Latin American Consensus on the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is well known as a serious health problem worldwide, especially in low-income countries or those with limited resources, such as most countries in Latin America. International guidelines cannot always be applied to a population from a large region with specific conditions. This study established a Latin American guideline for care of patients with head and neck cancer and presented evidence of HNSCC management considering availability and oncologic benefit. A panel composed of 41 head and neck cancer experts systematically worked according to a modified Delphi process on (1) document compilation of evidence-based answers to different questions contextualized by resource availability and oncologic benefit regarding Latin America (region of limited resources and/or without access to all necessary health care system infrastructure), (2) revision of the answers and the classification of levels of evidence and degrees of recommendations of all recommendations, (3) validation of the consensus through two rounds of online surveys, and (4) manuscript composition. The consensus consists of 12 sections: Head and neck cancer staging, Histopathologic evaluation of head and neck cancer, Head and neck surgery-oral cavity, Clinical oncology-oral cavity, Head and neck surgery-oropharynx, Clinical oncology-oropharynx, Head and neck surgery-larynx, Head and neck surgery-larynx/hypopharynx, Clinical oncology-larynx/hypopharynx, Clinical oncology-recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer, Head and neck surgery-reconstruction and rehabilitation, and Radiation therapy. The present consensus established 48 recommendations on HNSCC patient care considering the availability of resources and focusing on oncologic benefit. These recommendations could also be used to formulate strategies in other regions like Latin America countries.

Clinical and angiographic assessment of the culotte technique for the treatment of complex coronary bifurcation lesions / Valoración clínica y angiográfica de la técnica de culotte para el tratamiento de lesiones complejas en bifurcaciones coronarias

Abstract Introduction: The current standard treatment for bifurcation lesions is the provisional stent technique, by implanting only one stent in the main branch; however, in certain cases, the use of more complex techniques that require double stenting should be considered. Objective: To perform a clinical and angiographic assessment of patients with true bifurcation lesions treated with the two-stent culotte technique. Materials and methods: A prospective study was done, which included patients diagnosed with significant obstructive coronary artery disease in bifurcation areas, who were candidates for angioplasty with culotte technique. The study included 44 patients with proved diagnosis of coronary bifurcation lesions; 66% of the treated bifurcation lesions compromised the anterior descending artery and the diagonal branch and 27%, the circumflex artery with the marginal branch. It was found that 68% of the cases had Medina 1,1,1 lesions and 23% had Medina 0,1,1 lesions. Six months later, it was found that 12.5% of the patients followed up by angiography had in-stent restenosis (ISR) > 50% that involved at least one of the bifurcation areas. In 9% of these patients, the ISR was at the origin of the side branch only, and in 3%, the ISR was confined to the distal segment of the main branch stent. Conclusion: The use of the culotte technique with two new-generation stents to treat complex coronary bifurcation lesions is an effective option and does not increase the risk of complications during the procedure nor the risk of the appearance of ISR.

Resumen Introducción: El tratamiento estándar actual para las lesiones en bifurcaciones es la técnica de stent provisional, implantando solo un stent en la rama principal, sin embargo, en ciertos casos, se debería considerar el uso de técnicas más complejas que requieren de doble stent. Objetivo: Realizar una evaluación clínica y angiográfica de pacientes con verdaderas lesiones en bifurcaciones tratados con la técnica culotte de doble stent. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo que incluyó pacientes diagnosticados con enfermedad obstructiva significativa de arterias coronarias en bifurcaciones, quienes eran candidatos a angioplastia con la técnica culotte. El estudio incluyó 44 pacientes con un diagnóstico comprobado de lesiones coronarias en bifurcaciones; el 66% de las lesiones en bifurcaciones tratadas comprometían la arteria descendente anterior y la rama diagonal, y el 27% la arteria circunfleja con la rama marginal. Se encontró que el 68% de los casos tenían lesiones Medina 1,1,1 y el 23% tenían lesiones Medina 0,1,1. A los seis meses, se encontró que el 12,5% de los pacientes en seguimiento con angiografía presentaban reestenosis intrastent (RIS) mayor al 50%, que comprometía al menos una de las áreas de bifurcación. En el 9% de estos pacientes, la RIS se ubicaba únicamente en el origen de la rama lateral, y en el 3%, la RIS se restringió al segmento distal del stent de la rama principal. Conclusiones: El uso de la técnica culotte empleando dos stents de nueva generación es una opción efectiva para tratar las lesiones complejas en bifurcaciones coronarias, y no aumenta el riesgo de complicaciones durante el procedimiento ni el riesgo de la aparición de reestenosis intrastent.

