Effect of Drying Methods on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity in Grape Skin Residues from the New Hybrid Variety "BRS Magna".

The effects of the drying process using the conventional oven and freeze-drying on the thermogravimetric profile, proximate composition, color parameters, individual bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity in the grape residue (skin) were evaluated. Twenty individual phenolic compounds were identified, where a variation in concentration was observed for flavonols, stilbenes, phenolic acids, flavonoids, procyanidins, and particularly anthocyanins (malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside of 253.2-536.9 mg/kg) due to the drying process. Drying in a conventional oven caused a decrease of 23% of the total polyphenols. The skin of the BRS magna grape has a high concentration of total phenolic content of 489.5-148.3 mg.GAE/100 g, total anthocyanin content of 124.9-260.1 mg.CE/100 g, and total flavonoid content of 12.7-26.0 mg.QE/100 g. The results of free radical scavenging activity (1.26-4.91 µg/mL, as EC50) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (82.93-184.10 µmol/g of skin as equivalent to Fe2SO4) indicate high antioxidant activity, independently of the drying process applied. It was concluded that, if the application is directed to anthocyanin compounds, the use of lyophilization is recommended. On the other hand, if the interest is in bioactive compounds that exert antioxidant activity, conventional oven-drying can be used.

Evaluation of the antioxidant profile and cytotoxic activity of red propolis extracts from different regions of northeastern Brazil obtained by conventional and ultrasound-assisted extraction.

Propolis is a complex mixture of resinous and balsamic material collected from the exudates of plants, shoots, and leaves by bees. This study evaluated red propolis extracts obtained by conventional (ethanolic) extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction of six samples from different regions of northeastern Brazil. The total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, in vitro antioxidant activity, concentration of formononetin and kaempferol and the cytotoxicity against four human tumor cell lines were determined for all twelve obtained extracts. Significant variations in the levels of the investigated compounds were identified in the red propolis extracts, confirming that the chemical composition varied according to the sampling region. The extraction method used also influenced the resulting propolis compounds. The highest concentration of the compounds of interest and the highest in vitro antioxidant activity were exhibited by the extracts obtained from samples from state of Alagoas. Formononetin and kaempferol were identified in all samples. The highest formononetin concentrations were identified in extracts obtained by ultrasound, thus indicating a greater selectivity for the extraction of this compound by this method. Regarding cytotoxic activity, for the HCT-116 line, all of the extracts showed an inhibition of greater than 90%, whereas for the HL-60 and PC3 lines, the minimum identified was 80%. In general, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the antiproliferative potential when comparing the extraction methods. The results showed that the composition of Brazilian red propolis varies significantly depending on the geographical origin and that the method used influences the resulting compounds that are present in propolis. However, regardless of the geographical origin and the extraction method used, all the red propolis samples studied presented great biological potential and high antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the ultrasound-assisted method can be efficiently applied to obtain extracts of red propolis more quickly and with high concentration of biomarkers of interest.

Grape peel (Syrah var.) jam as a polyphenol-enriched functional food ingredient.

In this study, we evaluated the effects of the storage time on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compound content, and antioxidant capacity of jam prepared from grape peel extract to explore its potential as a supplementary food and/or functional ingredient. The ethanolic extract from Syrah var. grape peel exhibited high bioactive compound concentrations and antioxidant activity. The jam stability (prepared with 8.9% of extract) at 14°C was evaluated at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. The jam was found to contain high concentrations of polyphenolic compounds (137.0 ± 3.2 mg of gallic acid equivalent/100 g), total flavonoids (128.5 ± 23.0 mg of equivalent/100 g), and total anthocyanins (92.5 ± 4.0 mg of cyanidin equivalent/100 g). However, a large reduction in the flavonoid (70%-90%), anthocyanin (29%-35%), and phenolic (23%-30%) content was observed during storage. The free radical-scavenging activity (DPPH-), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and ß-carotene-linoleic acid assays revealed the great antioxidant potential of the jam prepared from grape peel extract, which exhibited significant levels of radical-neutralizing activity, especially as determined by the DPPH method with EC50 values ranging from 2.3 ± 0.1 to 3.9 ± 0.1 µg/ml. High R 2 values (p > 0.90) were obtained for the correlation between the DPPH results and the concentrations of the compounds of interest. In summary, the high bioactive compound contents and antioxidant capacity of the jam produced from grape peel suggest that it may provide health benefits as a source of natural antioxidants upon incorporation to several food industry products.

