Repeat Fine-Needle Aspiration With Molecular Analysis in Management of Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze clinical outcomes in a series of indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs) with repeat fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and results of genomic classifier. STUDY DESIGN: Historical chart review. SETTING: Tertiary care center. METHODS: We reviewed FNA samples from subjects with Bethesda III or IV diagnoses from January 2015 to December 2018 at a single institution and selected those with repeat FNA and ThyroSeq testing of the same nodule. Patient demographics, Bethesda classifications, ThyroSeq results, treatment detail, and surgical pathology, when available, were analyzed. RESULTS: Ninety-six patients with cytologic diagnosis of ITN, repeat FNA, and ThyroSeq testing were identified. Following repeat FNA, 55 nodules (57%) remained ITN; 40 (42%) were reclassified as benign; and 1 (1%) was reclassified as suspicious for malignancy. In 31 patients with ThyroSeq analysis accompanying initial and repeat FNA, 26 (84%) had the same result on each, while 5 (16%) tested ThyroSeq positive following an initially negative result (κ = 0.24). Most nodules that were downgraded to Bethesda II on repeat FNA (37/40, 93%) were managed nonsurgically. Patients with ThyroSeq-positive results were treated with surgery more often (25/28, 89%) than patients with ThyroSeq-negative results (11/68, 16%; P < .0001). In excised nodules, the prevalence of malignancy and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features was 28% (n = 10) and 22% (n = 8), respectively, and all malignancies were low risk. CONCLUSION: In this case series, repeat FNA helped patients with ITNs avoid diagnostic surgery through reclassification to benign cytology. The risk of high-risk malignancy in ThyroSeq-positive nodules with repeat indeterminate cytology was low.

American Thyroid Association Guidelines and National Trends in Management of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Importance: Over time, the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines have increasingly promoted more limited treatments for well-differentiated thyroid cancers. Objective: To determine whether the 2009 and 2015 ATA guidelines were associated with changes in the management of low-risk papillary thyroid carcinomas on a national scale. Design, Setting, and Participants: This historical cohort study used the National Cancer Database. All papillary thyroid carcinomas diagnosed from 2004 to 2019 in the National Cancer Database were selected. Patients with tumors of greater than 4 cm, metastases, or clinical evidence of nodal disease were excluded. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2021, to September 1, 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary aim was to tabulate changes in the rates of thyroid lobectomy (TL), total thyroidectomy (TT), and TT plus radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy after the 2009 and 2015 ATA guidelines. The secondary aim was to determine in which settings (eg, academic vs community) the practice patterns changed the most. Results: A total of 194 254 patients (155 796 [80.2%] female patients; median [range] age at diagnosis, 51 [18-90] years) who underwent treatment during the study period were identified. Among patients who underwent surgery, rates of TL decreased from 15.1% to 13.7% after the 2009 guidelines but subsequently increased to 22.9% after the 2015 changes. Among patients undergoing TT, rates of adjuvant RAI decreased from 48.7% to 37.1% after 2009 and to 19.3% after the 2015 guidelines. Trends were similar for subgroups based on sex and race and ethnicity. However, academic institutions saw larger increases in TL rates (14.9% to 25.7%) than community hospitals (16.3% to 19.5%). Additionally, greater increases in TL rates were observed for tumors 1 to 2 cm (6.8% to 18.9%) and 2 to 4 cm (6.6% to 16.0%) than tumors less than 1 cm (22.8% to 29.2%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study among patients with papillary thyroid carcinomas up to 4 cm, ATA guideline changes corresponded with increased TL and reduced adjuvant RAI. These changes were primarily seen in academic institutions, suggesting an opportunity to expand guideline-based care in the community setting.

Nodal Metastases in Pediatric and Adult Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Glands.

OBJECTIVE: Acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC) is a rare, usually low-grade salivary malignancy. Evidence on rates of lymph node metastases (LNMs) is limited in pediatric patients and varies significantly (4%-45%) in adults. We set out to determine and compare rates of LNMs in pediatric and adult AciCC and to analyze their impact on survival, using the National Cancer Database. STUDY DESIGN: Historical cohort study. SETTING: National Cancer Database. METHODS: All AciCCs of the major salivary glands with complete clinical and pathologic nodal staging were selected between 2010 and 2016. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment, and survival were analyzed. Univariable and multivariable regression were performed to determine factors associated with LNMs and survival. RESULTS: We identified 57 (4.6%) pediatric patients (<18 years) and 1192 (95.4%) adults with AciCC. Clinical LNMs were rare in pediatric patients (n < 10) and adults (n = 88, 7.4%). Occult LNMs were uncommon in pediatric patients (n < 5) and adults (n = 41, 4.6%). Three-year overall survival for pediatric patients was 97.8%. Adults with LNM had worse 3-year overall survival than those without (66.0% vs 96.3%, P < .001). In multivariable regression, high-grade disease (hazard ratio, 10.15 [95% CI, 5.60-18.80]; P < .001) and T3-T4 tumors (hazard ratio, 2.80 [95% CI, 1.56-4.97]; P < .001) were associated with LNM in adult patients. CONCLUSION: LNMs in AciCC of the major salivary glands are rare in children and adults. However, high-grade and T3-T4 tumors are associated with an increased risk of LNM. LNM is associated with worse survival.

Predictive Value of a Genomic Classifier in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules Based on Nodule Size.

Importance: Genomic classifiers were developed to better guide clinicians in the treatment of indeterminate thyroid nodules (ITNs). To our knowledge, whether there is variation in the diagnostic accuracy of these tests depending on ITN size has not been previously studied. Objective: To analyze the diagnostic performance of a genomic classifier in relation to ITN size. Design, Setting, and Participants: A case series study with medical records review was conducted including all patients with a cytologic diagnosis of ITN managed with genomic classifier testing and surgery from January 2015 to December 2018 at NYU Langone Health. Demographics, ITN characteristics, genomic profiles, treatment, and final pathologic findings were recorded. Data analysis was conducted from March to April 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary aim was to assess the positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity, and specificity of a genomic classifier test (ThyroSeq) in relation to ITN size (<2, 2-4, and >4 cm). The secondary aim was to investigate the risk of cancer associated with genetic signatures. Results: Of the 212 patients with 218 ITNs, 158 (74.5%) were women; median (SD) age was 49 (15.6) years. Genomic classifier results were positive in 173 ITNs (79.4%) treated with surgery. In this group of 173 positive ITNs, 46 (26.6%) were malignant on final pathologic testing. Overall, the observed cancer prevalence in the population was 23.9% (52 ITNs). In 45 ITNs that underwent surgery despite a negative genomic classifier interpretation, 6 (13.3%) were malignant. The PPV of a positive test was 27% and the NPV was 87%. The PPV and NPV findings improved as the ITN size increased (<2 cm [n = 98]: PPV, 25%; NPV, 79% vs >4 cm [n = 33]: PPV, 50%; NPV, 89%). Test specificity was higher in larger ITNs (<2 cm: 15% vs >4 cm: 40%; P = .01). Isolated RAS sequence variations were the most common variant identified in malignant nodules (11 [21.1%] of all ITNs), followed by BRAF variants (7 [13.5%] of all ITNs). Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series, the performance of the ThyroSeq test improved for larger ITNs. The risk of cancer in large ITNs with negative test results was low. These data suggest that, in genomic classifier-negative ITNs larger than 4 cm, initial management of thyroid lobectomy may be sufficient.