Anti-diabetic properties of brewer's spent yeast peptides. In vitro, in silico and ex vivo study after simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

Brewer's spent yeast (BSY) hydrolysates are a source of antidiabetic peptides. Nevertheless, the impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of BSY derived peptides on diabetes has not been assessed. In this study, two BSY hydrolysates were obtained (H1 and H2) using ß-glucanase and alkaline protease, with either 1 h or 2 h hydrolysis time for H1 and H2, respectively. These hydrolysates were then subjected to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID), obtaining dialysates D1 and D2, respectively. BSY hydrolysates inhibited the activity of α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) enzymes. Moreover, although D2 was inactive against these enzymes, D1 IC50 value was lower than those found for the hydrolysates. Interestingly, after electrophoretic separation, D1 mannose-linked peptides showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while non-glycosylated peptides had the highest DPP-IV inhibitory activity. Kinetic analyses showed a non-competitive mechanism in both cases. After peptide identification, GILFVGSGVSGGEEGAR and IINEPTAAAIAYGLDK showed the highest in silico anti-diabetic activities among mannose-linked and non-glycosylated peptides, respectively (AntiDMPpred score: 0.70 and 0.77). Molecular docking also indicated that these peptides act as non-competitive inhibitors. Finally, an ex vivo model of mouse jejunum organoids was used to study the effect of D1 on the expression of intestinal epithelial genes related to diabetes. The reduction of the expression of genes that codify lactase, sucrase-isomaltase and glucose transporter 2 was observed, as well as an increase in the expression of Gip (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide) and Glp1 (glucagon-like peptide 1). This is the first report to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of BSY peptides in mouse jejunum organoids.

In vivo and in silico study of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on the liver-spleen axis of microencapsulated brewers' spent grain peptides.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Some dietary bioactive compounds such as peptides can exert dual antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of microencapsulated brewers' spent grain peptides (BSG-P-MC) on hepatic injury, lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and inflammation in the liver-spleen axis in Wistar rats fed with a sucrose-rich diet (SRD). Male rats received for 100 days a reference diet (RD), SRD or RD and SRD containing 700 mg per kg body weight per day of BSG-P-MC. The results demonstrated that BSG-P-MC reversed injury, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress in the liver. For the spleen, BSG-P-MC decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation, CAT activity, NFκB, PAI-1 and F4/80 protein mass levels with respect to the SRD-fed rats. Three peptides identified by LC-MS/MS from BSG-P-MC after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion showed high in silico free radical scavenging activity (LPRDPYVDPMAPLPR, ANLPRDPYVDPMAPLPRSGPE and ANLPRDPYVDPMAPLPR). Moreover, two identified peptides presented high in silico anti-inflammatory properties (LTIGDTVPNLELDSTHGKIR and VDPDEKDAQGQLPSRT). This study is the first report of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of microencapsulated BSG-peptides exerted in the liver-spleen axis in a MS rodent model.

Microencapsulated bioactive peptides from brewer's spent grain promotes antihypertensive and antidiabetogenic effects on a hypertensive and insulin-resistant rat model.

The effects of microcapsules containing brewer's spent grain (BSG) peptides were evaluated on a hypertensive/insulin-resistant rat model induced by a sucrose-rich diet (SRD) administration. Animals received for 100 days the control diet (CD), SRD, and CD and SRD diets supplemented with microencapsulated peptides (CD-P and SRD-P). During the experimental period, blood pressure was monitored. Glycemia, tissue glycogen content, nitric oxide, and the activity of enzymes related to hypertensive and diabetogenic mechanisms were determined. The consumption of SRD caused hypertensive and hyperglycemic effects compared to CD. However, the SRD-P group presented lower systolic pressure at the middle of ingestion, achieving similar values than the CD. The SRD-P rats decreased all enzymes' activities compared to the SRD reaching the values of CD, except for those of α-amylase in cecal content and DPP-IV in serum. It was possible to corroborate potential antihypertensive and antidiabetogenic in vivo effects of the microencapsulated BSG peptides. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main waste obtained from brewing industry. Bioactive peptides obtained after an enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins with in vitro antihypertensive and antidiabetogenic activity have been described. However, to corroborate the action of these bioactive peptides, in vivo studies are necessary. In the present work, microcapsules containing bioactive peptides from BSG were administered on the rat model with induced hypertension and insulin-resistance, corroborating an in vivo antihypertensive and antidiabetogenic effects by inhibition of enzymes related with blood pressure regulation and glucose metabolism. This work demonstrated that microcapsules of BSG peptides could be included into functional foods formulations, or used as dietary supplement for improving health and the prevention of non-communicable diseases, adding value to the brewing process by-product.

