Stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid flow passing over a rotating sphere subjected to thermophoretic diffusion and thermal radiation.

The effects of thermal radiation and thermophoretic particles deposition (TPD) on the hybrid nanofluid (HNF) flow across a circling sphere have momentous roles in research and engineering. Such as electrical devices, projectiles, thermal conveyance, sheet production, renewable energy, and nuclear-powered plants. Therefore, the current study presents the stagnation point flow of HNF flows about an orbiting sphere. The HNF is organized with the accumulation of aluminum alloys (AA70772 and AA7075) nanoparticles in the water. The HNF flow model equations are changed into the non-dimensional form of ODEs through the similarity variables and then numerically solved through the parametric simulation. It has been perceived that the significance of the rotation factor boosts the velocity curve, while the flow motion drops with the increasing numbers of AA7072 and AA7075 nanoparticles. Furthermore, the addition of AA7072 and AA70775 nano particulates in water lessens with the temperature profile. The energy distribution rate in case of hybrid nanoliquid enhances from 3.87 to 13.79%, whereas the mass dissemination rate enhances from 4.35 to 11.24% as the nanoparticles concentration varies from 0.01 to 0.03.

Energy transfer through third-grade fluid flow across an inclined stretching sheet subject to thermal radiation and Lorentz force.

The heat and mass transfer through the third grade fluid (TGF) flow over an inclined elongating sheet with the consequences of magnetic field and chemical reaction is reported. The impact of activation energy, heat source/sink, and thermal radiation is considered on the TGF flow. Fluid that demonstrate non-Newtonian (NN) properties such as shear thickening, shear thinning, and normal stresses despite the fact that the boundary is inflexible is known as TGF. It also has viscous elastic fluid properties. In the proposed model, the TGF model is designed in form of nonlinear coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). Before employing the numerical package bvp4c, the system of coupled equations are reduced into non-dimensional form. The finite-difference code bvp4c, in particular, executes the Lobatto three-stage IIIa formula. The impacts of flow constraints on velocity field, energy profile, Nusselt number and skin friction are displayed through Tables and Figures. For validity of the results, the numerical comparison with the published study is performed through Table. From graphical results, it can be perceived that the fluid velocity enriches with the variation of TGF factor and Richardson number. The heat source parameter operational as a heating mediator for the flow system, its influence enhances the fluid temperature.

Comparative dynamics of mixed convection heat transfer under thermal radiation effect with porous medium flow over dual stretched surface.

Due to enhanced heat transfer rate, the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluids have significant industrial uses. The principal objective of this exploration is to investigate how thermal radiation influences the velocity and temperature profile. A water-based rotational nanofluid flow with constant angular speed [Formula: see text] is considered for this comparative study. A similarity conversion is applied to change the appearing equations into ODEs. Three different nanoparticles i.e., copper, aluminum, and titanium oxide are used to prepare different nanofluids for comparison. The numerical and graphical outputs are gained by employing the bvp-4c procedure in MATLAB. The results for different constraints are represented through graphs and tables. Higher heat transmission rate and minimized skin friction are noted for triple nanoparticle nanofluid. Skin coefficients in the x-direction and y-direction have reduced by 50% in trihybrid nanofluid by keeping mixed convection levels between the range [Formula: see text]. The heat transmission coefficient with raising the levels of thermal radiation between [Formula: see text] and Prandlt number [Formula: see text] has shown a 60% increase.

Salicylic Acid and α-Tocopherol Ameliorate Salinity Impact on Wheat.

Background: Soil salinity negatively impacts agricultural productivity. Consequently, strategies should be developed to inculcate a salinity tolerance in crops for sustainable food production. Growth regulators play a vital role in regulating salinity stress tolerance. Methods: Thus, we examined the effect of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and alpha-tocopherol (TP) (100 mg/L) on the morphophysio-biochemical responses of two wheat cultivars (Pirsabak-15 and Shankar) to salinity stress (0 and 40 mM). Results: Both Pirsabak-15 and Shankar cultivars were negatively affected by salinity stress. For instance, salinity reduced growth attributes (i.e., leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf moisture content, leaf area ratio, shoot and root dry weight, shoot and root length, as well as root-shoot ratio), pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a, and carotenoids) but increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and endogenous TP in both cultivars. Among the antioxidant enzymes, salinity enhanced the activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in Pirsabak-15; glutathione reductase (GR) and PPO in Shankar, while ascorbate peroxidase (APOX) was present in both cultivars. SA and TP could improve the salinity tolerance by improving growth and photosynthetic pigments and reducing MDA and H2O2. In general, the exogenous application did not have a positive effect on antioxidant enzymes; however, it increased PPO in Pirsabak-15 and SOD in the Shankar cultivar. Conclusions: Consequently, we suggest that SA and TP could have enhanced the salinity tolerance of our selected wheat cultivars by modulating their physiological mechanisms in a manner that resulted in improved growth. Future molecular studies can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms by which SA and TP regulate the selected wheat cultivars underlying salinity tolerance mechanisms.

