Trasplante cardíaco en miocardiopatía chagásica: 23 años de experiencia en un centro de referencia / Heart Transplantation in Chagas Cardiomyopathy: 23-Year Follow-Up in a Referral Center

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad de Chagas afecta aproximadamente a 6 millones de personas en América Latina. El 25 a 35% evoluciona hacia la Miocardiopatía Chagásica (MCh). Una opción terapéutica en sus estadios avanzados es el trasplante cardíaco (TxC). Objetivos: Comparar la supervivencia de pacientes con TxC por MCh frente a otras etiologías. Analizar la incidencia de la reactivación (Ra) de enfermedad de Chagas y su impacto en la supervivencia en este subgrupo de pacientes. Material y métodos: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente pacientes con TxC entre agosto 1998 y marzo 2021. Se analizó la supervivencia mediante curvas de Kaplan-Meier y log rank test. El diagnóstico de Ra se realizó mediante métodos moleculares, prueba de Strout en sangre periférica, tejido miocárdico y/o cutáneo. Resultados: De 606 pacientes con TxC, 39 (6,4%) presentaban MCh. Seguimiento medio 4,4 años (Rango Intercuartilo 1,2-8,6). Edad subgrupo MCh 51 años (RIC 45-60). Hombres 28 (72%). Se documentó Ra en el 38,5% de los pacientes. Supervivencia a 1, 5 y 10 años en TxC por MCh con Ra versus no Ra: 85%, 76% y 61% versus 72%, 55% y 44% (p = 0,3). Supervivencia a 1, 5 y 10 años en TxC por MCh versus TxC por otras causas: 79%, 65% y 50% versus 79%, 62% y 47% (p = 0,5). Conclusión: En nuestra serie no se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la supervivencia de los pacientes trasplantados cardíacos por MCh en comparación con aquellos trasplantados por otras causas; así como tampoco entre los pacientes que reactivaron la enfermedad de Chagas y los que no lo hicieron.

ABSTRACT Background: Chagas disease affects about 6 million people in Latin America, and 25 to 35% progress to Chagas cardiomyopathy (ChCM). Heart transplantation (HTx) is a therapeutic option in advanced stages. Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare survival of patients with HTx due to ChCM versus those transplanted for other etiologies and to analyze the incidence of Chagas disease reactivation (Ra) and its impact on survival in this group of patients. Methods: Patients undergoing HTx between August 1998 and March 2021 were retrospectively evaluated. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. The diagnosis of Ra was performed by molecular methods, Strout's test in peripheral blood, myocardial tissue or skin tissue. Results: Of 606 patients with Htx, 39(6,4%) presented ChCM. Median follow up was 4.4 years (interquartile range 1.2-8.6). Median age of the subgroup with ChCM was 51 years (IQR 45-60) and 28 were men (72%). Reactivation was documented in 38.5% of the patients. Survival at 1, 5 and 10 years in HTx recipients due to ChCM and Ra versus no Ra was 85%, 76% and 61% versus 72%, 55% and 44%, respectively (p = 0.3). Survival at 1, 5 and 10 years in HTx recipients due to ChCM versus HTx for other causes was 79%, 65% and 50% versus 79%, 62% and 47%, respectively (p = 0.5). Conclusion: In our series we did not find statistically significant differences in survival of heart transplant recipients due to ChCM versus those transplanted due to other reasons. Survival in patients with Chagas disease reactivation and those without reactivation was also similar.

