Síndrome de Miller Fisher, un desafío diagnóstico de oftalmoplejía: reporte de un caso / Miller Fisher syndrome, a diagnostic challenge of ophthalmoplegia: a case report

El síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB), y sus derivados, entre ellos el síndrome de Miller Fisher (SMF); junto a otras patologías de origen neurológico como la Polineuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria crónica (CIDP), las polineuropatías de causa metabólica, miastenia gravis, esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA), síndrome de Lambert-Eaton, encefalopatía de Wernicke entre otras; presentan signos y síntomas neurológicos de presentación común. De este modo, la importancia del examen neurológico acabado; y los exámenes de apoyo diagnóstico como: laboratorio -destacando el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR)-, electromiografía, y toma de imágenes, son cruciales para esclarecer el diagnóstico. Así, es posible ofrecer un tratamiento de forma precoz, basado en la evidencia, y con el objetivo de disminuir la letalidad de la enfermedad. En el presente texto se plasma un subgrupo de patología de SGB, el SMF, el cual posee una incidencia significativamente baja, una clínica característica, y un pronóstico bastante ominoso sin un tratamiento adecuado. En el presente texto se plasma el reporte de un caso abordado en el Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo, Chile.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its derivatives, including Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), along others pathologies of neurological origin such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), metabolic polyneuropathies, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Lambert-Eaton syndrome, Wernicke's encephalopathy and well as others, have common neurological signs and symptoms. In this way, the importance of a thorough neurological examination, and supporting diagnostic tests such as: laboratory, -cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-electromyography, and imaging, are crucial to clarify the diagnosis. Thus, it is possible to offer early, evidence-based treatment with an aim of reducing the disease's lethality. In the text below we present a subgroup of GBS pathology, MFS, which has a significantly low incidence, a characteristic clinical picture, and a rather ominous prognosis without adequate treatment. In the following text/paper is shown the report of a case approached in San Pablo Hospital, from Coquimbo, Chile.

Effect of Flap Design for Enamel Matrix Derivative Application in Intraosseous Defects.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the literature addressing the focused question: What is the effectiveness of different surgical and nonsurgical procedures combined with enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on clinical, radiographic, and patient-centered outcomes in intraosseous defects? METHODS: Electronic (Medline, Scopus, and Cochrane databases) and hand literature searches were performed for studies including at least 1 treatment arm where EMD had been applied according to 1 of the following procedures: modified Widman flap; papilla preservation variants (PPVs), including papilla preservation technique, modified papilla preservation technique, and simplified papilla preservation technique; minimally invasive variants, including minimally invasive surgical approach and minimally invasive surgical technique; single-flap variants (SFVs), including single-flap approach and modified minimally invasive surgical technique; or nonsurgical application (flapless approach). Data from 42 selected articles were used to perform a network meta-analysis, and a hierarchy of surgical and nonsurgical applications of EMD was built separately for EMD and EMD + graft based on 6- to 12-mo clinical and radiographic outcomes. RESULTS: Among surgical approaches, EMD was associated with best regenerative outcomes when applied through SFVs, with a mean clinical attachment level gain of 3.93 mm and a reduction in the intrabony component of the defect of 3.35 mm. For EMD + graft, limited differences in regenerative outcomes were observed among surgical procedures. PPVs were associated with the highest residual probing depth for EMD (4.08 mm) and EMD + graft (4.32 mm). CONCLUSIONS: In the treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects, 1) SFVs appear to optimize the regenerative outcomes of EMD; 2) substantial regenerative outcomes can be obtained with SFVs and conservative double flaps (i.e., PPVs and minimally invasive variants) when EMD is combined with a graft; and 3) residual probing depth was higher following PPVs for EMD and EMD + graft. KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER STATEMENT: The results of the present systematic review and meta-analysis can be used by clinicians to identify the most effective surgical or nonsurgical procedure to treat an intraosseous defect with EMD or EMD + graft. The main findings indicate that when EMD application is indicated, surgical access based on a single flap seems the most appropriate to optimize clinical outcomes. The application of EMD + graft can be effectively combined with single flaps and conservative double flaps.

Minimally invasive intraoral proportional condylectomy with a three-dimensionally printed cutting guide.

