Trapdoor endarterectomy for coral reef plaque of the paravisceral aorta in the modern era.

Coral reef atherosclerosis of the paravisceral aorta is a rare disease whose description is confined to before contemporary vascular surgical techniques. This study aims to describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with coral reef aorta treated with trapdoor endarterectomy at a single high-volume quaternary referral center since 2010. From 2010 to 2022, 14 patients with coral reef aorta were treated with trapdoor endarterectomy. The patient data were obtained via a retrospective medical record review. The patients were predominantly women (79%) with a median age of 65 years (interquartile range [IQR], 60-70 years). The patients universally had a tobacco smoking history and hypertension. More than 85% had previously diagnosed carotid stenosis. Two patients (14%) had undergone prior aortofemoral reconstruction, and one patient (7%) had undergone prior axillobifemoral bypass. The most common presenting symptoms were claudication (71%), chronic mesenteric ischemia (50%), and renovascular hypertension (43%). Of the 14 patients, 8 (57%) underwent isolated endarterectomy and 6 (43%) underwent concomitant aortobifemoral bypass. In addition, 13 patients (93%) required a supraceliac aortic clamp position with a median clamp time of 23 minutes (IQR, 20-30 minutes). The median estimated blood loss was 1650 mL (IQR, 1025-3000 mL). A cell saver was used in 13 procedures (93%), with a median transfusion of 563 mL (IQR, 231-900 mL). The median operative time was 341 minutes (IQR, 315-416 minutes). Eight patients (57%) experienced acute kidney injury in the postoperative period with a peak creatinine of 1.96 mg/dL (IQR, 1.50-2.84 mg/dL). The median length of stay was 11 days (IQR, 6-16 days), with an intensive care unit stay of 4 days (IQR, 2-7 days). One patient (7%) required reoperation in the immediate perioperative period for a retroperitoneal hematoma. The postoperative ankle brachial index increased from a median of 0.58 (right) and 0.57 (left) bilaterally in the preoperative period to 1.09 (right) and 1.10 (left) postoperatively. Eight patients (57%) had follow-up data available for >2 years postoperatively, with five patients (36%) having follow-up data available for >3 years. Two major adverse cardiac events were reported at the last follow-up. One patient reported mild recurrent symptoms of chronic mesenteric ischemia during 3 years of postoperatively, with no concurrent imaging findings or loss of patency found on computed tomography angiography. Symptomatic coral reef atherosclerosis of the paravisceral aorta is a complex disease rarely encountered even at high-volume referral centers. These patients can be expected to experience short-term postoperative morbidity and require intensive care. Despite these challenges, trapdoor endarterectomy is a safe and effective procedure for coral reef aorta, and most patients achieve dramatic symptomatic improvement with durable results.

Decreased transfusion requirements with use of acute normovolemic hemodilution in open aortic aneurysm repair.

OBJECTIVE: Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is an operative blood conservation technique involving the removal and storage of patient blood after the induction of anesthesia, with maintenance of normovolemia by crystalloid and/or colloid replacement. Developed and used predominately in cardiac surgery, ANH has been applied to the vascular surgery population. However, data regarding the effects on transfusion requirements in this population are limited. The objective of the present study was to compare the transfusion requirements and coagulopathy for patients who had undergone open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (oAAAR) using ANH to those for patients who had received only product replacements, as clinically indicated. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of patients who had undergone elective oAAAR at a quaternary aortic referral center from 2017 to 2019. Those eligible for ANH, with no active cardiac ischemia, no valvular disease, normal left ventricular and right ventricular function, chronic kidney disease stage <3, hematocrit >38%, and a normal coagulation profile were included in the present study. Patient demographics and characteristics and operative variables, including aneurysm extent, clamp site, visceral and renal ischemia time, operative time, and transfusion requirements, were collected. Postoperative morbidity, mortality, and length of stay were analyzed. The patients with and without ANH were matched and compared. Continuous measures were analyzed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests and t tests. RESULTS: During the study period, 209 oAAARs had been performed. Of the 209 patients, 76 had met the inclusion criteria. Of these 76 patients, 27 had undergone ANH and 49 had not. The patients with ANH had required fewer PRBC transfusions intraoperatively (median, 0 U; interquartile range [IQR], 0-1 U; median, 1 U; IQR, 0-2 U; P = .02), at 24 hours (median, 0 U; IQR, 0-1 U; vs median, 1 U; IQR, 0-2 U; P = .008), at 48 hours (median, 0 U; IQR, 0-1 U; vs median, 1 U; IQR, 0-2; P = .007), and throughout the admission (median, 0 U; IQR, 0-1 U; vs median, 2 U; IQR, 0-2 U; P = .011). No difference was found in the number of intraoperative platelet or cryoprecipitate transfusions. At 48 hours, the ANH group had had significantly greater platelet counts (142 ± 35.8 × 103/µL vs 124 ± 37.6 × 103/µL; P = .044), lower partial thromboplastin time, and lower international normalized ratio. No difference in myocardial infarction, return to the operating room, or mortality (one death overall). The ANH patients had a shorter length of stay (7.0 ± 2.7 vs 8.8 ± 4.8 days; P = .041). CONCLUSIONS: The use of ANH during oAAAR resulted in fewer intraoperative and postoperative PRBC transfusions with improved coagulation parameters and a shorter hospital length of stay.