Physical, structural and antioxidant properties of brewer's spent grain protein films.

BACKGROUND: The development of brewer's spent grain protein (BSG-PC) films with potential active packaging properties was investigated. Films were prepared by casting protein dispersions at different pH values (2, 8, 11), plasticizers [polyethylene glycol (PEG) or glycerol] and levels (0-0.25 g g-1 ) of PEG. Mechanical, water-barrier and solubility, optical, antioxidant (reducing power, ABTS•+ and lipidic radical scavenging), and antimicrobial properties of films were determined. Also, the structural characteristics of films were evaluated by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: Only films prepared at pH 2 and plasticized by PEG were homogeneous in appearance and could be manipulated; thus, different levels of PEG were studied at this pH. Higher PEG concentrations increased water solubility, water vapor permeability and elongation at break, and decreased tensile strength and elastic modulus. PEG increased α-helix structure only when 0.10 g PEG g-1 BSG-PC was used. This could be related to the better mechanical properties of F0.10 films (higher tensile strength, and elastic modulus) with respect to the other films. Antioxidant activity depended on PEG concentration, whereas no antimicrobial properties against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella newport and Penicillium corylophylum were detected. CONCLUSION: The formulations with 0.10 and 0.15 g PEG g-1 BSG-PC appear to be the most promising, balancing mechanical, water-barrier properties and the antioxidant capacity of these films. Moreover, BSG proteins could be a cheap alternative for the preparation of biodegradable films, which are capable of being used as active food packaging. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Molecular action mechanism of anti-inflammatory hydrolysates obtained from brewers' spent grain.

BACKGROUND: Brewers' spent grain (BSG) is a relevant, protein-rich by-product of the brewing process. Protein hydrolysates from different sources exert immune-regulatory actions activating toll-like receptors (TLRs), nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Effects of gastrointestinal digestion have been poorly studied. Here, we studied the immune-regulatory effect of BSG hydrolysates, and their in-vitro-digested products, on rat splenocytes, macrophages, and T lymphocytes RESULTS: In primary cultures of rat spleen cells, BSG hydrolysates induced interleukin 10 and tumor necrosis factor production in basal conditions. Under stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A, hydrolysates further induced interleukin 10 production. Tumor necrosis factor and interferon-γ were inhibited in lipopolysaccharide- and concanavalin-A-stimulated cells respectively. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion attenuated the observed effects. Splenic macrophages and T lymphocytes behaved in a similar fashion. In spleen cells from TLR2-/- and TLR4-/- mice, immune-regulatory effects were greatly reduced or abrogated. The study of signal transduction pathways indicated a major involvement of NFκB, and the contribution of MAPKs p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. CONCLUSION: BSG hydrolysates, like those obtained from other food sources, regulate the immune response, involving TLR2 and TLR4 and the activation of NFκB and MAPKs, an effect partly maintained after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Our data support the hypothesis of a shared, rather unspecific, mechanism of action of protein hydrolysates. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Free α-amino acids, γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), phenolic compounds and their relationships with antioxidant properties of sorghum malted in different conditions.

Two cultivars of sorghum were germinated at 25 or 30 °C for 1, 2, or 3 days to investigate the evolution of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), total free phenolic compounds (FPC), hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, free amino acid (FAA) profile, and antioxidant activity during malting. Results showed time-temperature interaction had significant influence on GABA accumulation, increasing over time at 25 °C, but keeping constant after first day at 30 °C. Free amino acid profile changed during malting with time and temperature, increasing until the third or second day at 25 and 30 °C, respectively. Content of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives depended on time, temperature, and cultivar; ferulic was the phenolic acid found in greater amount. Pearson correlation analysis suggested malting generated not only FPC responsible for antioxidant activity, but also other bioactive compounds like FAA, particularly sulfur-containing ones. Germination for 3 days at 25 °C was the most suitable condition to obtaining functional sorghum malt.