The aim of this study was to describe the steps of a minimally invasive surgical technique used to perform a proportional intraoral condylectomy with a three-dimensionally (3D) printed cutting guide. The technique consists of two steps: virtual surgical planning and intraoral condylectomy. During virtual surgical planning, the mandibular ramus was measured bilaterally, the height of the proportional condylectomy was planned virtually, and a cutting guide was 3D printed. In the intraoral condylectomy, the mandibular condyle was approached intraorally, the 3D printed cutting guide was positioned in the sigmoid notch, and the proportional condylectomy was performed. The protocol reported in this technical note is the sum of knowledge acquired from a series of studies published previously by the authors, who have jointly developed a surgical technique that is both minimally invasive and accurate for the treatment of condylar hyperplasia.

Three-dimensional skeletal changes after early proportional condylectomy for condylar hyperplasia.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate volumetric and dentoskeletal changes in 21 patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia (AUCH) after proportional condylectomy. A split-mouth design was used: control group healthy joints (HS, healthy side) and test group affected joints (AS, affected side) (21 per group). Cone beam tomography scans were obtained at T0 (preoperative), T1 (10days after the intervention), and T2 (approximately 12 months post-surgery). The condylar unit volume (CUV), articular cavity volume (ACV), and dentoalveolar units (DAUs) were measured. CUV showed a difference of 1.12cm3 between T0 and T1, increasing 0.4cm3 between T1 and T2 on AS. There was no difference between T0 and T2 on HS. ACV increased 0.65cm3 between T0 and T1 on AS, after which it decreased by 0.36cm3 at T2 (0.30cm3 larger than the initial articular cavity at T0). ACV showed no post-surgery differences on HS. Midline DAU showed extrusion of 0.20mm for maxilla and 0.52mm for mandible, while in the lateral area, maxilla was extruded by 0.3mm on HS and was intruded 0.12mm on AS. For the mandible, both sides showed extrusion (0.4-0.6mm). In the distal to canine and molar areas, intrusion of 0.2mm and 0.9mm, respectively, was observed on AS; there was extrusion of 0.6mm distal to the canine on HS. At the mandibular level, AS distal to the canine showed extrusion of 1mm, while intrusion of 0.2mm was observed in the molars. For HS, only extrusion at the molar level (0.2mm) was observed. In conclusion, after proportional condylectomy, a neocondyle forms within 12 months to equal the healthy contralateral side. The articular cavity, which is reduced in the initial stage, increases in size after surgery and the volume gradually approaches that of the healthy side. Dentoalveolar changes occur at the anterior and posterior levels, causing intrusion and extrusion of the interdental crests. An early proportional condylectomy as the sole surgical treatment for patients with AUCH allows normalization of the maxillomandibular relationship.

Thyroid ultrasonography reporting: consensus of Italian Thyroid Association (AIT), Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE), Italian Society of Ultrasonography in Medicine and Biology (SIUMB) and Ultrasound Chapter of Italian Society of Medical Radiology (SIRM).

Thyroid ultrasonography (US) is the gold standard for thyroid imaging and its widespread use is due to an optimal spatial resolution for superficial anatomic structures, a low cost and the lack of health risks. Thyroid US is a pivotal tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of autoimmune thyroid diseases, for assessing nodule size and echostructure and defining the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. The main limitation of US is the poor reproducibility, due to the variable experience of the operators and the different performance and settings of the equipments. Aim of this consensus statement is to standardize the report of thyroid US through the definition of common minimum requirements and a correct terminology. US patterns of autoimmune thyroid diseases are defined. US signs of malignancy in thyroid nodules are classified and scored in each nodule. We also propose a simplified nodule risk stratification, based on the predictive value of each US sign, classified and scored according to the strength of association with malignancy, but also to the estimated reproducibility among different operators.

Unilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy: an alternative for some cases of asymmetric mandibular prognathism.