Lipid content and fatty acids compositions in commercial cuts of young goat meat / Teor lipídico e perfil de ácidos graxos de cortes comerciais de carne de caprinos juvenis

ABSTRACT: Brazil has the largest herd of goats of the American continent, with more than 9 million head. Goat farming is considered a growing and important activity for the economy, mainly in the northeastern region of Brazil .In this research, were determined the lipid content and the composition of fillet and shank fatty acids of young goats, registered in the inspection sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and marketed in the city of Salvador (Bahia). The average percentage of total lipids in the fillet was 1.68±0.04 and in the shank of 4.02±0.09, this is a significant difference between the cuts (P<0.05). Twenty-seven (27) fatty acids were identified in the cuts, most are palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1ω9) present in 21.32%, 20.39%, 34.49% in the fillet and 21.74%, 21.94%, 33.38% in the shank, respectively. The total sums of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged of 42.75 to 45.23% and 14.04 to 12.35% between fillet and shank cuts, respectively. The ratio of PUFA/SFA was 0.35 for fillet and 0.15 for shank, and the ratio ω6/ω3 was 3.07 for fillet and 2.27 for shank. Therefore, is a significant difference in total lipid content and fatty acid composition in commercial cuts of beef fillet and shank.

RESUMO: O Brasil apresenta a maior população de caprinos do continente americano, com mais de nove milhões de cabeças, a caprinocultura é considerada uma atividade em ascensão e de grande importância para a economia, principalmente da região nordeste. No presente trabalho foram determinados o teor de lipídios totais e o perfil de ácidos graxos de amostras de filé e pernil de caprinos juvenil, registrados em órgãos de inspeção do Ministério da Agricultura e comercializados na cidade de Salvador (Bahia). O percentual médio de lipídios totais no filé foi de 1,68±0,04 e no pernil de 4,02±0,09, com diferenças significativas entre os cortes (p<0,05). Foram identificados nos cortes, vinte e sete ácidos graxos, sendo os majoritários os ácidospalmítico (C16:0), esteárico (C18:0) e oleico (C18:1ω9) presentes em 21,32%, 20,39%, 34,49% no filé, e 21,74%, 21,94%, 33,38% no pernil, respectivamente. Os somatórios totais de ácidos graxos saturados e poli-insaturados variaram de 42,75 a 45,23% e de 14,04 a 12,35%, entre os cortes de filé e de pernil, respectivamente. A razão entre AGPI/AGS foi de 0,35 para o filé e de 0,15 para o pernil, e a razão ω6/ω3 foi de 3,07 para o filé e de 2,27 para o pernil. Constatou-se que existe uma diferença significativa no teor de lipídios totais e da composição de ácidos graxos em cortes comerciais de filé e pernil de carne caprina.

Microbial Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Polyester Copolymers from Burkholderia Cepacia and Cupriavidus Necator Strains Using Crude Glycerol as Substrate

Abstract Polymers are materials of pronounced importance in the modern world, since they are massively present in everyday life, especially in the form of packaging. However, most of these materials are derived from non-renewable sources and their disposal generates large volumes of waste, which is extremely damaging to natural environments. In this context, microbial biopolymers appear as a powerful alternative in the substitution of several applications of synthetic plastics, causing less harm to the environment, as they are biodegradable and produced from renewable sources. In this study, evaluation and characterization of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) produced by Cupriavidus necator (IPT 026 and IPT 027) and Burkholderia cepacia (IPT 119 and IPT 400), using crude glycerol as substrate, were carried out (crude glycerol 15 g L-1, pH 7.0, 150 rpm, 72h). The substrate chemical composition was determined and all microorganisms tested were able to utilize it to synthesize PHA. C. necator IPT 026 exhibited the highest polymer production (1.52 ± 0.03 g L-1). B. cepacia strains produced low crystallinity PHA. All polyesters synthesized exhibited long chain length polymers with low polydispersity and initial thermal degradation temperatures superior to 300°C. The microorganism strains and the substrate composition highly affected PHAs synthesis, composition and thermochemical characteristics.