Green Alga Ulva spp. Hydrolysates and Their Peptide Fractions Regulate Cytokine Production in Splenic Macrophages and Lymphocytes Involving the TLR4-NFκB/MAPK Pathways.

Hydrolysates of food protein sources have immunomodulatory effects, which are of interest for use as functional foods. In this study, we have characterized the immune regulatory effect on rat splenocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes of Ulva spp. hydrolysates and their peptide fractions with or without in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and/or ultrafiltration. IL-10 was induced in almost all conditions and cell types obtained from wild type animals. The induction was in general increased by ultrafiltration and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. TNF was also induced in basal conditions. In turn, TNF and IFN-γ production was attenuated by the hydrolysate products in lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A immune stimulated cells. Inhibitors for the activation of NFκB, MAPK p38 and JNK inhibited IL-10 induction in rat splenocytes. The response was dramatically attenuated in TLR4-/- cells, and only modestly in TLR2-/- cells. Food peptides from Ulva spp. genus exert anti-inflammatory effects in immune cells mediated by TLR4 and NFκB. Similarity with the immunomodulatory profile of protein hydrolysates from other sources suggests a common mechanism.

Antithrombotic Activity of Brewers' Spent Grain Peptides and their Effects on Blood Coagulation Pathways.

Antithrombotic activity of brewers' spent grain peptides before and after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and their effects on blood coagulation pathways were evaluated. Two hydrolysates were produced using sequential enzymatic systems: alkaline protease + Flavourzyme (AF) and neutral protease + Flavourzyme (PF). Simulation of gastrointestinal digestion of AF and PF hydrolysates was made using porcine pepsin and pancreatin enzymes, obtaining the corresponding digested samples: AFD and PFD, respectively. Peptides were fractionated by ultrafiltration using a 1 kDa cut-off membrane. Hydrolysates had peptides with medium and low molecular weights (2100 and 500 Da, respectively), and Glu, Asp, Leu, Ala, and Phe were the most abundant amino acids. Gastrointestinal digested hydrolysates presented high proportion of small peptides (~500 Da), and higher amount of Val, Tyr, and Phe than hydrolysates. Mass spectrum (HDMS Q-TOF) of AFD-ultrafiltered fraction <1 kDa exhibited peptides from 500 to 1000 Da, which are not present in AF. PFD showed the generation of new peptides from 430 to 1070 Da. All samples showed thrombin inhibitory activity. However, no effect was observed on prothrombin time. Peptides <1 kDa from hydrolysates and digested samples delayed thrombin and thromboplastin time respect to the control (~63%). Also the samples showed thrombin inhibitory activity at common pathway level. Thus, brewers' spent grain peptides exerted their antithrombotic activity by inhibiting the intrinsic and common pathways of blood coagulation. This is the first report to demonstrate that brewers' spent grain peptides are able to delay clotting time after simulated gastrointestinal digestion.

Colonic and systemic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum consumption in growing Wistar rats.

Colonic effects of extruded whole-grain sorghum diets were evaluated using a model of growing rats. In all, twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed control (C), extruded white sorghum (EWS) or red sorghum (ERS). Consumption of sorghum diets showed satiety properties, with reduction of caecal pH, and lower activity of ß-glucosidase and ß-glucuronidase enzymes. Decreased copper zinc superoxide dismutase and manganese superoxide dismutase and increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels were observed in colonic mucosa. The induction of antioxidant enzymes occurred through the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein and its subsequent translocation into the nucleus. ERS was able to decrease the proliferation of proximal mucosa of colon, demonstrating a possible effect against colorectal tumourigenesis. EWS increased proliferation and also apoptosis, ensuring the re-establishment of homoeostasis of the colonic mucosa. No antioxidant systemic effect (serum or hepatic level) was observed. It is likely that despite the extrusion the low bioavailability of the phenolic compounds of sorghum diets caused them to exert mainly acute effects at the colon level. Extruded whole-grain sorghum is a good functional ingredient that might be promising in dietary prevention of intestinal diseases.

Extruded whole grain diets based on brown, soaked and germinated rice. Effects on the lipid profile and antioxidant status of growing Wistar rats. Part II.

