Exosomes to control glioblastoma multiforme: Investigating the effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes on C6 cells in vitro.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a common, aggressive, fast-growing tumor of the central nervous system that currently has no effective treatment. Although stem cell therapy has shown promising in vitro achievements, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) has always been a major hurdle to clinical success. To overcome this challenge, exosomes have been targeted as attractive drug delivery agents in numerous studies since they are small enough to enter the BBB. Furthermore, exosomes' characteristics and compositions are directly determined by the parent cell and these heritable traits affect their cell interactions. This article focuses on exosomes as an alternative to stem cell therapy to regulate glioma cell activity. Exosomes were isolated from rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) by ultracentrifugation method and then characterized via western blot, dynamic light scattering, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Next, various concentrations of the exosomes were incubated with C6 cells and their effects at different time points were evaluated in vitro. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and Annexin/Pi assay results confirmed that the isolated exosomes cause cell death mostly through apoptosis, and a linear correlation was observed between exosomes' concentration and their cytotoxicity. Following that, the scratch test, colony formation test, and Transwell assay confirmed exosomes' significant impact on the migration and invasion behavior of C6 cells. For the first time, rBMMSC-derived exosomes have been used as a single treatment for GBM rather than in combination with other treatments or as a pharmaceutical carrier.

Bifid rib with fused vertebrae - A rare abnormality of the skeletal system: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Bifid rib as pathoanatomical findings on chest X-ray is a skeletal disorder. It is usually unilateral and commonly found in males. Bifid ribs commonly happen in absence of structural defects of the vertebrae. PRESENTATION OF CASE: The case of this report is a 65-year-old with severe infection of Covid 19. He was admitted to the ICU. Imaging findings indicate existence of a bifid rib with vertebral fusion. DISCUSSION: Bifurcated ribs usually have been described without vertebral defects. In our case, there is a bifurcated rib with fused vertebrae. These defects are also defined in the criteria of Gorlin syndrome. CONCLUSION: Unlike other rib abnormalities, the bifid rib occurs mainly in the absence of a vertebral defect, but this study reports a bifid rib with vertebral defects.

Human adipose-derived stem cells reduce receptor-interacting protein 1, receptor-interacting protein 3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase as necroptotic markers in rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a constant, developing brain impairment that is described as the aggregation of misfolded amyloid-beta-peptide (Ab) and abnormal tau protein in the brain. Stem cell therapy became a favorable candidate for the regeneration of neurodegenerative disorders like AD, but there is still shortage of knowledge about the underlying mechanisms. The goal of this survey was the determination of the necroptotic pathway as the possible mechanism for the effect of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in the rat model of AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twelve rats were consumed, dividing into four groups: Control, sham, AD model and AD + stem cell groups. We utilized Nissl and Thioflavin S staining for determining histological changes and immunofluorescent techniques for evaluating necroptotic markers in different regions of the hippocampus. RESULTS: The confirmation of AD model was approved with histological examination. The findings indicated more distinct Thio-S stain and an increased number of dead cells in AD rats comparing to other groups. Alternatively, the dead cells number in the CA3 area significantly lessened in AD + stem cell group comparing to AD group. Data showed that hADSCs significantly decreased the expression of necroptotic markers (receptor-interacting protein 1, receptor-interacting protein 3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)) in AD + stem cell group compared to AD group in different regions of the hippocampus. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that the intravenous injection of hADSCs reduced necroptosis and consequently declined the death of neuronal cells in the hippocampus of AD rats.

Differentiation of human olfactory system-derived stem cells into dopaminergic neuron-like cells: A comparison between olfactory bulb and mucosa as two sources of stem cells.

Cell transplantation has become a possible therapeutic approach in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases of the nervous system by replacing lost cells. The current study aimed to make a comparison between the differentiation capacity of the olfactory bulb neural stem cells (OB-NSCs) and olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs) into dopaminergic-like neurons under the inductive effect of transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß). After culturing and treating with TGF-ß, the differentiation capacities of both types of stem cells into dopaminergic neuron-like cells were evaluated. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis 3 weeks after induction demonstrated that the mRNA expression of the dopaminergic activity markers tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), paired box gene 2 (PAX2), and PAX5 in the neuron-like cells derived from OB-NSCs was significantly higher than those derived from OE-MSCs. These findings were further supported by the immunocytochemistry staining showing that the expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase, DAT, PAX2, and paired like homeodomain 3 seemed to be slightly higher in OB-NSCs compared with OE-MSCs. Despite the lower differentiation capacity of OE-MSCs, other considerations such as a noninvasive and easier harvesting process, faster proliferation attributes, longer life span, autologous transplantability, and also the easier and inexpensive cultural process of the OE-MSCs, cumulatively make these cells the more appropriate alternative in the case of autologous transplantation during the treatment process of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease.