In vitro and in silico studies of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitory activity of the cowpea Gln-Asp-Phe peptide.

Previous studies have shown that cowpea protein positively interferes with cholesterol metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the ability of the fraction containing peptides of <3 kDa, as well as that of the Gln-Asp-Phe (QDF) peptide, derived from cowpea ß-vignin protein, to inhibit HMG-CoA reductase activity. We established isolation and chromatography procedures to effectively obtain the protein with a purity above 95%. In silico predictions were performed to identify peptide sequences capable of interacting with HMG-CoA reductase. In vitro experiments showed that the fraction containing peptides of <3 kDa displayed inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase activity. The tripeptide QDF inhibits HMG-CoA reductase (IC50 = 12.8 µM) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in silico studies revealed the binding profile of the QDF peptide and hinted at the molecular interactions that are responsible for its activity. Therefore, this study shows, for the first time, a peptide from cowpea ß-vignin protein that inhibits HMG-CoA reductase and the chemical modifications that should be investigated to evaluate its binding profile.

Caracterização e avaliação das propriedades antioxidantes de filmes biodegradáveis incorporados com polpas de frutas tropicais / Characterization and evaluation of the antioxidant properties of biodegradable films incorporated with tropical fruit pulps

O trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar embalagens ativas flexíveis formuladas pela incorporação de polpas de frutas tropicais a uma matriz polimérica de amido de mandioca plastificada com glicerol, avaliando as propriedades mecânicas, de barreira e a eficácia antioxidante destas embalagens durante o armazenamento. As embalagens foram produzidas por casting, com concentrações fixas de amido de mandioca (4,5%) e glicerol (1,0%), e concentrações de polpa de manga, acerola e seriguela entre 5 e 20%. Foram caracterizadas as propriedades de barreira (espessura, umidade, sólidos totais, atividade de água e solubilidade) e propriedades mecânicas dos filmes. A ação antioxidante dos aditivos incorporados foi avaliada através do armazenamento do azeite de dendê embalado com os filmes contendo os aditivos naturais, monitorando a sua oxidação por 40 dias, sob condições de oxidação acelerada (63%UR/30°C). A adição das polpas de frutas aos filmes promoveu um aumento da resistência mecânica. Os filmes com as polpas incorporadas desempenharam efeito antioxidante sobre o azeite de dendê durante os 40 dias de armazenamento, podendo ser aplicados para o controle da oxidação deste produto.

This research aimed to develop and characterize flexible active packages formulated by the incorporation of pulps from tropical fruits to a polymeric matrix of manioc starch, plasticized with glycerol. The mechanical properties, the barriers and the antioxidant efficacy of these packages were evaluated during storing. The packages were produced by casting, with fixed concentrations of manioc starch (4.5%) and glycerol (1.0%), and variable concentrations of mango, acerola and seriguela pulps between 5 and 20%. The barrier properties (width, humidity, total solids, water activity and solubility) and the mechanical properties of the films were evaluated. The antioxidant action of the additives incorporated was evaluated through the storage of palm oil packed with the films containing the natural additives. Its oxidation was monitored for 40 days, under conditions of accelerated oxidation (63%UR/30ºC). The addition of fruit pulps to the films promoted an increase of the mechanical resistance. The films with the added pulps performed an antioxidant effect on the palm oil during the 40 days storage, which could be applied for the oxidation control of this product.

Properties and antioxidant action of actives cassava starch films incorporated with green tea and palm oil extracts.

