheilitis (PCC) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that affects the lip. It is characterized histologically by a dense infiltrate of plasma cells with a variety of clinical features. The response to different therapeutic modalities is controversial, especially regarding the effectiveness of corticosteroids. We present a case of a 56-year-old Caucasian man with a painful ulcerated and crusted area in the lower lip, resembling a squamous cell carcinoma or actinic cheilitis. Topical corticosteroid was used for one week, which resulted in partial regression and motivated a biopsy. The histological examination provided the diagnosis of PCC. The patient has been disease-free for six months. We also provide a discussion on the criteria of differential diagnosis and management of this rare condition.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), particularly the undifferentiated nonkeratinizing subtype. Prevalence of EBV in NPC in countries such as Guatemala and Brazil has not been studied. METHODS: We analyzed 19 cases of NPC, 11 from Guatemala and 8 from Brazil, for the presence of EBV by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, 19 hyperplastic adenoids from children were analyzed for EBV by in situ hybridization, 12 from Guatemala and 7 from Brazil. RESULTS: All the NPC cases from Guatemala and 5 from Brazil were of the undifferentiated nonkeratinizing type. EBV-negative cases comprised 2 keratinizing NPC and 1 differentiated nonkeratinizing NPC. All undifferentiated nonkeratinizing NPC from both samples showed intense positivity for EBER, while LMP-1 only focally and scarcely expressed. EBER was positive in 75% and 43% of the adenoids from Guatemala and Brazil, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: All undifferentiated nonkeratinizing NPC irrespective of origin from Guatemala or Brazil were highly associated with EBV.
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Carcinoma/virologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Nasofaríngeas/virologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecções por Vírus Epstein-Barr/complicações , Feminino , Guatemala/epidemiologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4 , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Carcinoma Nasofaríngeo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Lysozyme is an enzymatic marker of acinar and intercalated duct cells of normal salivary glands. The aim of this study was to verify whether lysozyme expression could be useful to distinguish acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) from its main mimic, mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC). For comparison, DOG1 expression was analyzed as well. Seventeen cases of ACC, 15 MASC, and 125 other salivary tumors were studied. Lysozyme expression was found in tumor cells as well as in secreted material of MASC (86.6 % of cases) and in ductal cells of epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma (EMC-53.8 %), pleomorphic adenoma (PA-29.1 %) and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA-23.8 %). However, in ACC, lysozyme was not expressed. Three patterns of DOG1 staining were seen: apical-luminal, cytoplasmic, and mixed cytoplasmic/membranous. The apical-luminal pattern was detected in ductal cells of ACC (58.8 % of cases), EMC (38.4 %), adenoid-cystic carcinoma (AdCC-35.3 %), PA (8.3 %), and PLGA (4.8 %). These tumors also showed mixed membranous/cytoplasmic staining for DOG1. MASC, mucoepidermoid, and salivary duct carcinomas exhibited only DOG1 cytoplasmic staining. In conclusion, lysozyme cannot be used as a marker of acinar differentiation in salivary tumors. However, lysozyme expression can be helpful to distinguish MASC from ACC due to its high frequency in the former and absence in ACC. It is likely that in MASC, lysozyme expression may reflect a lactational-like secretory differentiation since lysozyme belongs to breast milk proteins. Regarding DOG1 expression, the apical-luminal pattern is related to acinar and intercalated duct differentiation whereas the cytoplasmic staining does not seem to be associated with a specific cellular phenotype.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma de Células Acinares/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Secretor Análogo ao Mamário/diagnóstico , Muramidase/biossíntese , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Carcinoma de Células Acinares/enzimologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Carcinoma Secretor Análogo ao Mamário/enzimologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Muramidase/análise , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/enzimologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) occurs more frequently in minor salivary glands. The diagnosis of PLGA, in general, is not difficult but in occasional tumors showing limited invasion or in small biopsy specimens, PLGA may be confused with cellular pleomorphic adenoma (PA). Plasmacytoid cells, a usual component of PAs, have been considered helpful for correct tumor identification. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the frequency (if any) of plasmacytoid-type cellular differentiation (PD) in PLGA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two cases of PLGA were reviewed. PD was recognized in 2 cases (6.25%), in which immunohistochemical expression of AE1/AE3, CK7, CK14, vimentin, α-SMA, p63, S-100, calponin, GFAP, and Ki-67 was evaluated. RESULTS: The 2 cases presented conventional areas of PLGA and variable quantities of cells with PD forming aggregates in the stroma and lining ductal structures. Cells with PD showed positivity for AE1/AE3, CK7, S-100, and vimentin and were negative for CK14, calponin, and GFAP in both cases. In case 1, cells with PD did not present α-SMA and p63 positivity whereas in case 2 they were positive, but for α-SMA such reactivity was restricted to cells forming solid aggregates. CONCLUSION: Although PD in PLGA is rare, it is necessary to be aware of this possibility, particularly in small incisional biopsies and in PLGA with limited invasion, to avoid confusion with cellular PA.