Computations for efficient thermal performance of Go + AA7072 with engine oil based hybrid nanofluid transportation across a Riga wedge.

The demand for efficient heat transportation for the reliable functioning of mechanical processes is rising. The hybrid nanofluid emulsion is a related new concept in this research field. This communication pertains to mass and thermal transportation of Graphene oxide (Go) + AA7072 to be dissolved homogeneously in the bulk engine oil. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this hybrid nanofluid, a simple nanofluid Go/engine oil is also discussed. The flow of fluids occurs due to stretch in the wedge adjusted with Riga surface. The design of a hybrid nanofluid manifests the novelty of the work. The system of partial differential equations that are based on conservation principles of energy, momentum, and mass are transmuted to ordinary differential form. Numerical simulation is carried out on the Matlab platform by employing the Runge-Kutta approach along with a shooting tool. The influential parameters are varied to disclose the nature of physical quantities. The flow is accelerated with higher attributes of the modified Hartmann number, but it decelerates against the Weinberg number. The fluid's temperature rises with increment, in the concentration of nano-entities. The velocity for hybrid nanofluids is slower than that of mono nanofluids and the temperature distribution for hybrid nanofluids is greater than that of mono nanofluids. The fluid temperature increases with the concentration ϕ2 of AA7072.

Comparative Effects of Hydropriming and Iron Priming on Germination and Seedling Morphophysiological Attributes of Stay-Green Wheat.

Seed priming is considered to play an essential role in the overall improvement of agricultural crops. The current research work was carried out in order to investigate the comparative effects of hydropriming and iron priming on the germination behavior and morphophysiological attributes of wheat seedlings. The experimental materials consisted of three wheat genotypes including a synthetically derived wheat line (SD-194), stay-green wheat genotype (Chirya-7), and conventional wheat variety (Chakwal-50). The treatments included hydro (distilled and tap water)- and iron priming (10 and 50 mM) of wheat seeds for 12 h duration. Results indicated that both priming treatment and wheat genotypes exhibited highly different germination and seedling characteristics. These included germination percentage, root volume, root surface, root length, relative water content, chlorophyll content, membrane stability index, and chlorophyll fluorescence attributes. Furthermore, the synthetically derived line (SD-194) was the most promising in majority of the studied attributes by exhibiting a high germination index (2.21%), root fresh weight (7.76%), shoot dry weight (3.36%), relative water content (19.9%), chlorophyll content (7.58%), and photochemical quenching coefficient (2.58%) when compared with stay-green wheat (Chirya-7). The study also found that hydropriming with tap water and priming wheat seeds with low concentrations of iron yielded better results when a comparison was made with wheat seeds primed at high concentrations of iron. Therefore, wheat seed priming with tap water and iron solution for 12 h is recommended for optimum wheat improvement. Furthermore, current findings suggest that seed priming may have the prospect of an innovative and user-friendly approach for wheat biofortification with the aim of enhanced iron acquisition and accumulation in grains.

Molecular Characterization of Germin-like Protein Genes in Zea mays (ZmGLPs) Using Various In Silico Approaches.

Germin (GER) and germin-like proteins (GLPs) play an important role in various plant processes. Zea mays contains 26 germin-like protein genes (ZmGLPs) located on chromosomes 2, 4, and 10; most of which are functionally unexplored. The present study aimed to characterize all ZmGLPs using the latest computational tools. All of them were studied at a physicochemical, subcellular, structural, and functional level, and their expression was predicted in plant development, against biotic and abiotic stresses using various in silico approaches. Overall, ZmGLPs showed greater similarity in their physicochemical properties, domain architecture, and structure, mostly localized in the cytoplasmic or extracellular regions. Phylogenetically, they have a narrow genetic background with a recent history of gene duplication events on chromosome 4. Functional analysis revealed novel enzymatic activities of phosphoglycolate phosphatase, adenosylhomocysteinase, phosphoglycolate phosphatase-like, osmotin/thaumatin-like, and acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase largely mediated by disulfide bonding. Expression analysis revealed their crucial role in the root, root tips, crown root, elongation and maturation zones, radicle, and cortex with the highest expression being observed during germination and at the maturity levels. Further, ZmGLPs showed strong expression against biotic (Aspergillus flavus, Colletotrichum graminicola, Cercospora zeina, Fusarium verticillioides, and Fusarium virguliforme) while limited expression was noted against abiotic stresses. Concisely, our results provide a platform for additional functional exploration of the ZmGLP genes against various environmental stresses.