There is an interest in the development of an antioxidant packaging fully biodegradable to increase the shelf life of food products. An active film from cassava starch bio-based, incorporated with aqueous green tea extract and oil palm colorant was developed packaging. The effects of additives on the film properties were determined by measuring mechanical, barrier and thermal properties using a response surface methodology design experiment. The bio-based films were used to pack butter (maintained for 45 days) under accelerated oxidation conditions. The antioxidant action of the active films was evaluated by analyzing the peroxide index, total carotenoids, and total polyphenol. The same analysis also evaluated unpacked butter, packed in films without additives and butter packed in LDPE films, as controls. The results suggested that incorporation of the antioxidants extracts tensile strength and water vapor barrier properties (15 times lower) compared to control without additives. A lower peroxide index (231.57%), which was significantly different from that of the control (p<0.05), was detected in products packed in film formulations containing average concentration of green tea extracts and high concentration of colorant. However, it was found that the high content of polyphenols in green tea extract can be acted as a pro-oxidant agent, which suggests that the use of high concentration should be avoided as additives for films. These results support the applicability of a green tea extract and oil palm carotenoics colorant in starch films totally biodegradable and the use of these materials in active packaging of the fatty products.

Incorporação de urucum como aditivo antioxidante em embalagens biodegradáveis a base de quitosana / The incorporation of annatto as antioxidant additive based biodegradable packaging chitosan

O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar uma embalagem biodegradável, utilizando como matriz polimérica a quitosana, plastificada com glicerol, bem como avaliar o efeito da adição de um aditivo antioxidante natural (urucum) nas embalagens na proteção antioxidante. As embalagens foram preparadas por casting contendo 1,5% de quitosana, 0,15% de glicerol e 0,25 a 1,0% de urucum. O azeite de dendê embalado com os filmes contendo o aditivo foi monitorado aos 0, 7, 15, 30 e 45 dias de armazenamento sob condições de oxidação acelerada (63%UR/30°C). O azeite de dendê embalado no filme que continha o maior percentual de urucum (1,0%) foi o que menos oxidou ao longo do período estudado. Constatou-se que, à medida que aumentam as perdas de Fenóis Totais nas formulações dos filmes, ocorre uma redução nos aumentos do Índice de Peróxidos do produto embalado, demonstrando assim que, ao invés do produto, os compostos da embalagem é quem estão sofrendo oxidação.

The objective was to develop and characterize a biodegradable packaging using chitosan as polymeric matrix, plasticized with glycerol, as well as evaluate the effect of adding a natural antioxidant additives (annatto) in antioxidant protection in packaging. The cans were prepared by casting containing 1.5% of chitosan, 0.15% glycerol and 0.25 to 1.0% of coloring. Palm oil packed with the films containing the additive was monitored at 0, 7, 15, 30 and 45 days of storage under accelerated oxidation conditions (63% UR/30°C). Palm oil packed in the film that contained the highest percentage of annatto (1.0%) was the least oxidized during the study period. It was found that, as they increase the losses of phenolic compounds in the formulations of the films, there is a reduction in the peroxide increases the packaged product, thus demonstrating that instead of the product, the compounds of the package's who are suffering oxidation.

Desenvolvimento e avaliação da eficácia de filmes biodegradáveis de amido de mandioca com nanocelulose como reforço e com extrato de erva-mate como aditivo antioxidante / Development and evaluation of the effectiveness of biodegradable films of cassava starch with nanocelulose as reinforcement and yerba mate extract as an additive antioxidant