The influence of whole grain (WG) rice based diets on the lipid profile and antioxidant status was evaluated. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were fed with Control (C), extruded Brown rice (B), extruded Soaked whole rice (S) and extruded Germinated whole rice (G) diets for 60 days. Triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol and malondialdehyde equivalent (MDA eq.) in serum and liver were determined. Catalase (CAT), Glutathione Reductase (GR) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) enzyme activities and Glutathione Reduced (GSH) and Oxidized (GSSG) in the liver were analyzed. Animals consuming B and S diets presented lower body weight gain. All WG diets reduced TAGs in serum and MDA eq. content in liver in comparison with the C diet. WG rice diets improved the redox status in animals mainly fed G due to their higher GR activity and GSH/GSSG ratio.

Chelating Properties of Peptides from Red Seaweed Pyropia columbina and Its Effect on Iron Bio-Accessibility.

The aim of this work was to evaluate copper-chelating, iron-chelating and anticariogenic activity of peptides obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of P. columbina protein concentrate and to study the effects of chelating peptides on iron bio-accessibility. Two hydrolyzates were obtained from P. columbina protein concentrate (PC) using two hydrolysis systems: alkaline protease (A) and alkaline protease + Flavourzyme (AF). FPLC gel filtration profile of PC shows a peak having molecular weight (MW) higher than 7000 Da (proteins). A and AF hydrolyzates had peptides with medium and low MW (1013 and 270 Da), respectively. Additionally, AF presented free amino acids with MW around 82 Da and higher content of His and Ser. Peptides from AF showed the highest chelating properties measured as copper-chelating activity (the lowest ß-carotene oxidation rate: Ro; 0.7 min(-1)), iron-chelating activity (33%), and phosphorous and Ca(2+) release inhibition (87 and 81%, respectively). These properties could indicate antioxidant properties, promotion of iron absorption and anticariogenic activity, respectively. In fact, hydrolyzates promoted iron dialyzability (≈ 16%), values being higher than that found for P. columbina seaweed. Chelating peptides from both hydrolyzates can maintain the iron in a soluble and bio-accessible form after gastrointestinal digestion.

Formulación y evaluación sensorial de barras de cereales con alto contenido en polidextrosa y su relación con el IMC y el sexo / Formulation and sensory evaluation of cereal bars with high polydextrose content following gender and BMI

Introducción: Estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado que el consumo de fibra fermentable está relacionado con la regulación del peso corporal. Existe gran interés en formular alimentos con ingredientes que produzcan aumento de la saciedad. Objetivo. Formular barras de cereal con adición de Polidextrosa (PX) como posible ingrediente inductor de saciedad y evaluar la aceptabilidad en función del sexo y del IMC. Metodología. Se formularon dos barras de cereal con 17g PX/porción de 60 g, una con manzana deshidratada (PX-manzana) y otra con chocolate (PX-chocolate). Se determinó la composición química. La aceptabilidad se estudió en consumidores voluntarios utilizando una escala hedónica de 9 puntos. Se preguntó acerca del interés en comprar el producto. Se calculó el IMC de los consumidores y se clasificaron en dos categorías: 1) bajo peso y normopeso y 2) exceso de peso (sobrepeso y obesidad). Se estableció la asociación entre la aceptabilidad y deseo de comprar con sexo e IMC (prueba Chi cuadrado). Resultados. Las dos barras formuladas aportan, en promedio, 150 kcal/porción. En la barra PX-chocolate el contenido de grasa fue superior debido a la grasa aportada por el chocolate. En cuanto a la aceptabilidad promedio, la barra PX-chocolate obtuvo una puntuación de 7,2 y no presentó diferencia significativa con respecto a la barra PX-manzana (6,7). Más del 85% de los consumidores clasificaron a las barras con una puntuación igual o mayor a 6, que es lo establecido como límite de calidad en la industria. Para las dos barras, la aceptabilidad no estuvo relacionada con el IMC ni con el sexo. Un mayor porcentaje de mujeres y de consumidores con exceso de peso comprarían más la barra PX-chocolate. Conclusión: Los productos desarrollados fueron muy bien aceptados por los consumidores sin diferencia entre sexo e IMC. Las barras de cereal pueden constituir una matriz alimentaria adecuada para vehiculizar la polidextrosa.