Feeding intact proteins, peptides, or free amino acids to monogastric farm animals.

For terrestrial farm animals, intact protein sources like soybean meal have been the main ingredients providing the required amino acids (AA) to sustain life. However, in recent years, the availability of hydrolysed protein sources and free AA has led to the use of other forms of AA to feed farm animals. The advent of using these new forms is especially important to reduce the negative environmental impacts of animal production because these new forms allow reducing the dietary crude protein content and provide more digestible materials. However, the form in which dietary AA are provided can have an effect on the dynamics of nutrient availability for protein deposition and tissue growth including the efficiency of nutrient utilization. In this literature review, the use of different forms of AA in animal diets is explored, and their differences in digestion and absorption rates are focused on. These differences affect the postprandial plasma appearance of AA, which can have metabolic consequences, like greater insulin response when free AA or hydrolysates instead of intact proteins are fed, which can have a profound effect on metabolism and growth performance. Nevertheless, the use and application of the different AA forms in animal diets are important to achieve a more sustainable and efficient animal production system in the future, as they allow for a more precise diet formulation and reduced negative environmental impact. It is, therefore, important to differentiate the physiological and metabolic effects of different forms of AA to maximize their nutritional value in animal diets.

Tunable magnetothermal properties of cobalt-doped magnetite-carboxymethylcellulose ferrofluids: smart nanoplatforms for potential magnetic hyperthermia applications in cancer therapy.

Magnetite nanoparticles are one of the most promising ferrofluids for hyperthermia applications due to the combination of unique physicochemical and magnetic properties. In this study, we designed and produced superparamagnetic ferrofluids composed of magnetite (Fe3O4, MION) and cobalt-doped magnetite (Co x -MION, x = 3, 5, and 10% mol of cobalt) nanoconjugates through an eco-friendly aqueous method using carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as the biocompatible macromolecular ligand. The effect of the gradual increase of cobalt content in Fe3O4 nanocolloids was investigated in-depth using XRD, XRF, XPS, FTIR, DLS, zeta potential, EMR, and VSM analyses. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of these nanoconjugates and their ability to cause cancer cell death through heat induction were evaluated by MTT assays in vitro. The results demonstrated that the progressive substitution of Co in the magnetite host material significantly affected the magnetic anisotropy properties of the ferrofluids. Therefore, Co-doped ferrite (Co x Fe(3-x)O4) nanoconjugates enhanced the cell-killing activities in magnetic hyperthermia experiments under alternating magnetic field performed with human brain cancer cells (U87). On the other hand, the Co-doping process retained the pristine inverse spinel crystalline structure of MIONs, and it has not significantly altered the average nanoparticle size (ca.∼7.1 ± 1.6 nm). Thus, the incorporation of cobalt into magnetite-polymer nanostructures may constitute a smart strategy for tuning their magnetothermal capability towards cancer therapy by heat generation.

Global and Site-Specific Effect of Phosphorylation on Protein Turnover.

To date, the effects of specific modification types and sites on protein lifetime have not been systematically illustrated. Here, we describe a proteomic method, DeltaSILAC, to quantitatively assess the impact of site-specific phosphorylation on the turnover of thousands of proteins in live cells. Based on the accurate and reproducible mass spectrometry-based method, a pulse labeling approach using stable isotope-labeled amino acids in cells (pSILAC), phosphoproteomics, and a unique peptide-level matching strategy, our DeltaSILAC profiling revealed a global, unexpected delaying effect of many phosphosites on protein turnover. We further found that phosphorylated sites accelerating protein turnover are functionally selected for cell fitness, enriched in Cyclin-dependent kinase substrates, and evolutionarily conserved, whereas the glutamic acids surrounding phosphosites significantly delay protein turnover. Our method represents a generalizable approach and provides a rich resource for prioritizing the effects of phosphorylation sites on protein lifetime in the context of cell signaling and disease biology.

