Comportamiento de la población chilena en las buenas prácticas de higiene

Las enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos causan una alta carga de morbilidad, con una mayor ocurrencia en ambientes domiciliarios. El objetivo del estudio es asociar hábitos relacionados con buenas prácticas de higiene con variables sociodemográficas en una muestra representativa de la población chilena. Estudio de análisis secundario, realizado a partir de la Encuesta nacional de Salud (ENS) 2016-2017, donde se analizaron las preguntas de buenas prácticas de higiene. La muestra contempla 6.233 participantes, de los cuales el 62,8% corresponde a sexo femenino. Se identificó que las mujeres tienen mejores hábitos de higiene en la manipulación de alimentos respecto a los hombres. Por otro lado, los adultos entre 45-64 años y mayores a 65 años, presentan mejores hábitos relacionados con inocuidad alimentaria, en relación con otros grupos etarios. En conclusión, las variables sociodemográficas como sexo, edad, nivel educativo son determinantes en las buenas prácticas de higiene. Se debe educar a la población en la manipulación de alimentos, para garantizar la inocuidad alimentaria.

Foodborne diseases cause a high burden of morbidity, with a greater occurrence in home environments. The objective of the study is to associate habits related to good hygiene practices with sociodemographic variables in a representative sample of the Chilean population. Secondary analysis study, conducted from the National Health Survey (NHS) 2016-2017, where the questions of good hygiene practices were analyzed. The sample contemplates 6,233 participants, of which 62.8% corresponds to female sex. It was identified that women have better hygiene habits in food handling compared to men. On the other hand, adults aged 45-64 years and over 65 years had better habits related to food safety than other age groups. In conclusion, sociodemographic variables such as sex, age and educational level are determining factors in good hygiene practices. The population should be educated in food handling to ensure food safety.

Food insecurity and sociodemographic factors in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic / Inseguridad alimentaria y factores sociodemográficos en América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos na América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective. To understand the association of food insecurity with sociodemographic factors in a sample population in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. This was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted in 10 countries in Latin America using an online survey through various digital platforms from October 14, 2020 to February 15, 2021. Statistical analysis of data was performed by applying descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and logistic regression analysis. Results. Of a total of 6 357 surveys, 58.2% of respondents experienced food security, 29.3% were slightly food insecure, 9.2% were moderately food insecure, and 3.3% were severely food insecure. Concerning the association food insecurity and sociodemographic variables, there is a significant association in the variables studied, including area of residence, education level, occupation, number of persons in the household, household with children younger than 10 years of age, and socioeconomic level. Conclusions. These findings indicate that sociodemographic factors associated with food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America were rural residence; complete and incomplete basic and secondary schooling; occupation (homemaker, unemployed, and self-employed); low, medium-low, and medium socioeconomic level; household with more than four persons; and household with children younger than 10 years of age.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la asociación de la inseguridad alimentaria con factores sociodemográficos en una muestra de población de América Latina durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal multicéntrico en diez países de América Latina mediante una encuesta en línea a través de diversas plataformas digitales, entre el 14 de octubre del 2020 y el 15 de febrero del 2021. Se realizó un análisis estadístico de los datos usando procedimientos de estadística descriptiva, la prueba ji al cuadrado y un análisis de regresión logística. Resultados. En un total de 6 357 encuestas, el 58,2% de las personas encuestadas gozaba de seguridad alimentaria, el 29,3% tenía una inseguridad alimentaria leve, el 9,2% una inseguridad alimentaria moderada y el 3,3% una inseguridad alimentaria grave. Por lo que respecta a la asociación entre la inseguridad alimentaria y las variables sociodemográficas, hay una asociación significativa para algunas de las variables estudiadas, como la zona de residencia, el nivel de estudios, la actividad laboral, el número de personas en el hogar, el hogar con menores de 10 años y el nivel socioeconómico. Conclusiones. Estos resultados indican que los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en América Latina fueron la residencia en zonas rurales; la educación primaria y secundaria completa o no; la actividad laboral (trabajo doméstico, personas desempleadas y trabajadores autónomos); el nivel socioeconómico bajo, medio bajo, y medio; el hogar con más de cuatro personas; y el hogar con menores de 10 años.

RESUMO Objetivo. Compreender a relação entre insegurança alimentar e fatores sociodemográficos em uma amostra populacional da América Latina durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Estudo transversal multicêntrico realizado em 10 países da América Latina por meio de uma pesquisa on-line conduzida em diferentes plataformas digitais de 14 de outubro de 2020 a 15 de fevereiro de 2021. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de estatísticas descritivas, teste qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística. Resultados. De um total de 6 357 questionários, 58,2% dos entrevistados afirmaram ter segurança alimentar, 29,3% indicaram um nível de insegurança alimentar leve, 9,2% tinham insegurança alimentar moderada e 3,3%, insegurança alimentar grave. No que diz respeito à relação entre insegurança alimentar e variáveis sociodemográficas, há uma relação significativa com as variáveis estudadas, incluindo área de residência, nível de escolaridade, ocupação, número de pessoas no domicílio, domicílio com crianças com menos de 10 anos de idade e nível socioeconômico. Conclusões. Os achados apontam que os fatores sociodemográficos associados à insegurança alimentar durante a pandemia de COVID-19 na América Latina foram residência em zona rural; ensino fundamental e médio completo e incompleto; ocupação (do lar, desempregado(a) e autônomo(a)); nível socioeconômico baixo, médio-baixo e médio; domicílio com mais de quatro pessoas; e domicílio com crianças menores de 10 anos de idade.