The objective of this study was to propose a treatment protocol for patients with lateral prognathism based on the unilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (USSRO). This was a prospective study involving 31 patients with lateral prognathism, who required a bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy (BSSRO). Two groups were formed using the proposed protocol, with specific inclusion criteria for each group: BSSRO (n=17) and USSRO (n=14). Occlusal parameters (dental midline deviation, overbite, and overjet) were measured preoperatively (T0), at model surgery (T1), 1 month postoperative (T2), and 1year after surgery (T3) and compared. P-values of <0.05 were considered significant. No significant difference was found between the USSRO and BSSRO groups for all occlusal parameters (T0, T1, T2, and T3). In both groups, there was a significant difference between T0 and T1 and no significant difference between T1 and T2 or T1 and T3 in all of the occlusal parameters; the exception was overbite between T1 and T2 in the BSSRO group, which showed a significant difference. No patient in either group showed signs or symptoms of temporomandibular joint dysfunction at T0 or T3. USSRO was found to be a stable alternative in patients with asymmetric mandibular prognathism. At the same time, it reduced the operating time and morbidity when compared to BSSRO.

Clinical outcomes of experimental gingivitis and peri-implant mucositis treatment with professionally administered plaque removal and photodynamic therapy.

AIM: To comparatively evaluate the outcomes of professionally administered plaque removal (PAPR) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment for experimentally induced gingivitis (G) and peri-implant mucositis (p-iM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty systemically healthy patients, each contributing a single implant-supported unit in a posterior sextant and a tooth within the same quadrant, were selected. Patients underwent an experimental G and p-iM trial consisting of a 2-week period of undisturbed plaque accumulation and a 6-week resolution phase following treatment administration. Supragingival plaque levels, probing depth (PD) and bleeding on probing (BoP) were recorded at experimental tooth and implant either before or 2 and 6 weeks after administration of PAPR+PDT. RESULTS: The results of the study indicate that (i) treatment with PAPR and PDT resulted in a significant reduction in the median number of BoP+ sites from 1 to 0 around teeth (P=.01) and from 3.5 to 2.0 around implants (P=.03), with the treatment effect being affected by initial PD; (ii) implants showed a significantly higher number of residual BoP+ sites following treatment, and the difference between implants and teeth was particularly pronounced (implants: 42%; teeth: 22%) at shallow (1-2 mm) sulci as observed at 6 weeks following treatment. CONCLUSIONS: G and p-iM can be effectively treated with PAPR+PDT. At shallow (1-2 mm) sulci, implants may show a higher number of residual bleeding sites when compared to teeth, and the number of residual bleeding sites following PAPR+PDT increases with increasing PD around either teeth or implants.

Correction of chin ptosis.

Chin ptosis is described as a descent of the soft tissue from the symphyseal region to a position under the lower contour of the mandible. Given its multifactorial causes, treatment must be determined on a patient-by-patient basis. While augmentation of the submental crease is a versatile option for the correction of chin ptosis, this only corrects the soft tissue component. A technical modification to treat dynamic chin ptosis, associated with bone reduction in the mandibular symphysis, is presented here.

Measuring the condylar unit in condylar hyperplasia: from the sigmoid notch or from the mandibular lingula?

The objective of this study was to determine, in patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia, which is the most reliable point to measure the length of the condylar unit: from the sigmoid notch or from the mandibular lingula to the condylar head. On cone beam computed tomography, an observational cross-sectional study was designed for 20 patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia. We measured and compared ramus length (affected and healthy sides) and condylar length (measured from the mandibular lingula and from the mandibular sigmoid notch) on both sides. The average of all the differences in ramus height (D.1) was 7.97mm; the average of all the differences in condylar heights measured from mandibular lingula (D.2) was 7.16mm, and measured from the sigmoid notch (D.3) was 4.89mm. No significant difference between D.1 and D.2 (P=0.818). There was a significant difference between D.1 and D.3 (P=0.005) and between D.2 and D.3 (P=0.0005). It can be concluded that the mandibular lingula is the lowest point of the condylar skeletal unit and is therefore a stable parameter to be used in patients with condylar hyperplasia. On the other hand, the sigmoidal notch is not a stable parameter in patients with asymmetry due to condylar hyperplasia.

Histopathological analysis of unilateral condylar hyperplasia: difficulties in diagnosis and characterization of the disease.