Proteins and Carbohydrates from Red Seaweeds: Evidence for Beneficial Effects on Gut Function and Microbiota.

Based on their composition, marine algae, and namely red seaweeds, are good potential functional foods. Intestinal mucosal barrier function refers to the capacity of the intestine to provide adequate containment of luminal microorganisms and molecules. Here, we will first outline the component of seaweeds and will summarize the effects of these on the regulation of mucosal barrier function. Special attention will be paid to unique components of red seaweeds: proteins and derived peptides (e.g., phycobiliproteins, glycoproteins that contain "cellulose binding domains", phycolectins and the related mycosporine-like amino acids) together with polysaccharides (e.g., floridean starch and sulfated galactans, such as carrageenans, agarans and "dl-hybrid") and minerals. These compounds have been shown to exert prebiotic effects, to regulate intestinal epithelial cell, macrophage and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation and to modulate the immune response. Molecular mechanisms of action of peptides and polysaccharides are starting to be elucidated, and evidence indicating the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), Toll-like receptors (TLR) and signal transduction pathways mediated by protein kinase B (PKB or AKT), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) will also be summarized. The need for further research is clear, but in vivo experiments point to an overall antiinflammatory effect of these algae, indicating that they can reinforce membrane barrier function.

Chemical composition, nutritional and antioxidant properties of the red edible seaweed Porphyra columbina.

Proximate composition, fatty acids and amino acid profiles and nutritional (chemical score, protein digestibility, PDCAAS and mineral dialyzability) and antioxidant properties (TEAC, DPPH and power reduction) from Porphyra columbina were evaluated. Total dietary fiber (48.02 ± 1.13 g/100 g dry weight) and protein (24.61 ± 0.21 g/100 g dry weight) were the two most abundant components in this seaweed. The main saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were C16:0 and C20:5 (n-3), respectively. The limiting amino acid was tryptophan with a chemical score of 57%. Protein digestibility was 74.33 ± 3.0%. Porphyra columbina has high mineral content with good Na/K relationship and medium value of potential mineral accessibility (P, Ca and Zn dializability: 18.75 ± 0.01, 17.62 ± 0.16 and 16.70 ± 0.44, respectively). The highest antioxidant properties were obtained with an acetone/water extraction system. This work provides important information about chemical composition and nutraceutical new properties of P. columbina.

Development of naturally activated edible films with antioxidant properties prepared from red seaweed Porphyra columbina biopolymers.

The aim of this work was to study the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of phycobiliproteins-phycocolloids-based films, obtained from mixtures of two aqueous fractions extracted from Porphyra columbina red seaweed, one enriched in phycocolloids (PcF) and the other in phycobiliproteins (PF). Films with different ratios of PF:PcF (0, 25, 50, 75, 100% [w/w]) and without plasticizer addition were prepared by casting. PcF films had excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength ∼50MPa, elongation at break ∼3% and an elastic modulus ∼17.5MPa). The addition of PF to formulations exerted a plasticizing effect on the PcF matrix, which was manifested in moisture content, water solubility and mechanical properties of the resulting films but not in its water vapour permeability. The antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of the PcF films was significantly increased by the addition of PF and a direct relationship between TEAC and the total phenolic compounds (r(2)=0.9998) and R-phycoerythrin (r(2)=0.9942) was observed.

Study of EDTA intake of children for potential use of FeNaEDTA for breakfast cereal fortification

EDTA is used as disodium salt or disodiumcalcium in foods, to prevent lipid oxidation or as color and flavor stabilizer. In some countries, FeNaEDTA is also used as a source of iron for fortification. However, EDTA has an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 2.5 mg / kg/day. The aim of this study was to estimate the intake of EDTA in children of school age and the potential use of Fe- NaEDTA as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification. A qualitative-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was conducted on 225 schoolchildren of both sexes, aged between 4 and 13, from school canteens, public and private schools, from the city of Santa Fe (Argentina). Only those foods which EDTA addition is allowed in Argentina: packaged ice cream, soda, soft drinks and powdered soft drinks (upper limit of Na2EDTA o Na2CaEDTA: 35 mg/kg) and dressings and margarines (upper limit of Na2CaEDTA: 75 mg/kg) were considered. EDTA Average Daily Consumption (ADC) was 0.06 mg/kg/day with a median of 0.011 mg/kg/day, representing 2.4% of the ADI. In the hypothetical case that FeNaEDTA would be used as iron source for breakfast cereal fortification at level of 11 mg Fe%, the potential EDTA ADC would be 0.46 ± 0.32 mg/kg/day, representing 18.4% of the ADI (2.5 mg/kg/day). Results indicate that children from Santa Fe city have an EDTA ADC currently well below the maximum ADI of EDTA, which would remain low even if FeNaEDTA is used for breakfast cereal fortification.