Carotid endarterectomy remains safe in high-risk patients.

OBJECTIVE: Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a proven intervention for stroke risk reduction in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. High-risk patients are often offered carotid stenting to minimize the risk and optimize the outcomes. As a referral center for high-risk patients, we evaluated and analyzed our experience with high-risk CEA patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who had undergone CEA at a tertiary referral center. The demographics, indications for surgery, physiologic and anatomic risk factors, intraoperative surgical management, perioperative complications, morbidity, and mortality were analyzed. The high-risk physiologic factors identified included an ejection fraction <30%, positive preoperative stress test results, and compromised pulmonary function test results. The high-risk patients included those requiring home oxygen, those with a partial pressure of oxygen of <60 mm Hg, and patients with a forced expiratory volume in 1 second of <30%. The high-risk anatomic factors identified included previous head and/or neck radiation, a history of ipsilateral neck surgery, contralateral nerve palsy, redo CEA, previous ipsilateral stenting, contralateral occlusion, contralateral CEA, nasotracheal intubation, and digastric muscle division. After propensity score matching, patients with and without high-risk physiologic and anatomic factors were compared. The primary outcomes were a composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, and 30-day mortality. The secondary outcomes were cranial injury and surgical site infection. RESULTS: During a 10-year period, 1347 patients had undergone CEA at the Cleveland Clinic main campus. Of the 1347 patients, 1152 met the criteria for analysis. Propensity score matching found adequate matches for 424 high-risk patients, with 173 patients having at least one physiologic high-risk factor and 293 at least one anatomic high-risk factor. No significant differences were found in the primary composite outcome or any of its components. Overall, the stroke rate for the standard-risk and high-risk patients was 1.9% and 1.4%, respectively. The high-risk patients were significantly more likely to have experienced a cranial nerve injury, although most were temporary. When patients with one or multiple risk factors were analyzed, no significant difference was found in the primary composite outcome or any of its components. Patients with two or more risk factors were significantly more likely to have experienced a cranial nerve injury, with most being temporary. CONCLUSIONS: In our large series, CEA remained a viable and safe surgical solution for patients with high-risk anatomic and physiologic risk factors, with acceptable stroke, myocardial infarction, and 30-day mortality rates.

An 18-cm unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a significant source of morbidity and ranked by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as the 15th leading cause of death among adults aged 60 to 64 years. Size confers the largest risk factor for aneurysm rupture, with aneurysms >6 cm having an annual rupture risk of 14.1%. We present the case of a 60-year-old man found on ultrasound imaging at a health fair screening to have a 15-cm AAA. Follow-up computed tomography angiography revealed an 18-cm × 10-cm unruptured, infrarenal, fusiform AAA. Giant AAAs, defined as >11 cm, are rarely described in the literature. Our patient underwent successful transperitoneal AAA repair with inferior mesenteric artery reimplantation and was discharged home on operative day 6. We believe this case represents one of the largest unruptured AAAs in the literature and demonstrates the feasible approach for successful repair.

Staged reconstruction of the inferior vena cava after gunshot injury.

A 23-year-old man with a gunshot injury to the abdomen and cardiac arrest requiring emergency department thoracotomy had a transection of the distal inferior vena cava (IVC) and small bowel injury. Because of persistent hemorrhagic shock, the IVC was ligated. During the next 3 days, he developed worsening bilateral leg edema. He was taken back for reanastomosis of his small bowel and reconstruction of the IVC using autologous femoral vein harvested from the right leg. We think that patients requiring ligation of the vena cava with worsening leg edema can benefit from a staged reconstruction of the IVC.