O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma embalagem biodegradável utilizando como matriz polimérica o amido de mandioca plastificada com glicerol e reforçada com a incorporação de nanocelulose da fibra de coco, bem como, avaliar o efeito da adição de um aditivo natural (erva-mate) nas formulações de nanobiocompósitos com ação antioxidante. Os nanocristais de celulose (L/D=39) foram obtidos por hidrólise ácida com H2SO4 a 65%. Os filmes foram preparados por casting contendo 4,5 e 6,0% de amido, 0,5 e 1,5% de glicerol, 0,3% de nanocelulose e 20% de extrato de erva-mate. O armazenamento do azeite de dendê embalado com os filmes contendo o aditivo foi monitorado por 40 dias sob condições de oxidação acelerada (63%UR/30°C). Constatou-se que, à medida que aumentam as perdas de Polifenóis Totais nos filmes, ocorre um menor aumento do Índice de Peróxidos do produto embalado, demonstrando, assim, que, ao invés do produto, os compostos da embalagem é quem estão sofrendo oxidação. A incorporação de extrato de erva-mate não alterou as propriedades mecânicas e de barreira desses filmes.

The objective was to develop biodegradable packaging using a polymer matrix as the cassava starch plasticized with glycerol and reinforced with the incorporation of nanocelulose of coconut fiber, as well as to evaluate the effect of the addition of an additive nature (yerba mate) in nanobiocompósitos formulations with antioxidant action. The nanocrystal cellulose (L/D=39) were obtained by acid hydrolysis with 65% H2SO4. The films were prepared by casting containing 4.5 and 6.0% starch, 0.5 and 1.5% glycerol, 0.3% nanocelulose and 20% extract of yerba mate. The palm oil storage packed with films containing the additive was monitored for 40 days under conditions of accelerated oxidation (63%UR/30°C). It was found that as the losses increase polyphenol films, there is a smaller increase of the peroxide value of the packaged product, thus demonstrating that instead of the product, the compounds of the package's who are suffering oxidation. The incorporation of yerba mate extract did not alter the mechanical and barrier properties of these films.

Carotenoides totais e vitamina A de cucurbitáceas do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Semiárido / Total caratenoids and vitamin A of cucurbits from germoplasm bank of Embrapa Semiarid

Dentre as espécies cultivadas no semiárido baiano, as abóboras são uma excelente alternativa de produção. Nessa região onde são encontrados os mais baixos Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do Brasil e populações com alta incidência de hipovitaminose A, materiais promissores de abóboras, fontes de carotenoides, podem ser inseridos no agronegócio irrigado. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar acessos de abóboras do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma (BAG) de Cucurbitáceas da Embrapa Semiárido com altos teores de carotenoides totais e vitamina A. Os teores de carotenoides totais (CT), expressos em termos de β-caroteno, variaram de 14,93µg g-1 (A4) até 290,62µg g-1 (A43) entre os diferentes acessos (A). Dos carotenoides encontrados nos acessos com maiores teores de CT, 60-70% foram quantificados como α- e β-caroteno, representando um valor total de vitamina A de 1.182,39 gRAE 100g-1 (A40) e 1.828,84 gRAE 100g-1 (A43). Esses resultados demonstram que os 48 acessos de abóboras do BAG estudados apresentam grande variação quanto ao teor de carotenoides totais, e os selecionados representam alta fonte de vitamina A.

Among the species of short cycle crops, with great potential to be increased within the agribusiness of the Semi-Arid Bahia, the pumpkins are an excellent alternative for production. In this region where are found the lowest HDI of Brazil, and populations with high incidence of hypovitaminosis A, promising materials of pumpkins with high amounts of carotenoids have a chance to be good accepted and inserted into the irrigated agribusiness. The aim of this research was to identify accessions of pumpkins from the Active Germplasm Bank (BAG) of Cucurbitáceas from Embrapa Semi-arid with high amounts of total carotenoids and vitamin A. The amount of total carotenoids found by UV-vis spectrophotometry (445nm) in different accessions (A) ranged from 14.93mg g-1 (A4) to 290.62mg g-1 (A43), with average value of 366.60 31.21µg g-1. In the access with higher amounts of total carotenoids a percentage between 60-70 % were quantified as α- and β-carotene showing a total value of vitamin A of 1,182.39 gRAE 100g-1 (A40) and 1,828.84 gRAE 100g-1 (A43). These results demonstrate that the 48 accessions of pumpkins BAG studied show a big variation in the content of total carotenoids, and may represent some high source of vitamin A, which really increase the importance of identifying genotypes for production in large scale of lines segregant of vitamin A.

