Novel controlled attenuation parameter for noninvasive assessment of steatosis using Fibroscan(®): validation in chronic hepatitis C.

A novel controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) has been developed for Fibroscan(®) to assess liver steatosis, simultaneously with liver stiffness measurement (LSM). We assessed CAP diagnostic accuracy in a large cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) virus. A total of 615 patients with CHC, who underwent both Fibroscan(®) and liver biopsy, were analysed. Fibrosis was graded using METAVIR score. Steatosis was categorized by visual assessment as S(0) : steatosis in <10% of hepatocytes, S(1) : 11-33%, S(2) : 34-66% and S(3) : 67-100%. Performances of CAP and liver stiffness were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and cross-validated using the bootstrap method. The Obuchowski measure was used to assess overall accuracy of CAP and to differentiate between steatosis grades. In multivariate analysis, CAP was related to steatosis (P < 10(-15) ) independently of fibrosis stage (which was related to LSM). The areas under ROC curves using CAP to detect steatosis were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.75-0.84) for S ≥ S(1) , 0.86 (0.81-0.92) for S ≥ S(2) and 0.88 (0.73-1) S = S(3) . CAP exhibited a good ability to differentiate steatosis grades (Obuchowski measure = 0.92). Performance of LSM for fibrosis assessment confirmed results from previous studies. CAP is a novel tool to assess the degree of steatosis and both fibrosis and steatosis can be evaluated noninvasively during the same procedure using Fibroscan(®) , in patients with CHC.

Reverse seroconversion of hepatitis B after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective study of 37 patients with pretransplant anti-HBs and anti-HBc.

BACKGROUND: Reverse seroconversion to hepatitis B virus (HBV), i.e., HBV reactivation in patients with pretransplant antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), is rarely re-ported after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. METHODS: To determine this risk, we studied clinical outcome and serological changes in 37 patients with pretransplant anti-HBs and anti-HBc. RESULTS: In 33 cases, no change in HBV markers was observed in the posttransplant period. In four cases, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were lost, and hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e antigen, and HBV DNA emerged together with acute hepatitis, after cessation of immunosuppression. The actuarial risk of reactivation in the 37 patients was 20.5% (median follow-up 20 months). No reactivation occurred in patients with anti-HBs-positive donors. CONCLUSION: Although few cases of postallogeneic bone marrow transplantation reverse seroconversion to HBV have been reported, this study demonstrates that the actuarial risk is relatively high and suggests that donor vaccination might be proposed prophylactically or that HBs-specific immunoglobulin infusions might be warranted.

Hepatitis B vaccination in diabetic patients. Randomized trial comparing recombinant vaccines containing and not containing pre-S2 antigen.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the immunogenicity of two recombinant hepatitis B vaccines containing S antigen alone (Engerix B) or both S and pre-S2 antigens (GenHevac B) in diabetic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Of the adult diabetic patients, 71 (26 IDDM, 45 NIDDM) were randomized to receive Engerix B or GenHevac B at 0, 1, 2, and 12 months in a single-blind clinical trial; if the antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) titers were < 10 i.u./l at month 4, a fourth injection of vaccine was given. A positive response was defined by anti-HBs titer > or = 10 IU/l at month 13. RESULTS: The anti-HBs response rate and the titers of anti-HBs did not differ significantly between the two types of vaccine. Overall, > 90% of the patients responded at month 13. In patients vaccinated with GenHevac B, anti-pre-S2 antibodies appeared earlier than anti-HBs. The anti-HBs response tended to decrease with age (P = 0.07) and tended to be higher in IDDM patients than in NIDDM patients (P = 0.06). Metabolic control, as assessed by HbA1c level, did not influence the response rate. The presence of the HLA DQ2 allele was associated with a low response. CONCLUSIONS: A large majority of diabetic patients can be efficiently vaccinated against the hepatitis B virus using a booster dose at month 4. The choice of the vaccine (with or without pre-S2 antigen) appears to have little influence, if any, on the response rate.