Pathological changes are associated with shifts in the employment of synonymous codons at the transcriptome level.

BACKGROUND: The usage of different synonymous codons reflects the genome organization and has been connected to parameters such as mRNA abundance and protein folding. It is also been established that mutations targeting specific synonymous codons can trigger disease. RESULTS: We performed a systematic meta-analysis of transcriptome results from 75 datasets representing 40 pathologies. We found that a subset of codons was preferentially employed in abundant transcripts, while other codons were preferentially found in low-abundance transcripts. By comparing control and pathological transcriptomes, we observed a shift in the employment of synonymous codons for every analyzed disease. For example, cancerous tissue employed preferentially A- or U-ending codons, shifting from G- or C-ending codons, which were preferred by control tissues. This analysis was able to discriminate patients and controls with high specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Here we show that the employment of specific synonymous codons, quantified at the whole transcriptome level, changes profoundly in many diseases. We propose that the changes in codon employment offer a novel perspective for disease studies, and could be used to design new diagnostic tools.

Synthesis and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles/carboxymethyl cellulose core-shell nanohybrids for killing cancer cells in vitro.

Novel core-shell superparamagnetic nanofluids composed of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4, MION) and cobalt-doped (CoxFe3-xO4, Co-MION) nanoparticles functionalized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) ligands were designed and produced via green colloidal aqueous process. The effect of the degree of substitution (DS = 0.7 and 1.2) and molecular mass (Mw) of CMC and cobalt doping concentration on the physicochemical and magnetic properties of these nanoconjugates were comprehensively investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential (ZP) analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The results demonstrated the effect of concentration of carboxylate groups and Mw of CMC on the hydrodynamic dimension, zeta potential, and generated heat by magnetic hyperthermia of MION nanoconjugates. Co-doping of MION showed significant alteration of the electrostatic balance of charges of the nanoconjugates interpreted as effect of surface interactions. Moreover, the VSM and EPR results proved the superparamagnetic properties of these nanocolloids, which were affected by the presence of CMC and Co-doping of iron oxide nanoparticles. These magnetic nanohybrids behaved as nanoheaters for killing brain cancer cells in vitro with prospective future applications in oncology and nanomedicine.

BCAS1 expression defines a population of early myelinating oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions.

Investigations into brain function and disease depend on the precise classification of neural cell types. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage differ greatly in their morphology, but accurate identification has thus far only been possible for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes in humans. We find that breast carcinoma amplified sequence 1 (BCAS1) expression identifies an oligodendroglial subpopulation in the mouse and human brain. These cells are newly formed, myelinating oligodendrocytes that segregate from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and mature oligodendrocytes and mark regions of active myelin formation in development and in the adult. We find that BCAS1+ oligodendrocytes are restricted to the fetal and early postnatal human white matter but remain in the cortical gray matter until old age. BCAS1+ oligodendrocytes are reformed after experimental demyelination and found in a proportion of chronic white matter lesions of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) even in a subset of patients with advanced disease. Our work identifies a means to map ongoing myelin formation in health and disease and presents a potential cellular target for remyelination therapies in MS.

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8) expression associated with cell survival and death in cancer cell lines infected with canine distemper virus.

Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel strategy for treatment of cancer in humans and companion animals as well. Canine distemper virus (CDV), a paramyxovirus, has proven to be oncolytic through induction of apoptosis in canine-derived tumour cells, yet the mechanism behind this inhibitory action is poorly understood. In this study, three human mammary tumour cell lines and one canine-derived adenofibrosarcoma cell line were tested regarding to their susceptibility to CDV infection, cell proliferation, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential and expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8). CDV replication-induced cytopathic effect, decrease of cell proliferation rates, and >45% of infected cells were considered death and/or under late apoptosis/necrosis. TNFAIP8 and CDVM gene expression were positively correlated in all cell lines. In addition, mitochondrial membrane depolarization was associated with increase in virus titres (p < 0.005). Thus, these results strongly suggest that both human and canine mammary tumour cells are potential candidates for studies concerning CDV-induced cancer therapy.

