Polycystic ovarian syndrome: signs and feedback effects of hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a disease whose diagnosis is based on the detection of hyperandrogenism (HA) and ovulatory dysfunction. Women with PCOS frequently develop insulin resistance (IR), which generates a metabolic condition that involves a decrease in the action of insulin at the cellular level and is linked to compensatory hyperinsulinemia (HI). In PCOS, the ovary remains sensitive to the action of insulin. Additionally, it has been observed that the main effect of insulin in the ovary is the stimulation of androgen synthesis, resulting in HA, one of the fundamental characteristics of the PCOS. In this sense, the excess of androgens favors the development of IR, thus perpetuating the cycle of IR-HI-HA, and therefore PCOS. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction is present in PCOS patients and is a common feature in both IR and HA. This review places electron transfer as a key element in HA and IR development, with emphasis on the relationship between androgen biosynthesis and mitochondrial function. Indeed, metformin has been involved in repair mitochondrial dysfunction, decrease of oxidative stress, reduction of androgens levels and the enhancing of insulin sensitivity. Therefore, we propose that treatment with metformin could decrease HI and consequently HA, restoring, at least in part, the metabolic and hormonal disorders of PCOS.

Efecto de antiparasitarios de uso común en granjas ovinas ubicadas en valledupar, cesar

Introducción: Las enfermedades parasitarias se encuentran entre las causas más frecuentes e importantes que ocasionan repercusiones sanitarias y económicas en las producciones ovinas del país. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de los antihelmínticos de uso común en parásitos gastrointestinales de granjas ovinas en Valledupar, Cesar. Métodos: Estudio realizado con 340 ovinos, divididos en 4 granjas (Control, Albendazol, Fenbendazol y Levamisol). Se seleccionaron ovinos con carga parasitaria moderada; se les aplicó tratamiento antihelmíntico y un muestreo postratamiento (15 días). Se evidenciaron los nematodos en estadío infectante (L3) mediante coprocultivo. Resultados: En los grupos tratados Febendazol, Albendazol y Levamisol se pudo obtener una efectividad de 44 %, 65 % y 84 %, con un límite inferior (95 %conf) de 60 %, 70 % y 86 %, respectivamente. No obstante, se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) en cada grupo y entre los grupos tratados. Se recuperaron larvas de Cooperia curticei, Haemonchus contortus, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus sp. y Ostertagia sp.

Introduction: Parasitic disease are the most important and frequent cause of sanitary and economic problems in the national sheep farms. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of anthelmintics commonly used in gastrointestinal parasites from sheep farms in Valledupar, Cesar. Method: The study was realized with 340 sheep, divided into 4 farms (control, albendazole, fenbendazole, and levamisole). Sheep with a moderate parasite load were selected and treatment with an-thelmintic, post-treatment sampling was applied (15 days). Nemato-des in the infective stage (L3) were evidenced by stool culture. Results: Groups treated with fenbendazole, albendazole and levamisole had an effectivity of 44%, 65% y 84% with an inferior limit (95% conf.) of 60%, 70%, and 86%, respectively. Nevertheless, significant differences were evidenced (p < 0,05) in each group and between the treated groups. Cooperia curticei, Haemonchus contortus, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus sp., and Ostertagia sp. larvae were found.

Efecto de antiparasitarios de uso común en granjas ovinas ubicadas en Valledupar, Cesar / Effect of commonly used antiparasitics in sheep farms located in Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia / Efeito de vermífugos comumente usados em fazendas de ovinos localizadas em Valledupar, Cesar

Introducción: Las enfermedades parasitarias se encuentran entre las causas más frecuentes e importantes que ocasionan repercusiones sanitarias y económicas en las producciones ovinas del país. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad de los antihelmínticos de uso común en parásitos gastrointestinales de granjas ovinas en Valledupar, Cesar. Métodos: Estudio realizado con 340 ovinos, divididos en 4 granjas (Control, Albendazol, Fenbendazol y Levamisol). Se seleccionó ovinos con carga parasitaria moderada; se les aplicó tratamiento antihelmíntico y un muestreo postratamiento (15 días). Se evidenciaron los nemátodos en estadío infectante (L3) mediante coprocultivo. Resultados: En los grupos tratados Febendazol, Albendazol y Levamisol se pudo obtener una efectividad de 44%, 65% y 84%, con un límite inferior (95%conf) de 60%, 70% y 86%, respectivamente. No obstante, se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (P<0,05) en cada grupo y entre los grupos tratados. Se recuperaron larvas de Cooperia curticei, Haemonchus contortus, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus sp. y Ostertagia sp.

Introduction: Parasitic diseases are among the most frequent and important causes that cause sanitary and economic repercussions in sheep productions in the country. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of commonly used anthelmintics on gastrointestinal parasites in sheep farms in Valledupar, Cesar. Methods: Study carried out with 340 sheep, divided into 4 farms (Control, Albendazole, Fenbendazole and Levamisole). Sheep with moderate parasitic load were selected; anthelmintic treatment and post-treatment sampling (15 days) were applied. Nematodes in the infective stage (L3) were evidenced by stool culture. Results: In the Febendazole, Albendazole and Levamisole treated groups, an effectiveness of 44%, 65% and 84% was obtained, with a lower limit (95% confidence interval) of 60%, 70% and 86%, respectively. However, significant differences (P<0.05) were evident within each group and between treated groups. Larvae of Cooperia curticei, Haemonchus contortus, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus sp. and Ostertagia sp. were recovered.

Introdução: As doenças parasitárias estão entre as causas mais freqüentes e importantes que causam repercussões sanitárias e econômicas na produção de ovinos no país. Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia de anti-helmínticos comumente utilizados sobre parasitas gastrointestinais em criações de ovinos em Valledupar, Cesar. Métodos: Estudo realizado com 340 ovinos, divididos em 4 fazendas (Controle, Albendazole, Fenbendazole e Levamisole). Foram selecionados ovinos com carga parasitária moderada; foi aplicado tratamento anti-helmíntico e amostragem pós-tratamento (15 dias). Os nemátodos em fase infecciosa (L3) foram detectados por cultura de fezes. Resultados: Nos grupos tratados com Febendazol, Albendazol e Levamisole, foi possível obter uma eficácia de 44%, 65% e 84%, com um limite inferior (intervalo de confiança de 95%) de 60%, 70% e 86%, respetivamente. No entanto, foram evidentes diferenças significativas (P<0,05) dentro de cada grupo e entre os grupos tratados. Foram recuperadas larvas de Cooperia curticei, Haemonchus contortus, Strongyloides papillosus, Trichostrongylus sp. e Ostertagia sp.