The aim of this study was to perform a histological analysis of the conditions in patients undergoing surgery for unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) using different histopathological analytical techniques and to describe the complications and existing controversy in order to better define the disease. A partial condylectomy was performed in five patients who had been diagnosed with UCH using clinical and imaging methods. The samples obtained were analyzed using routine histological techniques including haematoxylin-eosin, Van Gieson, picrosirius, alcian blue/haematoxylin-eosin, and AgNOR staining. The analyses were performed by an observer who was blinded to the clinical parameters of the disease. The cellularity, tissue layers, size of the anatomical structures, and the relationships between them were assessed. The analysis of these patients was complemented by a review of the scientific literature. Variability was observed in the analysis of the cases. The presence of connective tissue was detected at the bone level, with cartilage formation at different levels. Each island presented levels of involvement that could indicate various degrees of aggressiveness. Type I collagen was observed in most cases, although type III was also identified. The development of histological diagnostic methods to determine the aggressiveness or level of involvement in UCH is not currently possible. Further studies are needed to establish new histological classifications.

High condylectomy versus proportional condylectomy: is secondary orthognathic surgery necessary?

The objective of this study was to assess the need for secondary orthognathic surgery in patients undergoing two different condylectomy protocols for active unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH). A retrospective cohort study evaluated UCH patients treated by condylectomy. Two groups were established: group 1 comprised those who had undergone a high condylectomy (5 mm removed) and group 2 comprised those who had undergone a proportional condylectomy (removing the difference observed between the measurements of the hyperplastic and the healthy side). Data analysis was done with the Levene test and t-test; a P-value of <0.05 indicated a statistically significant relationship. Forty-nine patients, with an average age of 19.83 years, were analyzed; 11 were included in group 1 and 38 in group 2. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with regard to age or sex (P=0.781). An average of 5.81 mm was removed in the high condylectomy group, while an average of 9.28 mm was removed in the proportional condylectomy group; this difference was statistically significant (P=0.042). Comparing the two groups, proportional condylectomy reduced the need for secondary orthognathic surgery (P<0.001). The proportional condylectomy can be used as the sole surgical treatment in cases of UCH, thus avoiding the need for secondary orthognathic surgery.

No differences in morphological characteristics between hyperplastic condyle and class III condyle.

The aim of this research was to compare the condylar morphology of patients with unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) and patients with a class III skeletal relationship using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A prospective study was conducted on patients with facial asymmetry attending the division of oral and maxillofacial surgery of the study university in Chile. Fifteen patients with UCH and 15 with a class III skeletal relationship were selected. Linear measurements of the condylar processes were obtained at a scale of 1:1 using the software Ez3D Viewer Plus. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the paired t-test were used, considering P<0.05. Patients with UCH presented statistical differences between the hyperplastic condyle and non-hyperplastic condyle for anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters, condylar neck length, and ramus height. Patients with a class III skeletal relationship showed no differences between the right and left sides; the morphology of their condyles was similar to the condyles with hyperplasia and presented statistical differences when compared with the non-hyperplastic condyles (one-way ANOVA, P<0.05). The condylar morphology of UCH patients could be related to the development of a class III skeletal relationship. These findings provide an insight into the possibility of some class III patients presenting bilateral condylar hyperplasia.

Low condylectomy as the sole treatment for active condylar hyperplasia: facial, occlusal and skeletal changes. An observational study.

The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in facial, occlusal, and skeletal relationships in patients with active unilateral condylar hyperplasia whose sole treatment was a low condylectomy. A retrospective observational descriptive study was conducted. All patients had undergone a low condylectomy as the sole or initial surgical treatment. The size of the condylar segment removed was decided by matching the affected side with the healthy side, leaving them both like the healthy one. The length of the ramus was measured using panoramic X-ray (distance from the highest part of the condyle to the mandibular angle). Facial, occlusal, and skeletal changes were evaluated using clinical, photographic, and radiological records before and after surgery. Condylectomy as the sole treatment for patients with active condylar hyperplasia allowed improvements to the alterations produced by this pathology, such as chin deviation, tilted lip commissure plane, tilted occlusal plane, angle of facial convexity, unevenness of the mandibular angles, and length of the mandibular ramus. The occlusal relationship also improved with orthodontic and elastic therapy. To conclude, low condylectomy as a sole and aetiological treatment for patients with active condylar hyperplasia allowed improvements to alterations produced by this pathology.

A review of factors influencing the incidence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis.