Influência da dieta suplementada com óleo de soja na composição centesimal e perfil lipídico de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) / Effect of dietary regime supplemented with soybean oil on the lipid profile and chemical composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A dieta exerce efeito pronunciado na composição das carcaças de peixes. Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a qualidade nutricional da fração lipídica do tecido muscular de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) submetidas a dietas com diferentes teores de óleo de soja (OS). Os peixes foram alimentados por 21 dias com ração contendo 5,98% de lipídios totais (LT) oriundos de ração comercial, sem adição de óleo de soja(A), dieta com adição de 2% (B) e 4% de óleo de soja (C). Não houve diferenças significativas (p > 0,05)entre os teores de umidade, cinzas, proteína bruta e LT (0,98% a 1,08%) dos tecidos musculares resultantes dos tratamentos. Foram separados e identificados até 25 ácidos graxos, com diferença significativa (p <0,05) na maioria deles, dependendo da dieta. Os majoritários em ordem decrescente foram: 16:0, 18:1n9,18:2n6, 18:0, 20:4n6 e 22:5n6, independentemente do tratamento. A adição de OS na ração comercial mostrou perspectivas de promover o crescimento dos animais, sem afetar a composição centesimal e a qualidade nutricional da fração lipídica do tecido, em função dos altos teores de poli-insaturados, indicando ser uma matéria-prima satisfatória para incorporação parcial na ração.

Incorporação de ômega-3 no tecido muscular da tilápia do Nilo alimentada com dietas contendo silagem de cabeça de camarão / Incorporation of n-3 in muscular tissue of Nile tilapia fed with shrimp head silage

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incorporação de ômega-3 EPA (eicosapentaenóico) e DHA (docosahexanóico) no tecido muscular de tilápias do Nilo alimentadas com dietas suplementadas com diferentes níveis de silagem de cabeça de camarão Litopenaeus vannamei (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 por cento). Foram analisados os teores de EPA, DHA e lipídios totais das dietas e dos tecidos musculares das tilápias. Os teores de lipídios totais variaram entre 6,70 a 10,30 por cento nas dietas e 0,79 a 1,37 por cento no tecido muscular. Através da análise de regressão, houve um aumento nos teores de ômega-3 (r=0,92) com a inclusão da silagem na dieta. Foi observada incorporação de 0,59 por cento (1,34mg 100g-1) e 9,5 por cento (40,50mg 100g-1) de EPA e DHA, respectivamente, no tratamento com 16 por cento de silagem na dieta. A inclusão de 16 por cento da silagem ácida de cabeça de camarão na dieta das tilápias aumentou significativamente os níveis de incorporação de EPA e DHA no filé.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of diets supplemented with shrimp-head silage on the incorporation of n-3 in the Nile tilapia fillets. EPA (eicosapentaenoic), DHA (docosahexanoic) and total lipids were determined by chromatography in feeds and the muscles of tilapia specimens were submitted to diets supplemented with a varying degree of silage (0, 4, 8, 12, 16 percent). The total lipid content ranged from 6.70 to 10.30 percent in the diets and from 0.79 to 1.37 percent in the tilapia fillets. In diet with high concentration of silage, it was observed an increase in the level of omega-3 (r=0.92). There was an incorporation of 0.59 percent (1.34mg 100g-1) and 9.5 percent (40.50mg 100g-1) of EPA and DHA, respectively, when the addition of silage to the diet was 16 percent. The results implication states that the inclusion of 16 percent of the shrimp head silage in the diet for tilapias increases the levels of incorporation of EPA and DHA in the filet.

