Combined with interventional therapy, immunotherapy can create a new outlook for tumor treatment.

Recent progress in immunotherapy provides hope of a complete cure to cancer patients. However, recent studies have reported that only a limited number of cancer patients with a specific immune status, known as "cold tumor", can benefit from a single immune agent. Although the combination of immune agents with different mechanisms can partially increase the low response rate and improve efficacy, it can also result in more side effects. Therefore, discovering therapies that can improve tumors' response rate to immunotherapy without increasing toxicity for patients is urgently needed. Tumor interventional therapy is promising. It mainly includes transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, ablation, radioactive particle internal irradiation, and photodynamic interventional therapy based on a luminal stent. Interventional therapy can directly kill tumor cells by targeted drug delivery in situ, thus reducing drug dosage and systemic toxicity like cytokine release syndrome. More importantly, interventional therapy can regulate the immune system through numerous mechanisms, making it a suitable choice for immunotherapy to combine with. In this review, we provide a brief description of immunotherapies (and their side effects) on tumors of different immune types and preliminarily elaborate on interventional therapy mechanisms to improve immune efficacy. We also discuss the progress and challenges of the combination of interventional therapy and immunotherapy.

Nanoparticle-Embedded Electrospun Fiber-Covered Stent to Assist Intraluminal Photodynamic Treatment of Oesophageal Cancer.

Drug-eluting stents (DESs) are promising candidates for treating human oesophageal cancer. However, the use of DESs to assist photodynamic therapy (PDT) of orthotopic oesophageal tumors is not yet demonstrated to the best of current knowledge. Herein, through an electrospinning technology it is shown that oxygen-producing manganese dioxide nanoparticles are embedded into elelctrospun fibers, which are subsequently covered onto stents. Upon implantation, the nanoparticles are gradually released from the fibers and then diffuse into the nearby tumor tissue. Then, the hypoxic microenvironment can be effectively alleviated by reaction of MnO2 with the endogenous H2 O2 within the tumor. After demonstrating the excellent PDT efficacy of the stents in a conventional subcutaneous mouse tumor model, such stents are further used for PDT treatment in a rabbit orthotopic oesophageal cancer model by inserting an optical fiber into the tumor site. Greatly prolonged survival of rabbits is observed after such intraluminal PDT treatment. Taken together, this work shows that the fiber-covered stent as a nanoparticle delivery platform can enable effective PDT as a noninvasive treatment method for patients with advanced-stage oesophageal cancer.

An electrospun fiber-covered stent with programmable dual drug release for endothelialization acceleration and lumen stenosis prevention.

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes high rates of mortality and morbidity. A covered stent is an effective endovascular treatment for complicated aneurysms intractable to endovascular coiling and surgical clipping. However, in-stent restenosis and delayed endothelialization are the main challenges contributing to its safety. In this study, we designed a biofunctional stent covered with dual drug-loaded electrospun fibers to achieve programmed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and paclitaxel (PTX) release for the early promotion of stent endothelialization and long-term inhibition of stenosis caused by smooth muscle hyperplasia. By encapsulating PTX-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) within electrospun polylactic acid (PLA) fibers, the release period of PTX was effectively extended. Furthermore, VEGF was conjugated onto the surface of the membrane by reacting with polydopamine (PDA) for quick release. The in vitro drug release profile revealed the sustained release of PTX, which persisted for 63 days without early burst release, while up to 87.05% of VEGF was rapidly released within 3 days. After 6 days of incubation, cell experiments demonstrated that the dual drug-loaded scaffold effectively prompted endothelial cell proliferation (488% vs. 386% in the control group, P = 0.001) and inhibited the proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) using the 21-day extracts (155% vs. 303% in the control group, P = 0.039). Animal studies showed that compared to bare stents, the drug-loaded covered stents improved the immediate- and mid-term complete aneurysm occlusion rates (P < 0.05). The drug-loaded covered stents also showed earlier endothelialization promotion and better lumen restenosis than normal covered stents (0% vs. 25%, P = 0.29) for 12 weeks. Overall, a programmed dual drug-loaded scaffold that effectively occluded the aneurysm sac was developed in this study, and the discrete release of VEGF and PTX promoted endothelialization and prevented in-stent stenosis. This study provided a new method to improve the biosafety of implanted covered stents for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the most common hemorrhage stroke resulted in a nearly 40% mortality and 33% morbidity due to sudden rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. Endovascular coil embolism is a popular treatment for aneurysm but this technique run high risk of bleeding, mass effect, low complete occlusion rate and higher recanalization rate due to its operation conducted within aneurysm sac. A bio-functional membrane knitted by dual-drug loaded electrospun fibers covered on a stent was designed to realize programed vascular endothelial growth factor and paclitaxel release for the early promotion of vascular endothelium and long-term inhibition of stenosis caused by smooth muscle hyperplasia. This study provides new method to improve the biosafety of covered stent insertion for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms.