Renocardiac Effects of p-Cresyl Sulfate Administration in Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Unilateral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury In Vivo.

The precise mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular complications due to acute kidney injury (AKI) and the retention of uremic toxins like p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) remain incompletely understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate the renocardiac effects of PCS administration in animals subjected to AKI induced by ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL6 mice were subjected to distinct protocols: (i) administration with PCS (20, 40, or 60 mg/L/day) for 15 days and (ii) AKI due to unilateral IR injury associated with PCS administration for 15 days. The 20 mg/L dose of PCS led to a decrease in renal mass, an increase in the gene expression of Cystatin C and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), and a decrease in the α-actin in the heart. During AKI, PCS increased the renal injury biomarkers compared to control; however, it did not exacerbate these markers. Furthermore, PCS did not enhance the cardiac hypertrophy observed after 15 days of IR. An increase, but not potentialized, in the cardiac levels of interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-6 in the IR group treated with PCS, as well as in the injured kidney, was also noticed. In short, PCS administration did not intensify kidney injury, inflammation, and cardiac outcomes after AKI.

Efeito de três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade no torque e potência muscular de membros inferiores / Three-week effect of stretching training on lower limb torque and muscle power

RESUMO A investigação das possíveis influências entre o treinamento de flexibilidade e o desempenho de força muscular pode contribuir para a compreensão do treinamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar o efeito de três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade no torque e potência muscular. Dez adultos, divididos em Grupo Alongamento (GA, N=5) e Controle (GC, N=5) foram avaliados antes e após a intervenção. A intervenção foi realizada pelo GA e consistiu em um protocolo de alongamento estático passivo para os músculos posteriores da coxa, realizados em três por semana e durante três semanas. O torque e potência da extensão e flexão dos joelhos foram avaliados utilizando dinamômetro isocinético em três velocidades (60, 180 e 360º/s). A amplitude de movimento (ADM) foi avaliada pelo teste de sentar e alcançar. Houve incremento de ADM (pré: 23,0±5,6cm; pós: 30,1±6,58cm; p=0,033) do GA, mas não foram observadas diferenças entre e intra-grupos para as demais variáveis (p>0,05). Houveram correlações da ADM apenas para o torque da flexão (r=0,664; p=0,036) e potência da extensão (r=0,638; p=0,047) do joelho esquerdo a 60º/s. Conclui-se que três semanas de treinamento de flexibilidade com método estático passivo promoveu ganhos significativos de ADM, mas não possibilitou incrementos de torque e potência.

ABSTRACT Investigation about influences between stretching training and muscle strength performance can contribute to the understanding of training. The aim of the present study was to verify the effect of three weeks of stretching training on muscle torque and power. Ten adults, divided into Stretching Group (GA, N = 5) and Control Group (CG, N = 5) were evaluated pre and post intervention. The intervention was performed by GA and consisted of a passive static stretching protocol for the posterior thigh muscles, performed three times a week and during three weeks. The torque and power of the knee extension and flexion were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer at three speeds (60, 180 and 360º/s). Range of motion (ROM) was assessed using the sit and reach test. There was an increase in ROM (pre: 23.0 ± 5.6 cm; post: 30.1 ± 6.58 cm; p = 0.033) of GA, but there were no differences between and within groups for the other variables (p> 0.05). There were correlations of the ROM only for the flexion torque (r = 0.664; p = 0.036) and power of the extension (r = 0.638; p = 0.047) of the left knee at 60º/s. It was concluded that three weeks of static stretching training promoted significant gains in ROM, but did not allow increases in torque and power.