Compostos bioativos e potencial antioxidante do pólen apícola produzido por abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L) / Bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant potential of bee pollen produced by africanized bees (Apis mellifera L)

A concentração de compostos bioativos e a atividade antioxidante do pólen apícola podem variar em função da origem botânica. Trinta e três amostras de pólen apícola da região de Alagoinhas-BA foram analisadas quanto aos teores de compostos fenólicos, flavonoides, carotenoides e atividade antioxidante e, também, foi avaliada a correlação dos compostos bioativos com os tipos polínicos Mimosa pudica e Eucalyptus. O teor dos compostos fenólicos e sua fração de flavonoides nas amostras com ocorrência de Mimosa pudica variaram, respectivamente, de 14,31 a 64,14mg em GAE.g-1 de pólen e de 0,72 a 1,99mg e, nas amostras com ocorrência de Eucalyptus variaram, respectivamente, de 26,48 a 132,38mg em GAE.g-1 de pólen e de 1,55 a 2,5mg. O teor de carotenoides totais variou de 18,16 a 764,37µg.g-1 para o tipo polínico Mimosa pudica e de 3,01 a 46,08µg.g-1 para o tipo polínico Eucalyptus. A atividade antioxidante variou de 37,94 a 91,81% e de 78,96 a 93,21%, respectivamente, nas amostras com ocorrência do tipo polínico Mimosa pudica e Eucalyptus. Foi constatada correlação positiva entre o tipo polínico Eucalyptus e o teor de compostos fenólicos, porém não foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa entre o tipo polínico Mimosa pudica e o teor de carotenoides.

The concentration of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of pollen may vary depending on thebotanical origin. Thirty-three samples of bee pollen from the region of Alagoinhas-BA were investigated on the concentrations of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and antioxidant activity, and the correlation between bioactive compounds and Eucalyptus and Mimosa pudica pollens was assessed. The phenolic compounds contents and of its flavonoid fraction in samples with the occurrence of Mimosa pudica ranged from 14.31 to 64.14 mg in GAE.g-1 of pollen and from 0.72 to 1.99 mg, respectively; the sampleswith the occurrence of Eucalyptus ranged from 26.48 to 132.38 mg GAE.g-1 of pollen and from 1.55 to 2.5mg, respectively. The carotenoids contents ranged from 18.16 to 764.37 μg.g-1 in Mimosa pudica pollentype, and from 3.01 to 46.08 μg.g-1 in Eucalyptus pollen type. The antioxidant activity ranged from 37.94 to 91.81% and from 78.96 to 93.21% in samples with occurrence of Eucalyptus and Mimosa pudica pollen types, respectively. A positive correlation between the Eucalyptus pollen type and the phenolic compounds contents was found, however no statistically significant correlation was observed between the Mimosa pudica pollen type and carotenoids contents.

Análise da estabilidade e da composição em ácidos graxos em manteiga de garrafa produzida artesanalmente / Stability and fatty acids composition evaluation in bottled butter craftsmanly produced

A manteiga de garrafa é constituída de gordura anidra e, portanto, muito susceptível à oxidação lipídica, cujo processo de fabricação é artesanal e sem adequado controle das etapas de processamento. O objetivo desse estudo foi de determinar a composição de ácidos graxos, principalmente quanto às gorduras saturadas e dos isômeros trans, em amostras de manteiga de garrafa de produção artesanal e comercializadas em diferentes regiões da Bahia, Brasil. Foi também avaliada a estabilidade dessas amostras no período de sete meses, estocadas em geladeira a 5ºC, determinando-se o índice de peróxido e acidez. Os teores de saturados nas amostras analisadas variaram de 67,13 a 69,22% e os de insaturados de 23,73 a 24,28%. Os teores de ácidos graxos 18:1 trans variaram de 3,69 a 3,94%. Todas as amostras de manteiga avaliadas apresentaram elevados índices de peróxido no tempo inicial (2,01-2,31mEq/Kg) com pouca alteração após sete meses de estocagem (2,10-2,42 mEq/Kg). O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os teores de acidez, passando de 0,53-0,62% de ácido oléico para 0,54-0,61% após sete meses de estocagem. Apesar de a produção ser artesanal, os resultados demonstram estreita similaridade quanto às características de identidade entre as manteigas de garrafa comercializadas em diferentes microrregiões da Bahia.

