The Prevalence and 5-Year Incidence Rate of Cigarette Smoking and Water-Pipe Tobacco Smoking and Their Associated Factors among 15 to 80 Years Old Urban Population in Southeast Iran: Results from KERCADR Study.

Background: Cigarette and tobacco smoking are closely associated with chronic cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. We aimed to assess the prevalence and 5-year incidence rate (IR) of these two risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in Kerman, southeastern of Iran. Methods: 10015 individuals aged 15-80 were recruited to the study between 2014 and 2018 (Kerman coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors study, KERCADRS) of which 2820 had also participated in the first phase (5 years earlier). We took fasting blood samples and collected demographic information and data on cigarette and water-pipe tobacco smoking (WPTS) through interviews. Findings: The overall prevalence of cigarette smoking increased from 8.1% in phase1 to 8.8% in phase 2. During the same period, the prevalence of WPTS increased from 10% to 14%, especially in the age groups of 15-45 years. The prevalence of opium dependance was higher among cigarette smokers compared to WPT users. The overall 5-year IR of cigarette and WPTS was 3.6 and 4.65 per 1000 person-years respectively. The highest IRs of cigarette smoking and WPTS were reported in the age group of 15-39 years, and IR of WPTS was higher among women. Obesity, diabetes, and hypertension associated with a reduced IRs of cigarette and WPTS. Conclusion: Over the past five years, the prevalence of cigarette smoking has increased slightly, but WPTS has increased more rapidly, especially among women. The highest prevalence of cigarette and WPT smoking was in the age groups of 15-39 years. Smoking is shifting from cigarette smoking to WPTS. Age- and gender-oriented interventions would help correct the unhealthy life style in the community and prevent further smoking-related morbidities and mortalities.

Epidemiological update on prevalence and incidence of overweight and obesity in adults in the south-east of the Islamic Republic of Iran: findings from the Kerman Coronary Artery Diseases Risk Factors Study (KERCADRS).

BACKGROUND: Obesity is common worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries. AIMS: To update data on the prevalence of overweight, obesity and central obesity, and to measure incidence rates for such outcomes in adults living in the south-east of the Islamic Republic of Iran. METHODS: We enrolled 9997 adults (aged 15-80 years) between 2014 and 2018 (phase 2); 2820 of whom had participated in phase 1 (2009-2011). Participants were examined for overweight, obesity, central obesity, diabetes, hypertension, low physical activity, and dyslipidaemia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine the potential predictors of overweight, obesity and central obesity, and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were obtained. Incidence rate of overweight, obesity and central obesity was reported among those who had none of these outcomes in phase 1. RESULTS: The prevalence was 35.8% (37% men, 35% women) for overweight, 22.3% (16% men, 26.3% women) for obesity, and 31.1% (15.6% men, 41.2% women) for central obesity. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was significantly associated with age (AOR = 2.8-7.4), higher education (AOR = 1.7), female gender (AOR = 1.4), low physical activity (AOR = 1.3), smoking (AOR = 0.55) and opium use (AOR = 0.79). The prevalence increased from 33.3% to 35.8% for overweight and from 15.4% to 22.3% for obesity between phases 1 and 2. The incidence rate per 100 person-years was 5.5 for overweight, 4.7 for obesity and 2.9 for central obesity. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of overweight and obesity increased over 5 years. Middle-aged participants, women, and those with low physical activity were at higher risk for overweight/obesity.

The Prevalence and 5-Year Incidence Rate of Low Physical Activity in an Urban Population of 10,000 in Southeastern Iran: Relationship With Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND: Because of high prevalence of coronary artery diseases (CADs) in Iran and their relationship with low physical activity (LPA), this study aimed to measure the epidemic size of LPA, its incidence rate, and its relationship with other CAD risk factors in Kerman, Iran. METHODS: About 10,000 adults were randomly recruited through single-stage cluster sampling. Demographic characteristics, biochemical variables, smoking, opium use, mental status, and physical activities were assessed. The relationship between LPA and 7 other CAD risk factors was measured. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was calculated according to the data from the physically active participants in the first phase of the study (n = 3416) who attended the second phase after 5 years. RESULTS: The prevalence of low, moderate, and intense physical activity was 47.2%, 34.8%, and 18.0%, respectively. LPA rose from 45.1% to 62.2% after the age of 25 years. Women had higher LPA than men. Participants with LPA had significantly higher chance of cigarette smoking, diabetes, overweight/obesity, hypertension, and opium addiction. Five-year incidence rate of LPA was 5.1 persons/100 person-years among physically active population. CONCLUSION: Almost half of the studied population suffering from LPA was at risk of CAD. Such risky lifestyle pattern while worsened in the last 5 years makes the emerging of CAD epidemic unavoidable, if appropriate timely interventions not being in place accordingly.