Significance of anti-hepatitis C virus core IgM antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Antihepatitis C virus (HCV) IgM antibodies were found in patients with both acute and chronic hepatitis C. The aims of the study were to determine the significance, in terms of liver disease and virological parameters, of anti-HCV core IgM antibodies in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis C, and the possible relationship between the presence of these antibodies before treatment and biochemical and virological responses to interferon therapy. Sixty-one patients with chronic hepatitis C were studied. Tests for serum anti-HCV core IgM antibodies were carried out before treatment. The patients received 3 mega units of interferon alpha-2a subcutaneously thrice weekly for at least 3 months (6 months when alanine aminotransferase activity was normal at month 3). A biochemical response to interferon therapy was defined as normal alanine aminotransferase activity at the end of treatment (month 6: biochemical response) and 6 months later (month 12: sustained biochemical response). A sustained virological response was defined as serum HCV RNA negativity by a polymerase chain reaction-based detection method (PCR) in patients with normal alanine aminotransferase at month 12. Anti-HCV core IgM antibodies were detected in 28 of the 61 patients (46%). The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher in patients infected with HCV genotype 1 (including subtypes 1a and 1b) than in patients infected with other genotypes (including 2a and 3a) (57% vs. 17%; P < 0.01). No significant difference was found between IgM-positive and IgM-negative patients as regards the mean age, sex ratio, serum alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities, the prevalence of cirrhosis in liver biopsy specimens, detection of HCV RNA by PCR, and quantitation by branched DNA assay. At month 6 of interferon therapy, normal alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly more frequent in IgM-negative than in IgM-positive patients (52% vs. 21%, respectively; P < 0.02). At month 12, normal alanine aminotransferase activity and PCR negativity were significantly more frequent in IgM-negative than in IgM-positive patients (18% vs. 0%, P < 0.04). It is concluded that anti-HCV core IgM antibodies in serum are significantly more frequent in patients infected by HCV type 1 than by other types. This suggests that their overall prevalence in patients with chronic hepatitis C in industrialized countries, where HCV type 1 accounts for the majority of infections, would be of the order of 50%, that anti-HCV core IgM antibodies are not associated with characteristic features of liver disease, and that their presence before treatment is associated with a failure of interferon alpha therapy to clear the virus.

Idiopathic biliary ductopenia in adults: a report of five cases.

The clinical and pathological findings of five adult cases of idiopathic nonsyndromatic paucity of interlobular bile ducts are reported. Patients were 18-32 years old at the onset of the disease; four presented with pruritus and/or jaundice and one with bleeding of the esophageal varices. Two patients were siblings. Serum alkaline phosphatase counts ranged from 1 to 16 times the upper normal value, and total bilirubin counts ranged from 0.6 to 8.8 mg/dL (10 to 150 mumol/L). Initial liver biopsy showed portal and periportal fibrosis with cholangiolar proliferation and reduction in the number of interlobular bile ducts. Antimitochondrial antibodies were absent, and bile ducts were normal after opacification. The patients were observed for 3-11 years. Repeated liver biopsies in the five patients showed progression of the lesions, with development of biliary type cirrhosis in four. Two of the four patients with cirrhosis died of hepatic failure 3 and 11 years after onset of the disease. In the two other cases, liver transplantation was performed successfully. These cases suggest that chronic cholestasis with marked ductopenia resembling the nonsyndromatic paucity described in infancy and childhood may reveal itself at an adult age. This disorder, possibly familial, may rapidly progress to severe and even fatal liver disease and could be a new indication for liver transplantation.

[Non-A non-B acute hepatitis]. / Hépatites aiguës non A-non B.

Two distinct forms of non A non B viral hepatitis are now distinguished: (a) parenterally transmitted non A non B hepatitis, mainly due to hepatitis C virus, (b) enterically transmitted non A non B hepatitis, mainly due to hepatitis E virus. Hepatitis C virus is an enveloped, 50 to 60 nm in diameter, single stranded RNA virus. Its transmission is essentially parenteral and resembles that of hepatitis B virus. Individuals at risk are those in contact with blood products. Sexual transmission is uncommon. C virus hepatitis is characterized by a frequent course to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Fulminant hepatitis is rare. Chronic forms are associated with the presence of anti-HCV antibodies in the serum. These antibodies are rarely present in the acute stage of the disease. Hepatitis E virus is a non-enveloped, 30 nm in diameter, single stranded RNA virus. Its transmission is faecal-oral, thus similar to that of hepatitis A virus. The disease is almost exclusively encountered in developing countries. It is not observed in France, apart from imported cases. Like A virus hepatitis, chronicity never occurs. Fulminant hepatitis is possible in pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy. There is no routine serological test. Development of vaccines against these two viruses can be expected.