Arteritis de takayasu. alternativas terapéuticas y pronóstico a largo plazo / Takayasu arteritis Therapeutic alternatives and long term outcomes

Resumen Se analizaron los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico y endovascular a 7.5 años, rango intercuartilo (RIC) entre 2.6 y 12.5 años de seguimiento en 34 pacientes con arteritis de Takayasu. Se reali zaron en total 5 cirugías cardíacas centrales y 53 procedimientos vasculares,18 cirugías de bypass (33.9%) y 35 angioplastías (66.1%). Entre los 18 procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados, 6 (33.3%) presentaron eventos, mientras que en los 35 con intervención percutánea hubo 16 eventos (45.7%). La supervivencia actuarial y otras complicaciones vasculares (método de Kaplan y Meier) a 1,3,5 y 10 años fue: 80% (IC 95% entre 74 y 89%), 68% (IC 95% entre 58 y 79%), 65% (IC 95% entre 54 y 76%) y 47% (IC 95% entre 41 y 62%).Tanto la revascularización endovascular como la quirúrgica fueron inicialmente exitosas. En el seguimiento del tratamiento endovascular hubo una alta tasa de eventos con necesidad de revascularización repetida a un mismo vaso en el 41% de los casos. La cirugía tuvo mayor mortalidad en pacientes con valvulopatía aórtica, de aorta ascendente y enfermedad coronaria y carotidea combinada. La arteritis de Takayasu requiere frecuentemente revascularización debido a reestenosis y lesiones de novo. En su evolución alejada, el procedimiento quirúrgico ofreció mejores resultados con menor reestenosis.

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe the long term prognosis of 34 patients with Takayasu arteritis and the results of surgi cal and endovascular treatment. A total of 5 central surgeries and 53 endovascular procedures were performed including 18 bypass surgeries (33.8%) and 35 angioplasties (66.2%). The median follow-up was 7.5 years, in terquartile range [IQR] 2.6-12.5. Among the 18 bypass surgeries 6 (33.3%) had events, while in the 35 patients with endovascular treatment there were 16 events (45.7%). The overall 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year death and arterial complication-free survival rates were 80% (95% CI between 74 and 89%), 68% (95% CI between 58 and 79%), 65% (95% CI between 54 and 76%) and 47% (95% CI between 41 and 62%). Both revascularization techniques were initially successful. In long term follow-up there was a high restenosis recurrence rate with endovascular treatment requiring repeated revascularization to the same vessel in 41% of the cases. Surgery had higher mor tality in patients with aortic and ascending aortic valve disease, combined coronary artery disease and carotid disease. In long term follow up Takayasu arteritis frequently requires revascularization and restenosis or new lesions are common. Surgical treatment had better results with less restenosis than angioplasty.

[Takayasu arteritis. Therapeutic alternatives and long term outcomes]. / Arteritis de Takayasu. Alternativas terapéuticas y pronóstico a largo plazo.

The aim of this study was to describe the long term prognosis of 34 patients with Takayasu arteritis and the results of surgical and endovascular treatment. A total of 5 central surgeries and 53 endovascular procedures were performed including 18 bypass surgeries (33.8%) and 35 angioplasties (66.2%). The median follow-up was 7.5 years, interquartile range [IQR] 2.6-12.5. Among the 18 bypass surgeries 6 (33.3%) had events, while in the 35 patients with endovascular treatment there were 16 events (45.7%). The overall 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year death and arterial complication-free survival rates were 80% (95% CI between 74 and 89%), 68% (95% CI between 58 and 79%), 65% (95% CI between 54 and 76%) and 47% (95% CI between 41 and 62%). Both revascularization techniques were initially successful. In long term follow-up there was a high restenosis recurrence rate with endovascular treatment requiring repeated revascularization to the same vessel in 41% of the cases. Surgery had higher mortality in patients with aortic and ascending aortic valve disease, combined coronary artery disease and carotid disease. In long term follow up Takayasu arteritis frequently requires revascularization and restenosis or new lesions are common. Surgical treatment had better results with less restenosis than angioplasty.