An individual variation in the gingival inflammatory response to the dental biofilm has been demonstrated. This variability can be observed between individuals with neither quantitative nor qualitative differences in plaque accumulation. The reported significant differences in gingival inflammatory response under quantitatively and/or qualitatively almost identical bacterial challenge suggest that the gingival response to plaque accumulation may be an individual trait, possibly genetic in origin. The most recent classification of periodontal diseases acknowledges that the clinical expression of plaque-induced gingival inflammation can be substantially modified by systemic factors, either inherent to the host or related to environmental influences. The aim of the present literature review is to describe (i) the factors influencing the development of plaque-induced gingivitis as well as (ii) those metabolic, environmental and systemic factors which have a direct impact on the etiopathogenetic pathway of plaque-induced gingivitis, thus altering the nature or course of the gingival inflammatory response to dental biofilm.

Endometrial carcinoma: MR staging and causes of error.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to prospectively determine the diagnostic capabilities of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in detecting myometrial and cervical invasion and lymph node involvement in endometrial carcinoma and to identify the causes of errors in staging endometrial carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients with a histological diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma underwent preoperative MR imaging. MR findings were compared with surgical staging, considered as the standard of reference. RESULTS: In assessing myometrial invasion, MR imaging showed 70% accuracy, 80% sensitivity, 40% specificity, 80% positive predictive value (PPV), and 40% negative predictive value (NPV). In detecting cervical invasion, MR imaging had 95% accuracy, 100% sensitivity, 94.4% specificity, 66.7% PPV, and 100% NPV. In evaluating lymph node involvement, MR imaging showed 100% accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV. Errors in evaluating myometrial invasion were caused by polypoid tumour, adenomyosis and leiomyomas, whereas those in evaluating cervical invasion were caused by dilatation and curettage. CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging is a reliable technique for preoperative evaluation of endometrial carcinoma. Its main limitation is differentiating between stage IA and IB carcinomas, which is not highly important for surgical planning. Cooperation between the gynaecologist and radiologist is mandatory to avoid staging errors.

Pelvic floor imaging: comparison between magnetic resonance imaging and conventional defecography in studying outlet obstruction syndrome.

PURPOSE: This study prospectively compared the diagnostic capabilities of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with conventional defecography (CD) in outlet obstruction syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nineteen consecutive patients with clinical symptoms of outlet obstruction underwent pelvic MR examination. The MR imaging protocol included static T2-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) images in the sagittal, axial and coronal planes; dynamic midsagittal T2-weighted single-shot (SS)-FSE and fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) cine images during contraction, rest, straining and defecation. MR images (including and then excluding the evacuation phase) were compared with CD, which is considered the reference standard. RESULTS: Comparison between CD and MR with evacuation phase (MRWEP) showed no significant differences in sphincter hypotonia, dyssynergia, rectocele or rectal prolapse and significant differences in descending perineum. Comparison between CD and MR without evacuation phase (MRWOEP) showed no significant differences in sphincter hypotonia, dyssynergia or enterocele but significant differences in rectocele, rectal prolapse and descending perineum. Comparison between MRWEP and MRWOEP showed no significant differences in sphincter hypotonia, dyssynergia, enterocele or descending perineum but significant differences in rectocele, rectal prolapse, peritoneocele, cervical cystoptosis and hysteroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: MR imaging provides morphological and functional study of pelvic floor structures and may offer an imaging tool complementary to CD in multicompartment evaluation of the pelvis. An evacuation phase is mandatory.

A new way to anchor the external device in mandibular distraction: three case reports with a Pierre Robin sequence.

Pierre Robin sequence is a pathology derived from alteration in the first and second branchial arch. Patients have breathing problems due to micrognathia and glossoptosis, causing severe upper airway obstruction. One surgical treatment is distraction osteogenesis. Three patients with Pierre Robin sequence (case 1, 3 months old; cases 2 and 3, 1 month old) with severe upper airway obstruction requiring mechanical ventilator assistance, underwent mandibular distraction osteogenesis prematurely with a new anchoring system, thus avoiding tracheostomy and its consequences. An intraoral approach was used to avoid scarring. A new anchoring device with transfixing Kirschner wire in the proximal (mandibular ramus) and distal segment (chin zone) was used. This diminishes the risk of distractor device displacement, guaranteeing optimal stability. A more anterior installation reduces the risk of damaging tooth buds in the mandibular body and the inferior alveolar nerve. The more anterior the fixation, the more horizontal the distraction vector becomes. The position and stability of the device are crucial. In these three patients the placement of two transfixing Kirschner wires using an intraoral approach showed good results and stability during the period of distraction and consolidation, with optimal results on the upper airway, avoiding tracheostomy.