Factors associated with the consumption of fruits and vegetables in latin american university students

Objective: Explore the association between compliance with recommended consumption (5-a-day) of fruits and vegetables (F&V) with sociodemographic factors of university students of Latin America. Subjects: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in which 4,880 university students from 10 Latin American countries completed a self-administered online survey. Methods: F&V consumption and other sociodemographic variables were measured according to a validated survey. Body mass index was self-reported. Ordinal logistic regression models were applied. Results: Regarding the consumption of F&V, 4.7% of men complied with the recommendation, while in women this value reached 7.7%. In the adjusted model, having a normal weight (OR= 0.59; 95% CI 0.44-0.7; p=<0.001), being female (OR= 0.67; 95% CI 0.49-0.89; p=<0.01), being enrolled in a health-related degree program (OR= 0,60; IC95% 0,45-0,78; p<0.001), having professional parents (OR= 0.75; 95% CI 0.60-0.95; p=<0.05) and practicing physical activity (OR= 0.34; 95% CI 0.27-0.42; p=<0.001) were associated with compliance to F&V consumption recommendations. In the analysis by country, physical activity was the variable most associated with F&V consumption. Conclusion: We observed a low consumption of F&V in university students. The variables associated with compliance to the F&V recommendation were being normal weight, female, being enrolled in a health-related degree program, having professional parents, and practicing physical activity, the latter being the most important variable.

Objetivo: Explorar la asociación de la frecuencia de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de consumo (5 al día) de frutas y verduras (F&V) con factores sociodemográficos de estudiantes universitarios de América Latina. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal analítico con 4.880 estudiantes universitarios de 10 países de América Latina, quienes completaron una encuesta en línea autoadministrada. Se midió el consumo de F&V y otras variables sociodemográficas según una encuesta previamente validada. El índice de masa corporal fue autoinformado. Se aplicaron modelos de regresión logística ordinal. Resultados: En cuanto al consumo de F&V, en los hombres el 4,7% cumple con la recomendación, mientras que en las mujeres este valor alcanza el 7,7%. En el modelo más ajustado, presentar normopeso (OR= 0,59; IC 95% 0,44-0,7; p=<0,001), ser mujer (OR= 0,67; IC 95% 0,49-0,89; p=<0,01), estar matriculado en carrera relacionada con la salud (OR= 0,60; IC95% 0,45-0,78; p<0,001), tener padres profesionales (OR= 0,75; IC 95% 0,60-0,95; p=<0,05) y realizar actividad física (OR= 0,34; IC 95% 0,27-0,42; p=<0,001) fueron las variables asociadas al cumplimiento del consumo de F&V. En el análisis por país, la actividad física fue la variable más asociada al consumo de F&V. Conclusión: Se observa un bajo consumo de F&V en estudiantes universitarios, y entre las variables asociadas al cumplimiento de la recomendación de F&V se encuentran estar normopeso, sexo femenino, estar cursando una carrera relacionada con la salud, tener los padres y la práctica de actividad física, siendo esta última la variable más importante.

The Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis.

Cancer is a process involving cell mutation, increased proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Over the years, this condition has represented one of the most concerning health problems worldwide due to its significant morbidity and mortality. At present, the incidence of cancer continues to grow exponentially. Thus, it is imperative to open new avenues in cancer research to understand the molecular changes driving DNA transformation, cell-to-cell interaction derangements, and immune system surveillance decay. In this regard, evidence supports the relationship between chronic inflammation and cancer. In light of this, a group of bioactive lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may have a position as novel anti-inflammatory molecules known as the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), a group of pro-resolutive inflammation agents that could improve the anti-tumor immunity. These molecules have the potential role of chemopreventive and therapeutic agents for various cancer types, and their effects have been documented in the scientific literature. Thus, this review objective centers around understanding the effect of SPMs on carcinogenesis and their potential therapeutic effect.

[Diet and body weight at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico]. / Alimentación y peso corporal al inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 en México.

Background: Weight changes in adults have strong repercussions on people's health status. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these changes could be more evident due to the mandatory confinement, as well as eating habits and lifestyle. In this study, changes in diet and body weight in Mexican population at the beginning of COVID-19 lockdown period (weeks 4-7) were evaluated using an online survey. Objective: To identify the characteristics of the diet and the perceived change in body weight at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. Material and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study of 1281 people over 18 years of age, electronic survey in weeks 4-7 of confinement with sociodemographic data, food consumption and perception of body weight. Results: The change in food consumption was 53.9%, finding differences according to gender in beverages (carbonated, juices, alcoholic), coffee/tea, fruits, legumes (p < 0.05). The perception of body weight increases by 3.4 (increased) and 2.1 (lowered) times more than the risk of change in diet. Conclusions: The dietary differences refer to a tendency to the type of food consumed, mainly sugary drinks, with the perception of changes in positive body weight in women.

