Early response of Solanum nigrum L. to Lumax and castor oil combination in relation to antioxidant activity, osmolyte concentration and chlorophyll a fluorescence.

Solanum nigrum L. (Black nightshade), is one of the most troublesome weeds of summer crops such as corn, soybean, sunflower, etc. To study the effect of combined Castor oil as an adjuvant with different doses of Lumax (Mesotrion + S-metolacholor + Terbuthylazine) on the physiological behavior of Solanum nigrum L., a greenhouse experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with four replications in agricultural faculty of the University of Tabriz in 2021. A foliar application of Lumax increased proline, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide concentrations and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase activity. The content of protein and photosynthetic pigments (Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) also decreased significantly by using Lumax herbicide. Applying castor oil in combination with Lumax intensifies oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Results showed that by increasing the herbicide doses in comparison with control (non-herbicide), Area, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, Fv/F0, Sm, Sm/Tfm, and Fv/F0 decreased 48.32%, 19.52%, 27.95%, 10.47%, 50.90%, 28.34%, 79.38%, and 50.90%, respectively and F0, F0/Fm increased 46.76% and 82.38%, respectively. Castor oil showed a synergistic effect on Lumax herbicide and enhanced its efficacy on Solanum nigrum. The presented results supported the view that by evaluating chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, we would realize herbicide (alone or mixed with any adjacent) efficacy before the visual symptoms appear in the plant.

Comparison of opponensplasty techniques in isolated low median nerve palsy.

BACKGROUND: Thumb opposition is a critical operation of thumb. Median nerve palsy interferes with a large number of ordinary activities such as opposition. Opponensplasty for low median nerve injury is performed with various techniques. The purpose of this study is to compare tendon transfer techniques of Riordan and Burckhalter. METHODS: This study was a clinical trial performed on 120 patients who underwent Opponensplasty. Patients with traumatic low nerve palsy were divided into two equal groups of Riordan and Burckhalter operation. Demographic information, functional status, Kapandji score, and Pulp pinching method were recorded and compared for all patients 3 months and 8 months after surgery. FINDINGS: Performance status, Kapandji score and Pulp pinching tests showed significant improvements in both groups after surgeries. The changes in pressure between the thumb and fifth finger were significantly greater in the Burckhalter method compared with Riordan method (P<0.05). The incidence of complications was significantly higher in the Riordan group (P=0.01). CONCLUSION: According to the present study, there was no differences between Burckhalter and Riordan methods in terms of opposition recovery, although Burckhalter's opponensplasty had better therapeutic results. Postoperative complications were also less in the Burckhalter method.