Fundamental Aspects of Skin Cancer Drugs via Degree-Based Chemical Bonding Topological Descriptors.

Due to significant advancements being made in the field of drug design, the use of topological descriptors remains the primary approach. When combined with QSPR models, descriptors illustrate a molecule's chemical properties numerically. Numbers relating to chemical composition topological indices are structures that link chemical composition to physical characteristics. This research concentrates on the analysis of curvilinear regression models and degree-based topological descriptors for thirteen skin cancer drugs. The physicochemical characteristics of the skin cancer drugs are examined while regression models are built for computed index values. An analysis is performed for several significant results based on the acquired data.

Impact of nanoparticles on vegetable oil as a cutting fluid with fractional ramped analysis.

Better electrical insulation and thermal properties of vegetable oil with nanoparticles are crucial for its uses as a replacement for conventional previous lubricants used in heavy and light industries for cutting and machining. In this study, a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a Brinkman-type nanofluid is used to investigate an infinite vertical plate with chemical reaction, heat radiation, and MHD flow. In order to improve the machining and cutting powers of regular vegetable oil, four distinct types of nanoparticles were selected to be the base fluid. The problem is modeled by coupled system partial differential equations (PDEs), and the results are generalized by the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional differential operator for the exponential non-singular kernel. In order to prepare nanofluids, four different types of nanoparticles, namely graphene oxide (GO), molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) are suspended separately in vegetable oil. The results of skin friction, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood number are computed in various tables. It is found that GO nanoparticles, (followed by MoS2, TiO2, and Al2O3) are the materials that can heat transfer at the maximum rate. The heat transfer rate for GO is found to be the greatest with an enhancement up to 19.83% when 4% of nanoparticles are dispersed, followed by molybdenum disulfide at 16.96%, titanium dioxide at 16.25%, and alumina at 15.80%.

Biochemical features and therapeutic potential of α-Mangostin: Mechanism of action, medicinal values, and health benefits.

α-Mangostin (α-MG) is a natural xanthone obtained from the pericarps of mangosteen. It exhibits excellent potential, including anti-cancer, neuroprotective, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, and induces apoptosis. α-MG controls cell proliferation by modulating signaling molecules, thus implicated in cancer therapy. It possesses incredible pharmacological features and modulates crucial cellular and molecular factors. Due to its lesser water solubility and pitiable target selectivity, α-MG has limited clinical application. As a known antioxidant, α-MG has gained significant attention from the scientific community, increasing interest in extensive technical and biomedical applications. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems were designed to improve the pharmacological features and efficiency of α-MG. This review is focused on recent developments on the therapeutic potential of α-MG in managing cancer and neurological diseases, with a special focus on its mechanism of action. In addition, we highlighted biochemical and pharmacological features, metabolism, functions, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects and pre-clinical applications of α-MG.

Energy transfer in Carreau Yasuda liquid influenced by engine oil with Magnetic dipole using tri-hybrid nanoparticles.

The aim of the current analysis is to evaluate the significances of magnetic dipole and heat transmission through ternary hybrid Carreau Yasuda nanoliquid flow across a vertical stretching sheet. The ternary compositions of Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 nanoparticles (nps) in the Carreau Yasuda fluid are used to prepare the ternary hybrid nanofluid (Thnf). The heat transfer and velocity are observed in context of heat source/sink and Darcy Forchhemier effect. Mathematically, the flow scenario has been expressed in form of the nonlinear system of PDEs for fluid velocity and energy propagation. The obtained set of PDEs are transform into ODEs through suitable replacements. The obtained dimensionless equations are computationally solved with the help of the parametric continuation method. It has been observed that the accumulation of Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2-nps to the engine oil, improves the energy and momentum profiles. Furthermore, as compared to nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid, ternary hybrid nanofluid have a greater tendency to boost the thermal energy transfer. The fluid velocity lowers with the outcome of the ferrohydrodynamic interaction term, while enhances with the inclusion of nano particulates (Al2O3, SiO2 and TiO2).