Estudio de la ingesta de EDTA en niños para la utilización potencial de FeNaEDTA en la fortificación de cereales para desayuno. El EDTA es utilizado en alimentos como sal disódica o disódica-cálcica, para prevenir la oxidación lipídica o como estabilizante del color y sabor. En algunos países, FeNaEDTA es también usado como una fuente de hierro para la fortificación de alimentos. Sin embargo, posee una Ingesta Diaria Admisible (IDA) de 2,5 mg/kg/día. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la ingesta de EDTA en niños y el potencial uso de FeNaEDTA como fuente de fortificación de hierro en cereales para desayuno (CPD). Se realizó un cuestionario de frecuencia alimentaria cuali-cuantitativo a niños de ambos sexos, en edades comprendidas entre 4 y 13 años, que asistían a comedores escolares, escuelas públicas y privadas de la Ciudad de Santa Fe, Argentina. Solo se evaluaron aquellos alimentos en los que se halla permitido el agregado de EDTA en Argentina: helados envasados, gaseosas, bebidas sin alcohol y jugos en polvo, aderezos y margarina. La Ingesta Diaria Promedio (IDP) de EDTA fue de 0,06 mg/Kg/día con una mediana de 0,011 mg/kg/día, lo que representa el 2,4% de la IDA. En el hipotético caso de que FeNaEDTA fuera usado como fuente de hierro para fortificación de CPD en un nivel de 11 mg Fe%, la potencial IDP de EDTA sería de 0,46 ± 0,32 mg/kg/día, lo que representa un 18,4 % de la IDA. Los resultados indican que la IDP de EDTA está muy por debajo de la IDA máxima, la cual seguiría siendo baja incluso si el FeNaEDTA se utilizara como fortificante de hierro en CPD.

Immunomodulatory properties of the protein fraction from Phorphyra columbina.

The phycobiliproteins from Rhodophyta , R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) and C-phycocyanin (C-PC), have been shown to exert immunomodulatory effects. This study evaluated the effects of a Phorphyra columbina protein fraction (PF) and R-PE and C-PC on rat primary splenocytes, macrophages, and T-lymphocytes in vitro. PF featured various protein species, including R-PE and C-PC. PF showed mitogenic effects on rat splenocytes and was nontoxic to cells except at 1 g L(-1) protein. IL-10 secretion was enhanced by PF in rat splenocytes, macrophages, and especially T-lymphocytes, whereas it was markedly diminished by R-PE and C-PC. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages was inhibited. The effect of PF on IL-10 was evoked by JNK/p38 MAPK and NF-κB-dependent pathways in macrophages and T-lymphocytes. It was concluded that PF has immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and lymphocytes that appear to be predominantly anti-inflammatory via up-regulated IL-10 production and cannot be accounted for by R-PE and C-PC.

A Porphyra columbina hydrolysate upregulates IL-10 production in rat macrophages and lymphocytes through an NF-κB, and p38 and JNK dependent mechanism.

The marine environment represents a relatively untapped source of functional ingredients. Here we characterise a hydrolysate obtained from Phorphyra columbina (PcRH) and its effects on primary splenocytes, macrophages and T lymphocytes in vitro. Our product had a high degree of hydrolysis, due to the use of a mixture of endo-peptidase and exo-peptidase, and was enriched in Asp, Ala and Glu. PcRH had mitogenic effects on rat splenic lymphocytes. IL-10 secretion was enhanced by PcRH in splenocytes (235%), macrophages (150%) and in lymphocytes (472%), while the production of TNFα and other proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages was inhibited (15-75%), especially under lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The effect of the hydrolysate on IL-10 was evoked by JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-κB dependent pathways in T lymphocytes. We conclude that PcRH has immunomodulatory effects on macrophages and lymphocytes, activating NF-κB and MAPK dependent pathways, and predominantly inducing IL-10 production.