Introducción: los cambios de peso corporal tienen fuertes repercusiones en el estado de salud de las personas. Durante la pandemia, estos cambios podrían verse más pronunciados debido al confinamiento obligatorio, así como a los malos hábitos alimentarios y al estilo de vida. En este estudio se examinaron los cambios en la alimentación y el peso corporal en población mexicana durante el inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 (semanas 4-7 de confinamiento) mediante una encuesta en línea. Objetivo: identificar las características de la alimentación y el cambio percibido del peso corporal al inicio de la pandemia por COVID-19 en México. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal, de 1281 personas mayores de 18 años, mediante encuesta electrónica en las semanas 4-7 de confinamiento, con datos sociodemográficos, consumo alimentario y percepción del peso corporal. Resultados: el cambio de consumo de alimentos fue del 53.9%, encontrando diferencias según sexo en bebidas (carbonatadas, jugos, alcohólicas), café/té, frutas, leguminosas (p < 0.05). La percepción del peso corporal incrementó en 3.4 (subieron) y 2.1 (bajaron) veces más el riesgo de cambio en la alimentación. Conclusiones: las diferencias alimentarias refieren una tendencia al tipo de alimentos que consumen, principalmente bebidas ricas en azúcares, con percepción de cambios en el peso corporal positivo en mujeres.

Adherence to safe food-handling practices and dietary patterns in cancer survivors.

BACKGROUND: In Chile there is a high risk profile of developing cancer which is associated, among other factors, to eating behaviors and, in this line, it is essential for cancer survivors to have access to nutritional advice that includes aproppriate food safety practices. The objective of this study is to characterize the level of adherence of cancer survivors to safe food-handling practices and dietary patterns in a Chilean National Health Survey. METHODS: Secondary analysis study, conducted using the National Health Survey 2016-2017 database. The association between adherence to dietary patterns and safe food-handling practices was conducted by means of a logistic regression analisys, considering a p value of <0.05 as statistically significant. RESULTS: 2765 participants, females, 5.8% were cancer survivors who adhered twice more to the safe food-handling practice "wash your hands with soap and water before preparing food and before eating", and 1.5 times more to the practice "keep raw meat separate from other foods when preparing food or cooking". In both groups, it was observed a low adherence to achieve the recommendations on healthy weight, physical activity, fruits and vegetables consumption, and alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages consumption of the WCRF/AICR. CONCLUSIONS: Partial adherence to the safe food-handling recommendations and low adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations were observed among cancer survivors and subjects without cancer.

Asociación entre consumo de alcohol y exceso de peso entre estudiantes universitarios de América Latina

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son problemas de salud pública de nivel mundial. Si bien existe información respecto al consumo de alcohol en estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia, pocos autores han señalado la asociación entre este hábito y el exceso de peso en esta población. El objetivo fue determinar la asociación entre el consumo de alcohol y el exceso de peso en estudiantes universitarios de 10 países de Latinoamérica durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal y multicéntrico con 4.539 estudiantes universitarios matriculados en diez países de América Latina. Para la valoración del consumo de alcohol se utilizó la pregunta ¿Consumes bebidas alcohólicas? (1 porción 1 vaso de 200 ml). El índice de masa corporal (IMC) se determinó a partir del peso y la altura auto informado. Para determinar si el exceso de peso (IMC ≥25 kg/m2) estaba asociado con el consumo de alcohol, se utilizó un análisis de regresión logística, ajustado por edad, sexo, año de estudio, nivel socioeconómico, actividad física y tabaquismo. Resultados: Entre los estudiantes con estado nutricional normal, un 59,6% no consumía alcohol, mientras entre los que presentaban un exceso de peso era un 55,1%. Los estudiantes que consumían 2 o más porciones de alcohol al día tenían 2,18 veces más riesgo de tener exceso de peso (OR: 2.18 [95% IC: 1,26 a 3,77]), comparado con aquellos que no consumían alcohol. Conclusión: Se observó que aquellos estudiantes que consumieron más alcohol tuvieron más probabilidades de tener exceso de peso.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are public health problems worldwide. Alcoholic beverages could increase total energy intake causing an increase in body weight. However, few authors have pointed out the association between this habit and excess weight in this population. The objective of this study was to determine the association between alcohol consumption and excess weight in university students from 10 Latin American countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: A cross-sectional and multicenter study was carried out with 4,539 university students enrolled in ten Latin American countries. To assess alcohol consumption, the question Do you consume alcoholic beverages? (1 portion 1 glass of 200 ml). Body mass index (BMI) kg/m2 was determined from self-reported weight and height. To determine if excess weight was associated with alcohol consumption, a logistic regression analysis was used, adjusted for age, sex, year of study, socioeconomic level, physical activity, and smoking. Results: Among students with normal nutritional status, 59.6% did not consume alcohol, while among those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 it was 55.1%. Students who consumed 2 or more servings of alcohol per day had a 2.18 times greater risk of being overweight (OR: 2.18 [95% CI: 1.26 to 3.77]), compared with those who did not consume alcohol. Conclusion: It was observed that those students who consumed more alcohol were more likely to be overweight.

Consumption of ultra-processed food and its association with obesity in Chilean university students: A multi-center studyUltra-processed food and obesity in Chilean university students.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the associations between the consumption of three categories of ultra-processed food (sugary beverages, sweet, and salty snacks) and body mass index (BMI) among Chilean university students. METHODS: We conducted a multi-center, descriptive study among 2,039 students from 6 Chilean universities. Food consumption was surveyed using a validate food survey. That height and body weight were objectively measured to calculate BMI for determining weight status, and also, tobacco use and physical activity were measured. RESULTS: An intake equal to or higher than 1 serving of sugary beverage a day was associated with greater odds of obesity in university students (OR:1.32 [95% CI: 1.00, 1.74]), 2 servings/day (OR: 1.30 [95% CI: 1.04, 1.50]), and 3 servings/day (OR: 1.39 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.80]). Neither consumption of sweet nor salty snacks (≥1 servings/day) related to differential odds of obesity: (OR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.42, 1.64]) and (OR: 1.79 [95% CI: 0.93, 3.41]), respectively. CONCLUSION: In a sample of Chilean university students, consumption of sugary beverages, and not consumption of sweet or salty snacks, was associated with obesity.