Olfactory mucosa stem cells: An available candidate for the treatment of the Parkinson's disease.

Olfactory ectomesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSCs) possess the immunosuppressive activity and regeneration capacity and hold a lot of promises for neurodegenerative disorders treatment. This study aimed to determine OE-MSCs which are able to augment and differentiate into functional neurons and regenerate the CNS and also examine whether the implantation of OE-MSCs in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (SNpc) can improve Parkinson's symptoms in a rat model-induced with 6-hydroxydopamine. We isolated OE-MSCs from lamina propria in olfactory mucosa and characterized them using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The therapeutic potential of OE-MSCs was evaluated by the transplantation of isolated cells using a rat model of acute SN injury as a Parkinson's disease. Significant behavioral improvement in Parkinsonian rats was elicited by the OE-MSCs. The results demonstrate that the expression of PAX2, PAX5, PITX3, dopamine transporter, and tyrosine hydroxylase was increased by OE-MSCs compared to the control group which is analyzed with real-time polymerase chain reaction technique and immunohistochemical staining. In the outcome, the transplantation of 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethyl indocarbocyanine perchlorate labeled OE-MSCs that were fully differentiated to dopaminergic neurons contribute to a substantial improvement in patients with Parkinson's. Together, our results provide that using OE-MSCs in neurodegenerative disorders might lead to better neural regeneration.

Hesperidin improves the follicular development in 3D culture of isolated preantral ovarian follicles of mice.

IMPACT STATEMENT: It has been stated that hesperidin has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, antimicrobial activity, and anti-carcinogenic activity; but hesperidin and its derivatives have been under investigation as anti-fertility factors for a very long time. However, our results show that hesperidin can improve mice follicular growth and maturation during in vitro 3D culture. Hesperidin as an antioxidant factor could enhance the mRNA expression levels of two important genes involved in folliculogenesis, PCNA, and FSH-R. Our results prove for the first time that hesperidin not only has deleterious effects on follicular development but can also increase rates of in vitro fertilization and embryo development.

Partial Improvement of Spatial Memory Damages by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation Following Trimethyltin Chloride Administration in the Rat CA1.

INTRODUCTION: Trimethyltin Chloride (TMT) is a neurotoxin that can kill neurons in the nervous system and activate astrocytes. This neurotoxin mainly damages the hippocampal neurons. After TMT injection, behavioral changes such as aggression and hyperactivity have been reported in animals along with impaired spatial and learning memory. Hence, TMT is a suitable tool for an experimental model of neurodegeneration. The present study aims to determine the palliative effects of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) on the hippocampi of rats damaged from TMT exposure. METHODS: We assigned 28 male Wistar rats to the following groups: control, model, vehicle, and treatment. The groups received Intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 8 mg/kg TMT. After one week, stem cells were stereotactically injected into the CA1 of the right rats' hippocampi. Spatial memory was determined by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test 6 weeks after cell transplantation. Finally, the rats' brains were perfused and stained by cresyl violet to determine the numbers of cells in the Cornus Ammonis (CA1) section of the hippocampus. We assessed the expressions of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Neuronal-specific Nuclear (NeuN) proteins in the right hippocampus by Western blot. RESULTS: The MWM test showed that the treatment group had significantly higher traveled distances in the target quarter compared with the model and vehicle groups (P<0.05). Based on the result of cell count (Nissl staining), the number of cells increased in the treatment group compared with the model and vehicle groups (P<0.05). Western blot results showed up-regulation of GFAP and NeuN proteins in the model, vehicle, and treatment groups compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Injection of BM-MSCs may lead to a behavioral and histological improvement in TMT-induced neurotoxicity by increasing the number of pyramidal neurons and improving memory.