Effect of hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials on human osteoblast phenotype.

The present study evaluated human primary osteoblasts and two different osteoblast-like cell lines behaviour when cultured in presence of different hydroxyapatite-based (HA) biomaterials (SINTlife-FIN-CERAMICA S.p.a., Faenza, Italy; Bio-Oss, Geistlich Biomaterials, Woulhusen, Switzerland; Biostite-GABA Vebas, San Giuliano Milanese, MI, Italy), focusing attention on the effect of HA/Biostite in terms of modulation of osteoblastic differentiation. Analysis were about adhesion, proliferation and mineralization activity. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERalfa) expression and alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) were measured as osteoblastic differentiation markers. Determination of viable cells was done with MTT colorimetric assay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed on biomaterial-treated cells. All hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials didn't affect cells morphology and viability, whereas only presence of HA/Biostite improved cells adhesion, growth and differentiation. Adhesion and spreading of the primary cells on HA/Biostite were the same showed by two different osteoblast-like cell lines. These results have important implications for both tissue-engineered bone grafts and enhancement of HA implants performance, to develop new teeth's supporting structure therapies and replacement.

Effect of smoking status on pocket probing depth and bleeding on probing following non-surgical periodontal therapy.

AIM: Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis incidence and progression. Contrasting results were obtained when the impact of cigarette smoking on the clinical outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) was evaluated. The present study was designed to evaluate the smoking status as outcome determinant of NSPT. METHODS: Two groups of patients with different smoking status (smoker group, S, and non-smoker group, NS) were retrospectively selected from a pool of patients seeking care for periodontitis. The effectiveness of NSPT was assessed by evaluating the changes in 1) the prevalence of sites with different pocket probing depth (PPD), and 2) the patient- and site-specific bleeding. RESULTS: Group S comprised of 65 patients (mean age: 45.6+/-8.7 years; 24 males and 41 females) and group NS comprised of 66 patients (mean age: 46.8+/-11.7 years; 17 males and 49 females). A statistically significant increase in the prevalence of sites with PPD< or =3 mm (P<0.000), as well as a significant decrease in the prevalence of sites with PPD 4/6 mm (P<0.000) and PPD> or =7 mm (P< or =0.01) was detected at re-evaluation. BoP scores were significantly reduced for the entire dentition (P<0.000) as well as for sites with PPD< or =3 mm (P<0.01) and PPD 4/6 mm (P<0.000) in both group S and group NS. No statistically significant differences in the post treatment change of PPD and BoP scores were detected between groups. CONCLUSION: Our results seem to suggest that smoking status has a limited, if any, effect on the clinical outcomes of NSPT.

Comparison between two methods for periodontal risk assessment.

AIM: Risk assessment is increasingly important in periodontology. The aim of this article was to propose a new objective method (UniFe) in order to simplify the risk assessment procedures. UniFe was compared with a computer-based risk assessment tool (PAT(R)). METHODS: Risk scores for both UniFe and PAT(R) were calculated for 107 patients, randomly selected among patients seeking care at a specialist periodontal clinic. For UniFe risk calculation, the ''parameter scores'' assigned to smoking status, diabetic status, number of sites with probing depth 5 mm, bleeding on probing score (BoP) and bone loss/age, were added and the sum was referred to a ''risk score'', ranging from 1 (low risk) to 5 (high risk). PAT(R) generated a risk score on a scale from 1 (lowest risk) to 5 (highest risk). RESULTS: The mean UniFe and PAT(R) risk scores were 4.5+/-0.9 and 4.6+/-0.7, respectively. Cohen k-statistics amounted to 0.7, suggesting a good agreement between methods. Difference in risk score between methods was significantly explained by the parameter scores of BoP and bone loss/age (adjusted R2=0.378). CONCLUSION: The comparison between UniFe and PAT(R) demonstrated a good level of agreement between methods in a randomly selected population referred to a periodontal clinic.