Crononutrición y su relación con la obesidad: Una revisión sistemática

RESUMEN Introducción: A través del reloj central y de los relojes periféricos que se encuentran en un organismo, se regula el ritmo circadiano (RC), el cual interviene en las funciones metabólicas y endocrinas. La "crononutrición" explica la importancia del tiempo y los tipos de alimentación sobre nuestro RC. La obesidad es uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública. Objetivo: Describir la relación que existe entre la crononutrición y la obesidad. Métodos: Revisión sistemática; búsqueda en PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scielo y Medline, entre los años 2014 a 2019, sólo en humanos. Se obtuvieron 19 artículos y de ellos sólo 4 artículos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Resultados: Se observó que valores de Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) y circunferencia de cintura (CC) eran mayores en personas que no desayunaban y que cenaban con menos de 3 hrs antes de dormir. Se obtuvo que en niños de 4 años con ingestas energética mayores en almuerzo y cena, presentaban mayor probabilidad de sobrepeso u obesidad a los 7 años y además, no desayunar y cenar tardíamente se asoció negativamente con el peso corporal. En otro estudio, se observó que los adolescentes que realizaban sus comidas principales en horarios tardíos, hubo una asociación con el aumento en el IMC y CC. En sujetos con peso normal, independiente de si comían con tendencia hacia la mañana o la noche, pero presentaban una sincronía en su RC, no sufrían mayores alteraciones en su peso, lo cual no sucedió en sujetos con exceso de peso. Conclusiones: Una alimentación no sincronizada con el RC, puede aumentar la probabilidad de desarrollar obesidad en el mediano y largo plazo. Sin embargo, aún se necesita mayor evidencia.

Abstract Introduction: The circadian rhythm is responsible for regulating important metabolic and endocrine functions. "Chrononutrition" explains the importance of time and types of food based on circadian rhythm. Obesity is one of the biggest public health problems. Objective: To describe the relation between chrono-nutrition and obesity. Methods: A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Scielo and Medline databases of articles published between 2014 to 2019 in humans. Nineteen articles were obtained and four articles met inclusion criteria. Results: Higher Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight circumference (WC) values were observed in people who skipped breakfast and ate less than 3 hours before bed. Children 4 years of age with higher energy intakes at lunch and dinner were more likely to be overweight or obese at 7 years. Skipping breakfast and eating dinner later was negatively associated with body weight. Among adolescents, eating main meals late was associated with an increase in BMI and WC. In normal weight subjects, regardless of whether they ate early or late, if eating was aligned with their circadian rhythm, they did not suffer major changes in weight. This was not the case for subjects with excess weight. Conclusions: A diet not aligned with the circadian rhythm, may increase the probability of generating obesity in the medium and long term. However, evidence is still needed.

Association between dairy product intake and high blood pressure in Chilean adults.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. Several studies have connected dairy consumption with lower blood pressure (BP). However, these have not considered the Latin American population. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between consumption of full-fat or low fat/fat free dairy products and high blood pressure in Chilean adults. METHODS: Cross-sectional study containing data from 3,807 adults between 20 and 98 years old from the National Health Survey (NHS) of Chile 2016-2017. Information on lifestyle, food frequency, and socio-demographics was collected using standardized questionnaires. Trained fieldworkers took anthropometric and blood pressure measurements. The frequency of consumption data included seven ad-hoc questions on habitual eating and frequency options, based on the Mediterranean diet (fish products, fruit and vegetable, and dairy products) and its protective effect on cardiovascular diseases. The selection of foods was supported by expert opinion. RESULTS: Of the 3,807 adults, 37% were male and 63% were female. Sex, education level, frequency of dairy products and fish, smoking, and sport or physical activity had a direct relationship with consumption of dairy products (P < 0.05). Consumption of low fat/fat free dairy products was protectively associated with high blood pressure in the unadjusted model (OR: 0.76, CI 95% 0.64-0.91). However, after adjustment for confounding variables (education level modifies the effect 10.2%), this association was attenuated (OR: 0.88; CI 95% 0.71-1.08). CONCLUSION: We found limited evidence that the type of dairy products consumed is associated with high blood pressure in the Chilean population.

Evaluación de la calidad de vida de pacientes chilenos en diálisis peritoneal mediante el cuestionario KDQOL-36 / Health-related quality of life of patients on peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important predictor of health outcomes in chronic kidney disease (CKD) including those patients in renal replacement therapy. Its evaluation through validated questionnaires is essential for comprehensive care in people undergoing renal replacement therapy. AIM: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The KDQOL-36 quality of life questionnaire was applied to 67 patients aged 55 ± 15 years, in peritoneal dialysis at a public hospital in Santiago. Scores range from 0 to 100, values greater than 50 represent a better HRQoL. RESULTS: The burden, symptoms, and effects of kidney disease component of the survey had scores over 50. Women, people without diabetes, those actively working and those with better incomes reported a better HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: These patients on peritoneal dialysis report a good quality of life, especially in the specific components of kidney disease.