Disponibilidad potencial in vitro de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil con pan fortificado con distintas fuentes de hierro o con agregado de promotores de la absorción / Iron and zinc in vitro potential availability in an infant diet with fortified bread with different iron sources or with the adition of different iron absorption promoters

Los alimentos complementarios más utilizados son las dietas caseras. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la disponibilidad de hierro y zinc en una dieta infantil de consumo habitual conteniendo pan fortificado con diferentes fuentes de hierro: sulfato ferroso, bisglicinato ferroso, NaFeEDTA. También se utilizó pan sin fortificar con agregado de ácido ascórbico, citrato de sodio o Na2EDTA como promotores de la absorción, combinada con diversas bebidas. La dieta (papa, zapallo, sémola, pan y manzana) se combinó con agua, leche, té, bebida cola y bebida artificial a base de naranja. La dializabilidad (D) mineral, como indicador de la disponibilidad potencial fue determinada utilizando un método in vitro. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando ANOVA, con test de Tukey a posteriori. No hubo diferencias significativas en la DFe entre las dietas del pan fortificado con sulfato o bisglicinato; con el NaFeEDTA aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). El aumento de la DFe fue mayor en las dietas que tenían panes con promotores que en las que tenían panes fortificados. La bebida a base de naranja aumentó la DFe, mientras que el té y la leche la disminuyeron significativamente (p<0,05). La DZn aumentó en forma significativa cuando el pan estaba fortificado con sulfato o NaFeEDTA, pero no cuando se fortificó con bisglicinato. El agregado de té o leche disminuyó la DZn mientras que la bebida a base de naranja la aumentó significativamente (p<0,05). En relación a los promotores, las mayores DFe y DZn se observaron en las dietas con el pan sin fortificar, con agregado de Na2EDTA.

Home-made diets are the most frequently used complementary foods. In the present work we evaluated iron and zinc availability in a usually consumed infant diet containing either iron-fortified bread with different iron sources: ferrous sulfate, ferrous bisglycinate, NaFeEDTA. We also used non-fortified bread with absorption promoters: ascorbic acid, sodium citrate, Na2EDTA, combined with different beverages. The diet (potato, pumpkin, grits, bread, and apple) was combined with water, milk, tea, a soft drink and an orange-based artificial drink. Mineral dialyzability (D) as an indicator of potential availability was determined using an in vitro method. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA, and a posteriori Tukey test. There were no significant differences in FeD between diets with ferrous sulfate or ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread; in NaFeEDTA fortified bread it increased significantly (p<0.05). Iron D increase was greater in diets with bread containing absorption promoters than in those with fortified bread. The orange-based artificial drink increased FeD, while tea and milk decreased it significantly (p<0.05). Zinc D increased significantly when the bread was fortified either with ferrous sulfate or NaFeEDTA, but remained unchanged in diets with ferrous bisglycinate fortified bread. The addition of tea or milk decreased ZnD while the orange-based artificial drink increased it significantly (p<0.05). Regarding absorption promoters, the greater values both in FeD and ZnD were observed in diets with iron nonfortified bread containing Na2EDTA.

Effect of extrusion process on antioxidant and ACE inhibition properties from bovine haemoglobin concentrate hydrolysates incorporated into expanded maize products.

Extrusion process has been widely used for the development of many functional foods. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of extrusion process on antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition properties from bovine haemoglobin concentrate (BHC) hydrolysates (P, FC, PF and FCF). Extrusion was carried out with a Brabender single screw extruder. The ACE inhibition and the antioxidant capacity (AC) were estimated by the inhibition of the ACE and ABTS+√ radical cation expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), respectively. The ACE inhibition and TEAC values from hydrolysates were significantly higher than that from BHC. The highest ACE inhibition corresponded to P hydrolysate and the highest TEAC corresponded to PF and FCF hydrolysates. The ACE inhibition and AC from extruded products with added hydrolysates were higher than that from maize control; however, the extrusion process modified both ACE inhibition and AC formerly present in hydrolysates.