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Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenoma Pleomorfo/diagnóstico , Adenoma Pleomorfo/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Diferenciação Celular , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/diagnósticoAssuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma Adenoide Cístico/metabolismo , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Gotículas Lipídicas/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/metabolismo , Adulto , Carcinoma Adenoide Cístico/diagnóstico , Proliferação de Células , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/diagnósticoRESUMO
UNLABELLED: The synchronous occurrence of two different neoplasias is an uncommon event, which may arise between tumors originating in the same organ or in cancer-to-cancer metastasis. We report a rare case of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma associated with a cutaneous metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in a cervical lymph node. In the affected lymph node, it was observed an effacement of the normal architecture by neoplastic lymphocytes and it was noted the presence of neoplastic invasive epithelial islands. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that lymphocytic proliferation was positive for CD20, CD5, CD23 and Kappa, and negative for CD3, CD10, Cyclin D1 and Lambda. The morphological and immunohistochemical profile lead to a phenotype of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma. The epithelial cells were positive for CK5, thus rendering the diagnosis of synchronous metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Literature supports the poor prognosis in cases that present coexistence of squamous cell carcinoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia / small lymphocytic lymphoma. Thus, it is necessary to be aware about this unusual finding in order to provide specific treatment. KEY WORDS: Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, squamous cell carcinoma, metastasis.
RESUMO
In the present study, 3 cases of very rare intraoral carcinomas ex pleomorphic adenomas showing a striking differentiation of the malignant component towards epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma were described. The tumors occurred in 2 men and 1 woman with median age of 56 years. Involved sites included palate and buccal mucosa. Two patients experienced local recurrences, of which one died of disease complications. In all cases, residual pleomorphic adenoma was present. The malignant component in all cases shared morphological aspects with epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. Those areas were characterized by eosinophilic duct-forming cells surrounded by layers of clear cells. The studied immunohistochemical markers highlighted a biphasic cell population. Duct-forming cells expressed pan-cytokeratin, cytokeratin 7, and focally cytokeratin 14, whereas the clear cell component strongly stained to cytokeratin 14, vimentin, and p63 but weakly stained to pan-cytokeratin and focally to α-smooth muscle actin, an immunophenotype compatible with both epithelial and myoepithelial differentiation. The Ki-67 proliferation index was up to 40% in malignant areas. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenomas of minor salivary glands with major epithelial-myoepithelial component are rare, locally aggressive, and potentially lethal tumors. The peculiar morphological and immunohistochemical aspects described may raise problems in diagnosis and classification of such cases, particularly in incisional biopsies.
Assuntos
Adenoma Pleomorfo/patologia , Mioepitelioma/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/patologia , Glândulas Salivares Menores/patologia , Adenoma Pleomorfo/metabolismo , Adulto , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Imunofenotipagem/métodos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mioepitelioma/metabolismo , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Neoplasias das Glândulas Salivares/metabolismo , Glândulas Salivares Menores/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) of salivary glands shows morphological similarities to milk-secreting mammary epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to analyse the immunohistochemical expression of adipophilin (a component of milk lipid globule membranes) and of proteins related to secretory mechanisms (STAT5a and mammaglobin) in MASC and other salivary tumours. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ten cases of MASC (all with ETV6 translocation) and 83 other salivary carcinomas were studied. In all MASC cases, adipophilin stained numerous large lipid droplets. These droplets were minute in other salivary carcinomas, except for sebaceous carcinoma. Overexpression of STAT5a was detected in all MASC cases, but only occasionally in other carcinomas. Mammaglobin expression occurred frequently in MASC (70% of cases), whereas, in other carcinomas, it was uncommon and limited. Only MASC showed cytoplasmic reactivity for p63, particularly in papillary-cystic areas. Positivity for S100, vimentin and high molecular weight keratin was observed in 100% of MASC cases. CONCLUSIONS: MASC is a lipid-rich tumour containing large lipid droplets covered by adipophilin. This finding can be included among its defining immunohistochemical features, and possibly represents lactation-like secretory differentiation. Strong expression of STAT5a and cytoplasmic p63 in MASC reinforces this hypothesis.