Confinamiento e inseguridad alimentaria durante la pandemia por covid-19 en Chile

RESUMEN Introducción: El confinamiento por COVID-19, repercute en la situación socioeconómica, de salud y de seguridad alimentaria especialmente en población vulnerable, debido a la reducción de empleos, ingreso y acceso a los alimentos. Objetivo: Determinar la inseguridad alimentaria y la priorización de la compra de alimentos en hogares en situación de confinamiento, durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Chile. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico. Se envió cuestionario online a través de redes sociales, que incluía información sociodemográfica, prioridad de compra de algunos alimentos seleccionados, pérdida de alimentos en el hogar y una escala de seguridad alimentaria doméstica. Resultados: Participaron 1.114 personas, de ellos el 87,8% eran mujeres, el 80,9% de los participantes llevaba 4 o más semanas de confinamiento. A medida que aumentan las semanas de confinamiento, se incrementa la inseguridad alimentaria leve 26,9% a 36,1% y moderada, 1,7% a 7,8% y se disminuye la seguridad alimentaria 70,6% a 55,7%. Entre el 49,2% y 55,5% de los participantes, en la quinta semana de confinamiento priorización lácteos, arroz/pasta, harina, legumbres, aceite, papas y un 27,0% el azúcar/miel. No se priorizaron los alimentos frescos como las frutas y verduras (FV). Conclusión: El confinamiento genera un aumento progresivo de la inseguridad alimentaria leve y moderada. La priorización de compra en confinamiento se caracteriza por, alimentos con más tiempo de conservación, de mayor consumo, fáciles de preparar y que son ingredientes básicos de otras preparaciones. Alimentos frescos, como frutas y verduras no fueron priorizados. La priorización se relacionó con el nivel educativo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 lockdown affects socioeconomics, health and food security, especially in a vulnerable population, due to the reduction of jobs, income and access to food. Objective: To determine food insecurity and prioritization of food purchases in household in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile. Material and methods: Observational analytical study. An online questionnaire was sent through social networks, which included socio-demographic information, priority of purchase of selected foods, less food at home and a scale of household food security. Results: 1,114 people participated, 87.8% of them were women, 80.9% of the participants had been in quarantine for 4 or more weeks. As the weeks of quarantine increased, mild food insecurity increased from 26.9% to 36.1% and moderate from 1.7% to 7.8%. Food security decreased from 70.6% to 55.7%. Between 49.2% and 55.5% of the participants, in the fifth week of confinement, prioritized dairy, rice/pasta, flour, legumes, oil, potatoes and 27.0% sugar/honey. Fresh foods such as fruits and vegetables were not prioritized. Conclusion: Lockdown generated a progressive increase in mild and moderate food insecurity. The prioritization of purchase in lockdown was characterized by foods with a longer shelf life, more consumption, easy to prepare meals and foods which are basic ingredients of other preparations. Fresh foods like fruits and vegetables were not prioritized. Prioritization was related to educational level.

Efecto de la dieta nórdica en el control de los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular: Revisión sistemática

RESUMEN Introducción: El patrón de dieta nórdica (DN) se ha propuesto e implementado como otra alternativa saludable a la clásica dieta mediterránea, tanto para el diario vivir de la población como también para el control y tratamiento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Revisar la evidencia científica actualmente publicada sobre la asociación entre el consumo del patrón de la DN y su efecto protector en los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de la literatura científica, usando palabras clave, basada en estudios clínicos controlados (ECA), aleatorizados, estudios de caso y control, publicados en PubMed y Cochrane desde el 2010 hasta la fecha. Se incluyeron: sujetos adultos de ambos sexos, con factores de riesgo cardiovascular como sobrepeso, dislipidemia, hipertensión arterial y/o resistencia a la insulina. Resultados: De los 5 ECA incluidos en esta revisión, se demostró que la DN reduce significativamente los niveles de LDL-C, el radio LDL/HDL y apoB/apoA, además de reducir significativamente el peso corporal y la circunferencia de cintura. En cuanto a los niveles de triglicéridos, VLDL, la sensibilidad a la insulina y la presión arterial, sólo un estudio demostró los efectos favorablemente significativos de estas variables y el estudio Sysdiet, logró demostrar el efecto antiinflamatorio de este patrón de dieta. Conclusión: La DN tiene efectos considerablemente beneficiosos sobre diferentes factores de riesgo cardiovascular como la obesidad, la dislipidemia y la inflamación por lo que resulta una alternativa saludable adicional a la dieta la Mediterránea o la dieta DASH en el control y prevención de las enfermedades cardiovasculares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The Nordic Diet has been proposed and implemented as another healthy alternative to the classic Mediterranean diet, both for daily living and also for the control and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To review the scientific evidence currently published on the association between the uptake of the Nordic Diet (ND) and its protective effect for cardiovascular risk. Methods: An electronic search of the scientific literature was performed, using keywords, based on randomized controlled clinical trials and case-control studies, published in PubMed and Cochrane from 2010 to date. We included: adult subjects of both sexes, with cardiovascular risk factors such as overweight, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure and/or insulin resistance. Results: Of the five randomized controlled clinical trials included in this review, the ND significantly reduces levels of LDL-C, LDL/HDL ratio, and apoB/apoA ratio, in addition to significantly reducing body weight and waist circumference. Regarding triglyceride levels, VLDL, insulin sensitivity and blood pressure, only one study demonstrated significantly favorable effects of these variables and the Sysdiet study was able to demonstrate an anti-inflammatory effect of the ND. Conclusion: The ND has considerably beneficial effects on different cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, dyslipidemia and inflammation, making it an additional healthy alternative to the Mediterranean diet or the DASH diet in the control and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Consumo de bebidas azucaradas durante la pandemia por Covid-19 en doce países iberoamericanos: Un estudio transversal