Biochemical markers of bone metabolism during early orthodontic tooth movement with aligners.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteopontin (OPN), interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß), and transforming growth factor ß1 (TGF-ß1) in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of teeth subjected to orthodontic forces released by aligners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 10 healthy, adult patients were selected to participate in this split-mouth study. The treatment plan was designed to obtain only one movement with the first aligner: distalization of a second molar. GCF samples were obtained from pressure and tension sites of the test tooth and from the mesiobuccal and distobuccal sites of the control tooth. The GCF sample volumes were measured using a Periotron 8000. Levels of TGF-ß, IL-1ß, RANKL, OPG, and OPN were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: IL-1ß showed a significant increase at the pressure sites after 1 week and 3 weeks with respect to baseline (P < .05) compared with control sites. The kinetics of TGF-1ß and OPN were characterized by a significant increase at the tension sites of the test teeth (P < .05) after 3 weeks from the application of orthodontic force. The RANKL level was significantly increased at pressure and tension sites after 1 hour and after 1 week from the application of the orthodontic forces (P = .023 and P = .043, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: An increased concentration of bone modeling and remodeling mediators at the pressure sites (IL-1ß, RANKL) and tension sites (TGF-1ß, OPN) was observed. These scenarios are compatible with previous in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the biological effects of orthodontic tooth movement.

Cadherins as regulators of neuronal polarity.

A compelling amount of data is accumulating about the polyphonic role of neuronal cadherins during brain development throughout all developmental stages, starting from the involvement of cadherins in the organization of neurulation up to synapse development and plasticity. Recent work has confirmed that specifically N-cadherins play an important role in asymmetrical cellular processes in developing neurons that are at the basis of polarity. In this review we will summarize recent data, which demonstrate how N-cadherin orchestrates distinct processes of polarity establishment in neurons.

99Tc NMR as a promising technique for structural investigation of biomolecules: theoretical studies on the solvent and thermal effects of phenylbenzothiazole complex.

The phenylbenzothiazole compounds show antitumor properties and are highly selective. In this paper, the (99)Tc chemical shifts based on the ((99m)Tc)(CO)3 (NNO) complex conjugated to the antitumor agent 2-(4'-aminophenyl)benzothiazole are reported. Thermal and solvent effects were studied computationally by quantum-chemical methods, using the density functional theory (DFT) (DFT level BPW91/aug-cc-pVTZ for the Tc and BPW91/IGLO-II for the other atoms) to compute the NMR parameters for the complex. We have calculated the (99)Tc NMR chemical shifts of the complex in gas phase and solution using different solvation models (polarizable continuum model and explicit solvation). To evaluate the thermal effect, molecular dynamics simulations were carried, using the atom-centered density matrix propagation method at the DFT level (BP86/LanL2dz). The results highlight that the (99)Tc NMR spectroscopy can be a promising technique for structural investigation of biomolecules, at the molecular level, in different environments.

Naringin accelerates the regression of pre-neoplastic lesions and the colorectal structural reorganization in a murine model of chemical carcinogenesis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Naringin on pre-neoplastic colorectal lesions induced by chemical carcinogen in rats. Female Wistar rats weighing 130.8±27.1 g received weekly one subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 20 mg/kg) for 10 weeks. The animals were divided into 5 groups with 6 animals in each group. Group 1: 0.9% saline; Group 2: DMH+0.9% saline; Group 3: DMH+Naringin (10 mg/kg); Group 4: DMH+Naringin (100 mg/kg); Group 5: DMH+Naringin (200 mg/kg). G2 and G3 showed a significant increase in ACF number, AgNOR/nucleus and mitosis compared to G1. G4 and G5 presented a significant reduction in these parameters compared to G2. The number of cells producing acidic and neutral mucins, red blood cells and the level of antioxidant minerals, such as copper, magnesium, selenium and zinc, were significantly reduced in G2 and G3, but similar in G4 and G5 compared to G1. Naringin, especially at 200 mg/kg, was effective in reducing the number of pre-neoplastic lesions in rats exposed to DMH. Some of these effects may be due to reduction in cellular proliferation and tissue levels of iron together with the recovery of antioxidant mineral levels induced by this flavonoid.