Determinação da microbiota histamina positiva em camarão / Histamine: positive microbiota occurrence in shrimp

O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar quantitativamente a microbiota total e as bactérias produtoras de histamina em camarões de cativeiro e de captura oriundos do comércio de Salvador-BA. Foram coletadas 40 amostras, sendo 20 de camarões provenientes de cativeiro e 20 de captura. As contagens de microrganismos mesófilos e psicrotróficos e de bactérias presumivelmente histamina-positivas foram realizada em ágar Niven, seguida de procedimento de confirmação da capacidade de produção de histaminae de identificação das respectivas bactérias. As amostras de camarão de cativeiro apresentaram valor máximo de 3,74 log UFC/g para bactérias mesófilas e de 3,51 log UFC/g para psicrotróficas, os quais estavam abaixo dos limites máximos estabelecidos nas especificações de qualidade de pescado (7,0 logUFC/g). Nas amostras de camarão de captura os valores máximos foram de 7,81 log UFC/g para mesófilase de 7,49 log UFC/g para psicrotróficas; esses valores excederam o limite máximo estabelecido pelos padrões, indicando elevada contaminação. Do total de amostras, 08 confirmaram a presença de bactérias produtoras de histamina (06 mesófilas e 02 psicrotróficas), sendo a maioria dos microrganismos pertencente à família Enterobacteriaceae. Portanto, a presença desses microrganismos indica a ocorrência de condições higiênicas sanitárias e de temperatura insatisfatórias na comercialização de pescados.

Perfil de ácidos graxos e composição centesimal de carpas (Cyprinus carpio) alimentadas com ração e com dejetos suínos / Fatty acid profile and proximate composition of carp (Cyprinus carpio) feed artificial food and pig manure

Este estudo investigou o efeito da alimentação com dejetos suínos na composição centesimal e no perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo de carpas. Amostras de carpas com 4-10 meses de idade, recolhidas em Santa Catarina, foram filetadas, trituradas e acondicionadas em atmosfera de nitrogênio (-18°C). Os valores ( por cento) de umidade, proteína e cinzas foram: 72,24; 14,85; e 2,16, respectivamente, para carpas alimentados com ração; e 83,33; 14,48; e 3,49 para carpas alimentadas com dejetos suínos. Os valores de sódio e potássio foram: 0,491 por cento e 1,20 por cento carpas/ração; e 2,28 por cento e 0,367 por cento carpas/dejetos suínos, respectivamente. Os teores de lipídios totais também apresentaram diferenças significativas: 9,88 por cento carpas/ração e 1,69 por cento carpas/dejetos suínos. O perfil de ácidos graxos mostrou tendências similares nos dois músculos. Portanto, verificou-se um efeito significativo da alteração da dieta sobre a composição do tecido muscular de carpas alimentadas com dejetos suínos, principalmente no conteúdo de minerais e de lipídios totais, embora a variação observada no conteúdo de lipídios totais não tenha se refletido na composição de ácidos graxos.

This study investigated the proximate composition and fatty acid profile of the carp muscle fed with pig manure. Carp with 4-10 months of age were collected in Santa Catarina. Muscle samples were sliced and then triturated in a multiprocessor and stored under gaseous nitrogen atmosphere (-18°C). The moisture, protein, and ash contents ( percent) were as follows: 72.24; 14.85; e 2.16, respectively, for carp feed artificial food; and 83.33; 14.48; e 3.49 for carp feed pig manure. The contents of sodium and potassium were: 0.491 percent and 1.20 percent carp/artificial food; 2.28 percent and 0.367 percent carp/pig manure. The total lipids contents also presented significant differences: 9.88 percent carp/artificial food, and 1.69 percent carp/pig manure. Fatty acid profile showed similar tends in both muscles. Therefore, a significant difference in the total lipids and mineral contents of the carp tissue feed pig manure was detected, though the observed variation in total lipid content wasnÆt reflected in the fatty acid composition.