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el consumo de bebidas azucaradas (BA) durante el confinamiento por la pandemia por Covid-19 y su relación con factores sociodemográficos y dietéticos. Material y Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico. Fueron invitados a participar residentes en 12 países (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, España, Guatemala, México, Perú, Paraguay, Panamá y Uruguay) a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario online de consumo de alimentos e indicadores sociodemográficos. Resultados: Se analizaron 10.573 cuestionarios. Con respecto al consumo de BA el 78,0% de las mujeres tuvieron un consumo bajo versus un 69,2% de los hombres. Por edad, las frecuencias de consumo de BA fueron similares según grupo etario. Por nivel educacional, un 13,4% personas con nivel universitario reportó un excesivo consumo de BA versus un 23,1% de personas de con nivel de educación primaria o básica (p<0,001). Por procedencia, urbano o rural, la frecuencia de consumo de BA fue similar. Según auto reporte un 19,0% aumento de peso por consumo excesivo de BA versus un 10,4% de aquellos que bajaron de peso (p<0,001). Cifras similares se encontró en auto reporte de cambio de tamaño de porción, un 19,3% que aumentaron su porción consumieron BA en exceso versus un 10,0% que disminuyeron el tamaño de porción. Finalmente, en un modelo de regresión: ser de sexo masculino, tener entre 40 y 59 años, nivel académico primario, el aumento de peso y presentar cambios en la dieta, aumentaron la probabilidad de tener un nivel alto de consumo BA. Conclusión: el consumo de BA en general es bajo, pero relevantemente excesivo en algunos grupos de las variables de estudio, además existe una relación entre el consumo de BA y las variables estudiadas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) during confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic and its relationship with sociodemographic and dietary factors. Material and Methods: Multicenter study. Citizens residing in 12 countries were invited to participate (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Spain, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay, Panama, and Uruguay) to whom an online survey on food consumption and sociodemographic indicators was applied. Results: 10,573 questionnaires were analyzed. Regarding the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, 78.0% of women had low consumption versus 69.2% of men. Frequency of SSB consumption was similar according to age group. For education, 13.4% of people with a university-level education reported excessive consumption versus 23.1% of people with a primary or basic education level (p<0.001). The frequency of SSB consumption was similar by urban versus rural residence. According to self-report, 19.0% of weight gain was due to excessive consumption of SSB compared to 10.4% of those who lost weight (p<0.001). Similar figures were found in self-reported portion size change, 19.3% who increased their portion consumed SSB in excess versus 10.0% who decreased portion size. Finally, in a regression model: being a man, being between 40 and 59 years old, primary academic level, weight gain, and presenting changes in diet, increased the probability of having a high level of SSB consumption. Conclusion: The consumption of SSB, in general, is low but excessively relevant in some groups of the study variables, in addition, there is a relationship between the consumption of SSB and the variables studied.

Consumo de lácteos y riesgo de cáncer colorrectal: Una revisión de la literatura científica

RESUMEN El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una de las neoplasias más frecuentes y representa una de las principales causas de muerte por cáncer en todo el mundo. Existen fuertes evidencias que factores dietarios influyen en su incidencia. Los lácteos han sido incorporados en numerosas guías nutricionales como parte de una dieta saludable; numerosos estudios han reportado un efecto protector entre el consumo de lácteos y el riesgo de cáncer colorrectal, presuntamente por su contenido de calcio (Ca); sin embargo, la evidencia es inconsistente. Objetivo: Evaluar la evidencia científica actual sobre la relación entre el consumo de lácteos y el riesgo de cáncer colorrectal. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sensible en las bases de datos de PudMed, limitándose a artículos en inglés desde el 2014 hasta el 2019, priorizando estudios de cohorte y caso-control con exposición a productos lácteos como leche, yogurt, mantequilla y/o queso. Se encontró una asociación inversa significativa entre el consumo de productos lácteos totales y el riesgo de cáncer colorrectal. Con relación al calcio proveniente de los lácteos los resultados son inconsistentes. Solo la leche, como lácteo específico, mostró un efecto protector pero no discrimina según el contenido de grasa. La mayor ingesta de productos lácteos totales, la leche y el calcio están asociados con una disminución del riesgo de cáncer colorrectal.

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and represents one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. There is strong evidence that dietary factors influence CRC incidence. Dairy products have been incorporated into nutritional guidelines as part of a healthy diet; many studies have reported a protective effect between dairy consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer, presumably because of its calcium (Ca) content; however, the evidence is inconsistent. Objective: To evaluate the current scientific evidence on the relationship between dairy consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer. Methodology: A literature search was conducted in the PudMed databases, limited to articles written in English and published between 2014 and November 2019, prioritizing cohort and case-control studies with exposure to dairy products such as milk, yogurt, butter and/or cheese. Results: A significant inverse association was found between the consumption of total dairy products and risk of colorectal cancer. In relation to calcium from dairy products, results are inconsistent. Only milk, as a specific dairy product, showed a protective effect, with no difference by fat content. Conclusions: Increased intake of total dairy products, milk and calcium are associated with a decreased risk of colorectal cancer.

