Shear-wave elastography and immunohistochemical profiles in invasive breast cancer: evaluation of maximum and mean elasticity values.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlations of maximum stiffness (Emax) and mean stiffness (Emean) of invasive carcinomas on shear-wave elastography (SWE) with St. Gallen consensus tumor phenotypes. METHODS: We used an ultrasound system with SWE capabilities to prospectively study 190 women with 216 histologically confirmed invasive breast cancers. We obtained one elastogram for each lesion. We correlated Emax and Emean with tumor size, histologic type and grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors, HER2 expression, the Ki67 proliferation index, and the five St. Gallen molecular subtypes: luminal A, luminal B without HER2 overexpression (luminal B HER2-), luminal B with HER2 overexpression (luminal B HER2+), HER2, and triple negative. RESULTS: Lesions larger than 20 mm had significantly higher Emax (148.04 kPa) and Emean (118.32 kPa) (P=0.005) than smaller lesions. We found no statistically significant correlations between elasticity parameters and histologic type and grade or molecular subtypes, although tumors with HER2 overexpression regardless whether they expressed hormone receptors (luminal B HER2+ and HER2 phenotypes) and triple-negative tumors had lower Emax and Emean than the others. We assessed the B-mode ultrasound findings of the lesions with some of the Emax or Emean values less than or equal to 80 kPa; only four of these had ultrasound findings suggestive of a benign lesion (two with luminal A phenotype and two with HER2 phenotype). CONCLUSIONS: We were unable to demonstrate statistically significant differences among the subtypes of invasive tumors, although there appears to be a trend toward lower Emax and Emean in the aggressive phenotypes.

The great mimicker: fat necrosis of the breast--magnetic resonance mammography approach.

Fat necrosis of the breast is a common benign inflammatory process resulting from injury to breast fat. The pathogenesis of fat necrosis helps to explain its imaging features, which range from benign to malignant-appearing findings. This article reviews the role of magnetic resonance mammography and other conventional imaging techniques in the differential diagnosis of fat necrosis.

Can ultrasound help to define orthopedic surgical complications?

This article aims to describe and illustrate the usefulness of ultrasound in detecting complications of orthopedic implants, metal fixation devices, and other surgical material, with an emphasis on soft-tissue pathology.