The submarine volcano eruption at the island of El Hierro: physical-chemical perturbation and biological response.

On October 10 2011 an underwater eruption gave rise to a novel shallow submarine volcano south of the island of El Hierro, Canary Islands, Spain. During the eruption large quantities of mantle-derived gases, solutes and heat were released into the surrounding waters. In order to monitor the impact of the eruption on the marine ecosystem, periodic multidisciplinary cruises were carried out. Here, we present an initial report of the extreme physical-chemical perturbations caused by this event, comprising thermal changes, water acidification, deoxygenation and metal-enrichment, which resulted in significant alterations to the activity and composition of local plankton communities. Our findings highlight the potential role of this eruptive process as a natural ecosystem-scale experiment for the study of extreme effects of global change stressors on marine environments.

Role of calcineurin in nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization.

Calcineurin is a serine/threonine phosphatase that contributes to the effects of nicotine on calcium signaling in cultured cortical neurons; however, the role of calcineurin in behavioral responses to nicotine in vivo has not been examined. We therefore determined whether calcineurin blockade could alter nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization in Sprague Dawley rats using systemic or brain region-specific administration of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine or FK506. Systemic cyclosporine administration decreased calcineurin activity in the brain, attenuated nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization, and blocked the effects of nicotine on DARPP32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein-32) activation in the striatum. Direct infusion of calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine or FK506 into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) also attenuated nicotine-mediated locomotor sensitization, whereas infusion of rapamycin, which binds to FK-binding protein but does not inhibit calcineurin, did not affect sensitization. Together, the data suggest that activation of calcineurin, particularly in the VTA, is a novel signaling event important for nicotine-mediated behavior and intracellular signaling.

La radiología del colon por enema en el siglo XXI / Radiology of barium enema in the XXI century

Antecedentes: En los últimos años se ha introducido nuevos métodos para el estudio del colon. Objetivo: Analizar las distintas alternativas actuales para el diagnóstico de la patología colónica y el rol que el colon por enema (CxE) tiene en la actualidad, comparado con la videocolonoscopía (VCC), la colonoscopía virtual (CV) y la tomografía computada (TC). Material y métodos: Análisis de distintas series de la literatura que evalúan el papel de los diferentes métodos de estudio del colon. Resultados: Como estudio de catastro, la VCC y la CV fueron superiores en el diagnóstico de adenomas comparados con el CxE, que demostró una sensibilidad de alrededor del 50 por ciento según el tamaño de las lesiones con respecto a la VCC. Para pacientes sintomáticos, los resultados fueron similares. En pacientes ancianos, la TC mostró una sensibilidad comparable al CxE, no mostró el 2 por ciento de las lesiones radiológicas, sin las limitaciones de la preparación y la posibilidad de diagnóstico extracolónico. El CxE tiene utilidad en la colonoscopía incompleta pero compitiendo con la CV que tiene superior sensibilidad (50 contra 89 por ciento). Tiene mejor sensibilidad que la VCC en enfermedad diverticular (42 contra 18 casos), pero en patología asociada en colon sigmoideo, la sensibilidad es del 32 al 49 por ciento según el tamaño de las lesiones. La radiología aventaja a la VCC y CV en costo, siendo un 75 por ciento más económica. En series consultadas la indicación de CxE se ha reducido un 30 por ciento en los últimos 5 años. Conclusiones: El CxE tiene limitadas sus indicaciones en la actualidad y su utilización ha disminuido, siendo su futuro de indicación más restringida por el desarrollo y difusión de la VCC, el mejoramiento de la TC y el desarrollo de nuevos procedimientos como la CV.