Relación entre Apoyo Social percibido, Severidad de Insomnio y Somnolencia Diurna en Adultos Mayores / Relationship between perceived Social Support, Severity of Insomnia and Daytime Sleepiness in Elderly

El apoyo social es un importante factor protector de la salud de los adultos mayores (AM). Asimismo, un buen dormir es fundamental para su bienestar y funcionalidad, siendo las alteraciones del sueño un importante problema de salud pública en este grupo etario. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la relación entre apoyo social percibido, insomnio y somnolencia diurna en AM residentes en Chillán, Chile. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, correlacional, de corte transversal. Se aplicó la versión chilena de la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MOS), el Índice de severidad del insomnio (ISI), y la Escala de somnolencia diurna de Epworth a AM pertenecientes a agrupaciones comunitarias. Se entrevistaron a 202 AM de ambos sexos, de edad 72,3±6,2 años. Se presentaron correlaciones positivas entre escolaridad y severidad del insomnio (p<0,05) y entre severidad del insomnio y somnolencia (p<0,001), además, se encontraron correlaciones negativas entre severidad del insomnio y apoyo social percibido, tanto en forma global como por dimensiones (p<0,05). La dimensión "Interacción social positiva" se correlacionó también de forma negativa con la somnolencia diurna. Los AM participantes del estudio que presentaron un alto nivel de apoyo social presentaron una menor prevalencia y severidad del insomnio

Social support is an important protective factor for the health of elderly (E).Likewise, good sleep is fundamental for their well-being and functionality, being sleep disorder an important public health problem in this age group. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived social support, insomnia and daytime sleepiness in elderly residents of Chillán, Chile. A quantitative, non-experimental, correlational, cross-sectional study was carried out. The Chilean version of the Perceived Social Support Scale (MOS), the Index of severity of insomnia (ISI) and the Daytime Sleepiness Scale of Epworth was applied to elderly belonging to community groups. Two hundred two elderly of both sexes were interviewed, age 72.3 ± 6.2 years. There were positive correlations between schooling and severity of insomnia (p <0.05) and between severity of insomnia and somnolence (p< 0.001). In addition, there were negative correlations between severity of insomnia and perceived social support, both globally and by dimensions (p <0.05). The dimension "Positive social interaction" also correlates negatively with daytime sleepiness. The elderly participants of the study who presented a high level of social support had a lower prevalence and severity of insomnia

Etapas de cambio en alimentos con etiquetado frontal de advertencia / Stages of change in foods with front warning labeling

Los datos en Chile demuestran el efecto que causa la mala alimentación y sus consecuencias. Considerando los problemas alimentarios, el 26 de junio de 2016, la Ley 20.606, entró en vigencia. Determinar el estado de cambio en la intención de compra de alimentos con sello de advertencia en la tercera etapa de la ley. Estudio descriptivo transversal en población chilena, de ambos sexos, entre 18 y 59 años de edad, en usuarios frecuentes de internet. Los datos se obtuvieron a través de una encuesta creada y validada mediante el método de Lawshe, la cual contiene un total de 45 preguntas, en las que se plantea, ¿qué nivel de confianza siente el participante para realizar un cambio? y ¿Cuán importante es para el realizar ese cambio?. Se analizaron 545 encuestas a nivel nacional, el 59,8% corresponde a mujeres, del total de personas el 52,1% es mayor de 30 años de edad. Respecto a la compra de alimentos con sello según sexo, se observa que hay diferencias significativas en la compra de galletas, papas fritas y bebidas azucaradas, en todos los casos los hombres presentan una mayor resistencia al cambio que las mujeres. Pese a que todos los alimentos se encuentran en contemplación, hay diferencias significativas en el puntaje en galletas y bebidas azucaradas y papas fritas en los hombres, respecto a la edad, hay diferencias en todos los alimentos. Al comparar por estado nutricional se observan diferencias significativas en bebidas, galletas, papas fritas y chocolates, en obesidad. Los hombres presentan una mayor resistencia al cambio, por otro lado, se observa que la intención de compra de todos los alimentos se encuentra en contemplación sin embargo hay diferencias en todos los alimentos.

Data in Chile demonstrate the effect caused by poor diet and its consequences. Considering food problems, on June 26, 2016, Law 20,606 came into force. To determine the status of change in the intention to purchase food with a warning labels in the third stage of the law. Cross-sectional descriptive study in a Chilean population, of both sexes, between 18 and 59 years of age, in frequent Internet users. The data were obtained through a survey created and validated using the Lawshe method, which contains a total of 45 questions, in which it is asked, what level of confidence does the participant feel to make a change? And how important is it for making that change?. 545 surveys were analyzed at the national level, 59.8% correspond to women, of the total number of people 52.1% are over 30 years of age. Regarding the purchase of food stamped by sex, it is observed that there are significant differences in the purchase of cookies, French fries and sugary drinks, in all cases men present a greater resistance to change than women. Although all foods are in contemplation, there are significant differences in the score in cookies and sugary drinks and French fries in men, with respect to age, there are differences in all foods. When comparing by nutritional status, significant differences are observed in beverages, cookies, French fries and chocolates, in obesity. Men present greater resistance to change, on the other hand, it is observed that the intention to purchase all foods is in contemplation, however there are differences in all foods.