Energy transmission through carreau yasuda fluid influenced by ethylene glycol with activation energy and ternary hybrid nanocomposites by using a mathematical model.

The current study aims to assess the augmentation of energy transmission in the presence of magnetic dipole through trihybrid Carreau Yasuda nanofluid flow across a vertical sheet. The rheological properties and thermal conductivity of the based fluids are improved by framing an accurate combination of nanoparticles (NPs). The trihybrid nanofluid (Thnf) has been synthesized by the addition of ternary nanocomposites (MWCNTs, Zn, Cu) to the ethylene glycol. The energy and velocity conveyance has been observed in the context of the Darcy Forchhemier effect, chemical reaction, heat source/sink, and activation energy. The trihybrid nanofluid flow across a vertical sheet has been accurately calculated for velocity, concentration, and thermal energy in the form of a system of nonlinear PDEs. The set of PDEs is reduced to dimensionless ODEs by using suitable similarity replacements. The obtained set of non-dimensional differential equations is numerically computed through the Matlab package bvp4c. It has been perceived that the energy curve enhances by the influence of heat generation factor and viscous dissipation. It is also noted that the magnetic dipole has a momentous contribution to raising the transmission of thermal energy of trihybrid nanofluid and declines the velocity curve. The inclusion of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) nano particulates to the base fluid "ethylene glycol", augments the energy and velocity outlines.

Numerical analysis of magnetohydrodynamics Casson nanofluid flow with activation energy, Hall current and thermal radiation.

In this study we analyzed the flow, heat and mass transfer behavior of Casson nanofluid past an exponentially stretching surface under the impact of activation energy, Hall current, thermal radiation, heat source/sink, Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Transverse magnetic field with the assumption of small Reynolds number is implemented vertically. The governing partial nonlinear differential equations of the flow, heat and mass transfer are transformed into ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformation and solved numerically by using Matlab bvp4c package. The impact of each of the Hall current parameter, thermal radiation parameter, heat source/sink parameter, Brownian motion parameter, Prandtl number, thermophoresis parameter and magnetic parameter on velocity, concentration and temperature, is discussed through graphs. The skin friction coefficient along the x-and z-directions, the local Nusselt number and the Sherwood number are calculated numerically to look into the inside behavior of the emerging parameters. It is witnessed that the flow velocity is a diminishing function of the thermal radiation parameter and the behavior has observed in the case of Hall parameter. Moreover, mounting values of Brownian motion parameter reduce the nanoparticle concentration profile.

Mathematical analysis of nonlinear thermal radiation and nanoparticle aggregation on unsteady MHD flow of micropolar nanofluid over shrinking sheet.

Significance of study: Typical liquids aren't great for engineering because of their low heat conductivity. To enhance heat transfer capabilities in industries as diverse as computers, pharmaceuticals, and molten metals, researchers and scientists have developed nanofluids, which are composed of nanoparticles distributed in a base fluid. Aim of study: Mathematical modeling of micropolar C u - H 2 O nanofluid driven by a deformable sheet in the stagnation area with nanoparticle aggregation, thermal radiation, and the mass suction action has been investigated in this paper. In this case, copper ( C u ) nanoparticles make up the nanofluid. Method: ology: We have used suitable transformations to arrive at a system of nonlinear ODEs, which we then solve numerically in MATHEMATICA using Runge-Kutta methods of the fourth order coupled with shooting approaches. Findings: Tables and graphs are used to examine the effects of immersed flow and display profiles of physical parameters of interest. This includes velocities, temperatures, skin friction, and Nusselt numbers. The average heat transfer rate increased to 17 . 725 % as the volume percentage of copper nanoparticles in micropolar nanofluid increased from 0.0 to 0.01 . Additionally, the results showed that the local Nusselt number of the micropolar nanofluid increased along with an increase in the unsteady and radiation parameters. However, its value is reduced in an undeniable fashion if a material parameter is present. The impact of radiation on the aggregation of nanoparticles is compared and contrasted with the effects of a non-radiative scenario, and the resulting fluctuations in Nusselt numbers are provided in tables. When the results of this study were compared to data that had already been published about some cases, a lot of agreement was found.