Background: New methods to study the colon have been introduced in recent years. Objective: To assess current different alternatives to study colonic diseases, and the barium enema (BE) role compared to videocolonoscopy (VCO), virtual colonoscopy (VC), and computed tomography (CT). Material and methods: Analysis of different series of the bibliography that evaluate the various methods of colon study. Results: In the screening studies, the VCO and the VC were superior for the diagnosis of adenomas compared with BE which demostrated a sensitivity of around 50 per cent, according to polyp size, with respect to the VCO. For symptomatic patients, the results were similar. In elderly patients, the CT showed a comparable sensitivity with BE, did not show 2 per cent of the radiological injuries, but without the limitations of the preparation and the possibility of extracolonic diagnosis. BE is useful in incomplete colonoscopy, however, compete with VC, which has superior sensitivity (50 vs. 89 per cent). BE has better sensitivity than VCO in diverticular disease (42 vs. 18 cases), but in associated in sigmoid colon pathology, sensitivity is 32 to 49 per cent according to the size of the polyps. Radiology surpasses VCO and VC in cost, being 75 per cent less expensive. According to reviewed series, the indication of BE has been reduced by 30 per cent in the last 5 years. Conclusions: currently, BE has limited indications, which will be more restricted in the future due to the development and diffusion of VCO, the improvement of the CT and the development of new procedures, such as the VC.

Heridas de bala en colon y recto. Experiencia en el Servicio de Emergencia de un Hospital General de Agudos en el Gran Buenos Aires / Gunshot wounds in colon and rectum. Experience in the Emergency Service of an Acute General Hospital in Gran Buenos Aires

Introducción: La incidencia y la gravedad de las lesiones por proyectiles de armas de fuego (PAF) aumentaron considerablemente en los últimos años, con mayor impacto en las edades tempranas, siendo esta tendencia mundial. Pacientes y métodos: Estudiar los pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital por PAF y compararlo con otras series. Diseño: retrospectivo. Población: 598 pacientes entre junio 1997 y junio 2004. Se considera: incidencia, sexo, edad, áreas de impacto, con un análisis especial en las lesiones de colón y recto, estudiando: topografía de las lesiones, asociación con otros órganos, estrategia terapéutica y morbimortalidad. Resultados: Total de pacientes 598, masculino: 513 (85,7 por ciento), femenino: 85 (14,3 por ciento). Edad promedio: 32,56 años, rango de 10 a 85. Areas de impacto: tronco 168 (28,08 por ciento), miembros: superiores 8 (14,04 por ciento), inferiores 334 (55,85 por ciento), compromiso colorrectal 29 (20 por ciento de las abdominales). Topografia: ciego 2 pacientes (6,8 por ciento), colon ascendente 1 (3,4 por ciento), ángulo hepático 2 (6,8 por ciento), transverso 4 (13,7 por ciento), ángulo esplénico 1 (3,4 por ciento), descendente 6 (20,6 por ciento), sigmoides 6 (20,6 por ciento) y recto 7 (24 por ciento). Órganos asociados: mesenterio e intestino delgado 8 pacientes, epiplón mayor 6, estómago 4, hígado 3, bazo 2, páncreas 2, vena ilíaca 3; arteria ilíaca 2, arteria aorta 1. Tratamientos realizados: cecostomía 2 pacientes, colostomía sobre varilla 9, exteriorización y cierre primario 4, operación tipo Lahey 4, operación tipo Hartmann 7, resección y anastomosis 3 y drenaje presacro 4 pacientes. Complicaciones: absceso de pared 8 pacientes (27,5 por ciento), peritonitis 4 (13,7 por ciento), evisceración 2 (6,8 por ciento), hemorragia 2 (6,8 por ciento), metabólicos 4 (13,7 por ciento). Mortalidad 2 pacientes. Discusión: en nuestra serie, 1 de cada 1200 admisiones en el servicio de emergencia correspondió a PAF, la mayoría, 69,89

Perda de seguimento de cães submetidos à facectomia extra-capsular. análise do perfil dos proprietários

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Calcificação do tendão do músculo supra-espinhoso em cão da raça Rottweiler

O artigo não apresenta resumo.