Stages of change in the purchase of ultra-processed snacks among university students after the implementation of the chilean food law; a multi-center study

The Objective is to determine the stages of change in the behavior of university students regarding the purchase of ultra-processed snacks consumed. Multi-center study (14 Chilean universities). The participants (4,807 students)evaluated were applied a survey to determine the stage of change of behavior regarding the purchase of foods with warning signs. The students were evaluated and classified as (a) Nutrition Students, (b) Healthcare-related Students and (c) Other degree Students. More than 90% of the students were aware of the food regulation and knew the warning signs. More than 60% of Healthcare-related and Other degree students are in the stage of pre-contemplation or contemplation regarding purchase intent of sugary drinks, juices, cookies, sweet snacks and potato chips; this value is twice the percentage of Nutrition students in this stages ( Chi2, p<0.001). In conclusion there is a high proportion of pre-contemplation and contemplation with respect to purchase intent among the students(AU)

Determinar las etapas de cambio en el comportamiento de los estudiantes universitarios con respecto a la compra de colaciones ultraprocesadas. Estudio Multicéntrico (14 universidades chilenas). A los participantes (4.807 estudiantes) se les aplicó una encuesta para determinar el cambio en el comportamiento con respecto a la compra de alimentos con sellos de advertencia. Los estudiantes se clasificaron como (a) estudiantes de nutrición, (b) estudiantes del área de la salud y (c) estudiantes de otras carreras. Se evaluaron. Más del 90% de los estudiantes conocían la regulación alimentaria y conocían las señales de advertencia. Más del 60% de los estudiantes de la salud y de otras carreras se encuentran en la etapa de pre-contemplación o contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra de bebidas azucaradas, jugos, galletas, bocadillos dulces y papas fritas; Este valor es el doble del porcentaje de estudiantes de nutrición en estas etapas ( Chi2, p <0,001). Se concluye que existe una alta proporción de pre-contemplación y contemplación con respecto a la intención de compra entre los estudiantes universitarios(AU)

Changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program / Cambios en los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física en adultos mayores luego de participar en un programa de actividad física de 16 semanas

Abstract Introduction: Physical activity is important for achieving healthy aging. Objective: To analyze changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness among Chilean older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program and to evaluate whether there were differences in relation to their baseline nutritional status or not. Materials and methods: Pre-experimental quantitative study. The study population consisted of 176 older adults (155 women and 21 men) distributed in three groups: normal weight (n = 56), overweight (n=67) and obese (n = 53). The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and physical fitness. Results: Significant decreases between pre- and post-measurements were found for WC (p<0.001), BMI (p=0.015), and WHR (p<0.001). Improvements were observed in the following tests: chair stand (p<0.001), arm curl (p<0.001), 2-min step (p<0.001), chair sit-&-reach (p=0.018) and back scratch (p=0.014). Regarding BMI, significant changes were observed between normal weight vs. overweight participants (p=0.001) and between normal weight vs. obese participants (p=0.001). Conclusion: Older adult participants that regularly attended the physical activity program were able to reduce their WC, BMI and WHR, and also improved their physical-functional performance on the chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step, chair sit-&-reach and back scratch tests. In addition, anthropometric parameters and physical fitness also improved regardless of their baseline nutritional status.

Resumen Introducción. La actividad física es de gran importancia para lograr un envejecimiento saludable. Objetivos. Estudiar los cambios en los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física de adultos mayores (AM) chilenos después de 16 semanas de participación en un programa de actividad física, y evaluar las diferencias en relación con su estado nutricional inicial. Materiales y métodos. Estudio pre-experimental cuantitativo. Población: 176 AM (155 mujeres y 21 hombres) distribuidos en 3 grupos: normopesos (n = 56), sobrepesos (n=67) y obesos (n = 53). Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y condición física. Resultados. Se observaron reducciones significativas en PC (p<0.001), IMC (p=0.015) e ICE (p<0.001), y mejoras en las siguientes pruebas: sentarse y levantarse de una silla (p<0.001), flexiones del codo (p<0.001), dos minutos de marcha (p<0.001), flexión del tronco en silla (p=0.018) y juntar las manos tras la espalda (p=0.014). Se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto al IMC entre participantes normopesos y sobrepesos (p=0.001), y entre normopesos y obesos (p=0.001). Conclusión. Los AM que participaron regularmente en el programa de actividad física lograron reducir su PC, IMC e ICE y mejorar su rendimiento físico-funcional en las pruebas de sentarse y levantarse de una silla, flexiones de codo, dos minutos de marcha, y flexibilidad del tren inferior y superior. Además, sus parámetros antropométricos y su condición física mejoraron independientemente de su estado nutricional inicial.

Consumo de legumbres y su relación con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles / Legume consumption and relationships with chronic noncommunicable diseases

RESUMEN Las legumbres son un alimento de origen vegetal, con gran variedad en el aporte de nutrientes; contienen proteínas, minerales, fibra y antioxidantes. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos PUBMED y SCIELO, que incluyó artículos entre 2013 y 2019, bajo los términos claves "legumbres", "obesidad", "enfermedad cardiovascular" y "síndrome metabólico" y se incluyeron estudios que concluyeron una asociación beneficiosa entre consumo de legumbres y ECNT, síndrome metabólico y riesgo cardiovascular. Entre los resultados destacó que el consumo regular de legumbres aporta beneficios para la salud cardiovascular, el control de glicemia y la liberación de insulina, regulación de presión arterial, entre otros. Como conclusión esta revisión destaca que existen beneficios directos para mejorar la salud cardiometabólica provenientes del consumo regular de legumbres.

ABSTRACT Legumes are natural foods from plants with a high quantity of different nutrients, such as proteins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants. An investigation was conducted in the PUBMED and SCIELO databases, between 2013 and 2019 using the following key words: "legumes/beans", "obesity", "cardiovascular disease", and "metabolic syndrome". Articles identified showed a beneficial association between legume intake and chronic disease, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. An important result was that regular legume intake contributes to cardiovascular health, glycemic control, insulin liberation, and control of the arterial pressure. In conclusion, this review highlighted the direct benefits of regular legume intake and improved metabolic and cardiovascular health.