Effect of thermal radiation on convective heat transfer in MHD boundary layer Carreau fluid with chemical reaction.

The temperature dependent thermophysical fluid properties have numerous aspects in different industries and engineering processes in which heat transmission is based on fluid flow. For such heat transmission processes, heat transmission system is highly fluctuated with variation of viscosity. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the transfer of heat in magnetized Carreau fluid with chemical reaction and under influence of thermal radiation over nonlinear stretching/shrinking surface. Additionally, we have incorporated variable heat dependent thermophysical properties to analyze the heat transfer in magnetized Carreau fluid. Set of flow governing non linear PDE's are obtained using Carreau fluid tensor and boundary layer approximation (BLA) theory. Dimensionless set of ODE's are obtained using suitable similarity transforms. Shooting method in conjunction with Newton's method have been utilized to solve the problem. It is noted that when stretching [Formula: see text] is significant with strictly increasing mass suction [Formula: see text] shear stress rate increase with minor levels and sharp increase has been observed in Nusselt number, whereas in shrinking case [Formula: see text] shear stress and heat transfer coefficient values are improved raising the value of [Formula: see text] mass suction. Further, raising the values of power law index [Formula: see text] produce reduced skin friction over stretching surface [Formula: see text] while skin friction dramatically enhance in shrinking case [Formula: see text]. It is observed that raising the non-linearity [Formula: see text] values for stretching or shrinking, skin friction and Nusselt number considerably improved. Moreover, computational outcomes of the study are validated with already published previous results and the results obtained in this study are found in good agreement.

Investigating regulated signaling pathways in therapeutic targeting of non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common malignancy worldwide. The signaling cascades are stimulated via genetic modifications in upstream signaling molecules, which affect apoptotic, proliferative, and differentiation pathways. Dysregulation of these signaling cascades causes cancer-initiating cell proliferation, cancer development, and drug resistance. Numerous efforts in the treatment of NSCLC have been undertaken in the past few decades, enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms of cancer development and moving forward to develop effective therapeutic approaches. Modifications of transcription factors and connected pathways are utilized to develop new treatment options for NSCLC. Developing designed inhibitors targeting specific cellular signaling pathways in tumor progression has been recommended for the therapeutic management of NSCLC. This comprehensive review provided deeper mechanistic insights into the molecular mechanism of action of various signaling molecules and their targeting in the clinical management of NSCLC.

Mathematical analysis of heat and mass transfer on unsteady stagnation point flow of Riga plate with binary chemical reaction and thermal radiation effects.

To aid in the prevention of reaction explosions, chemical engineers and scientists must analyze the Arrhenius kinetics and activation energies of chemical reactions involving binary chemical mixtures. Nanofluids with an Arrhenius kinetic are crucial for a broad variety of uses in the industrial sector, involving the manufacture of chemicals, thermoelectric sciences, biomedical devices, polymer extrusion, and the enhancement of thermal systems via technology. The goal of this study is to determine how the presence of thermal radiation influences heat and mass transfer during free convective unsteady stagnation point flow across extending/shrinking vertical Riga plate in the presence of a binary chemical reaction where the activation energy of the reaction is known in advance. For the purpose of obtaining numerical solutions to the mathematical model of the present issue the Runge-Kutta (RK-IV) with shooting technique in Mathematica was used. Heat and mass transfer processes, as well as interrupted flow phenomena, are characterized and explained by diagrams in the suggested suction variables along boundary surface in the stagnation point flow approaching a permeable stretching/shrinking Riga Plate. Graphs illustrated the effects of many other factors on temperature, velocity, concentration, Sherwood and Nusselt number as well as skin friction in detail. Velocity profile increased with Z , λ and S and decreased with ε . Increasing values of ε , λ and S decline the temperature profile. The concentration profile boosts up with Z , α and slow down with ε , S c , ß , δ and n 1 parameters. Skin friction profile increased with Z and S and decreased with ε . Nusselt number profile increased with S , Z , ε and radiation. Sherwood number profile shows upsurges with ε , Z , α , S c , ß , S and n 1 whereas slow down with δ . So that the verdicts could be confirmed, a study was done to compare the most recent research with the results that had already been published for a certain case. The outcomes demonstrated strong concordance between the two sets of results.

The Microstructure and Properties of Ni-Si-La2O3 Coatings Deposited on 304 Stainless Steel by Microwave Cladding.

In this investigation, microwave radiation was used alongside a combination of Ni powder, Si powder, and La2O3 (Lanthanum oxide) powder to create surface cladding on SS-304 steel. To complete the microwave cladding process, 900 W at 2.45 GHz was used for 120 s. "Response surface methodology (RSM)" was utilized to attain the optimal combination of microwave cladding process parameters. The surface hardness of the cladding samples was taken as a response. The optimal combination of microwave cladding process parameters was found to be Si (wt.%) of 19.28, a skin depth of 4.57 µm, irradiation time of 118 s, and La2O3 (wt.%) of 11 to achieve a surface hardness of 287.25 HV. Experimental surface hardness at the corresponding microwave-cladding-process parameters was found to be 279 HV. The hardness of SS-304 was improved by about 32.85% at the optimum combination of microwave cladding process parameters. The SEM and optical microscopic images showed the presence of Si, Ni, and La2O3 particles. SEM images of the "cladding layer and surface" showed the "uniform cladding layer" with "fewer dark pixels" (yielding higher homogeneity). Higher homogeneity reduced the dimensional deviation in the developed cladding surface. XRD of the cladded surface showed the presence of FeNi, Ni2Si, FeNi3, NiSi2, Ni3C, NiC, and La2O3 phases. The "wear rate and coefficient of friction" of the developed cladded surface with 69.72% Ni, 19.28% Si, and 11% La2O3 particles were found to be 0.00367 mm3/m and 0.312, respectively. "Few dark spots" were observed on the "corroded surface". These "dark spots" displayed "some corrosion (corrosion weight loss 0.49 mg)" in a "3.5 wt.% NaCl environment".

An Intelligent Logic-Based Mold Breakout Prediction System Algorithm for the Continuous Casting Process of Steel: A Novel Study.

Mold breakout is one of the significant problems in a continuous casting machine (caster). It represents one of the key areas within the steel production facilities of a steel plant. A breakout event on a caster will always cause safety hazards, high repair costs, loss of production, and shutdown of the caster for a short while. In this paper, a logic-judgment-based mold breakout prediction system has been developed for a continuous casting machine. This system developed new algorithms to detect the different sticker behaviors. With more algorithms running, each algorithm is more specialized in the other behaviors of stickers. This new logic-based breakout prediction system (BOPS) not only detects sticker breakouts but also detects breakouts that takes place due to variations in casting speed, mold level fluctuation, and taper/mold problems. This system also finds the exact location of the breakout in the mold and reduces the number of false alarms. The task of the system is to recognize a sticker and prevent a breakout. Moreover, the breakout prediction system uses an online thermal map of the mold for process visualization and assisting breakout prediction. This is done by alerting the operating staff or automatically reducing the cast speed according to the location of alarmed thermocouples, the type of steel, the tundish temperature, and the size of the cold slab width. By applying the proposed model in an actual steel plant, field application results show that it could timely detect all 13 breakouts with a detection ratio of 100%, and the frequency of false alarms was less than 0.056% times/heat. It has the additional advantage of not needing a lot of learning data, as most neural networks do. Thus, this new logical BOPS system should not only detect the sticker breakouts but also detect breakouts taking place due to variations in casting speed and mold level fluctuation.

Fuzzy Control Modeling to Optimize the Hardness and Geometry of Laser Cladded Fe-Based MG Single Track on Stainless Steel Substrate Prepared at Different Surface Roughness.

Metallic glass (MG) is a promising coating material developed to enhance the surface hardness of metallic substrates, with laser cladding having become popular to develop such coatings. MGs properties are affected by the laser cladding variables (laser power, scanning speed, spot size). Meanwhile, the substrate surface roughness significantly affects the geometry and hardness of the laser-cladded MG. In this research, Fe-based MG was laser-cladded on substrates with different surface roughness. For this purpose, the surfaces of the substrate were prepared for cladding using two methods: sandpaper polishing (SP) and sandblasting (SB), with two levels of grit size used for each method (SP150, SP240, SB40, SB100). The experiment showed that substrate surface roughness affected the geometry and hardness of laser-cladded Fe-based MG. To predict and optimize the geometry and hardness of laser-cladded Fe-based MG single tracks at different substrate surface roughness, a fuzzy logic control system (FLCS) was developed. The FLCS results indicate that it is an efficient tool to select the proper preparation technique of the substrate surface for higher clad hardness and maximum geometry to minimize the number of cladding tracks for full surface cladding.