Se analizaron los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico y endovascular a 7.5 años, rango intercuartilo (RIC) entre 2.6 y 12.5 años de seguimiento en 34 pacientes con arteritis de Takayasu. Se realizaron en total 5 cirugías cardíacas centrales y 53 procedimientos vasculares,18 cirugías de bypass (33.9%) y 35 angioplastías (66.1%). Entre los 18 procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados, 6 (33.3%) presentaron eventos, mientras que en los 35 con intervención percutánea hubo 16 eventos (45.7%). La supervivencia actuarial y otras complicaciones vasculares (método de Kaplan y Meier) a 1,3,5 y 10 años fue: 80% (IC 95% entre 74 y 89%), 68% (IC 95% entre 58 y 79%), 65% (IC 95% entre 54 y 76%) y 47% (IC 95% entre 41 y 62%).Tanto la revascularización endovascular como la quirúrgica fueron inicialmente exitosas. En el seguimiento del tratamiento endovascular hubo una alta tasa de eventos con necesidad de revascularización repetida a un mismo vaso en el 41% de los casos. La cirugía tuvo mayor mortalidad en pacientes con valvulopatía aórtica, de aorta ascendente y enfermedad coronaria y carotidea combinada. La arteritis de Takayasu requiere frecuentemente revascularización debido a reestenosis y lesiones de novo. En su evolución alejada, el procedimiento quirúrgico ofreció mejores resultados con menor reestenosis.

Shock cardiogénico en infarto agudo de miocardio y soporte circulatorio puente al trasplante / Ischemic cardiogenic shock and short-term mechanical circulatory support as bridge to Transplantation

Resumen El shock cardiogénico (SC) presenta una elevada mortalidad y puede requerir de terapéuticas avanzadas como la asistencia circulatoria mecánica (ACM) y el trasplante cardíaco (TC). Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva, en un único centro, aquellos pacientes que presentaron un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM), SC y requirieron ACM puente al TC. Entre enero 1997 y junio 2020, 524 pacientes recibieron un TC, 203 por cardiopatía isquémica, 103 en lista de emergencia. Se incluyeron once pacientes con los criterios mencionados (edad media 53 ± 11 años; hombres 73%). Se realizaron 5 angioplastias primarias y 2 cirugías de revascularización miocárdica de urgencia. Cuatro pacientes presentaban anatomía coronaria no pasible de revascularización. Todos recibieron tratamiento inotrópico y vasopresor y requirieron soporte con balón de contrapulsación intra aórtico (BCIA). Dos requirieron el implante de bomba centrífuga univentricular izquierda (BioMedicus®, Medtronic) y 2 de oxigenador de membrana extracorpóreo veno-arterial (ECMO-VA) periférico (Maquet®, Getinge Group). La mediana entre IAM y TC fue 15 días (rango 7-21) y la edad de los donantes 28 ± 11 años. Todos presentaron un IAM extenso (monto necrótico 35 ± 5%) con signos histopatológicos de necrosis transmural e injuria de reperfusión. La mediana de seguimiento fue 9 años (rango 1-15). Ninguno falleció en la internación ni durante el primer año post trasplante. La supervivencia a los 5 y 10 años fue 73% y 55%. El TC en situación de emergencia ha demostrado ser, en nuestro medio, la mejor opción en aquellos pacientes con IAM y SC refractario a la terapia convencional.

Abstract Cardiogenic shock (CS) has a high mortality rate and often requires advanced therapies such as mechanical circulatory support (MCS) and heart transplantation (HT). Those patients who presented an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with CS and required support through MCS as bridge to HT were retrospectively analyzed in a single Center. Between January 1997 and June 2020, 524 patients received HT, 203 for ischemic-cardiomyopathy, 103 were in emergency waiting list. Eleven patients met the inclusion criteria (mean age 53 ± 11 years old; men 73%). Five primary angioplasties and 2 emergency myocardial revasculariza tion surgeries were performed. Four patients had coronary anatomy not subject to revascularization. All received inotropic and vasopressor treatment and required intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). Subsequently, two required support with a left univentricular centrifugal pump (BioMedicus®, Medtronic) and two with peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (VA-ECMO) (Maquet®, Getinge Group). The median between AMI and HT was 15 days (range 7-21) and the mean age of the donors 28 ± 11 years. All had extensive AMI (necrotic amount 35 ± 5%) with histopathological signs of transmural necrosis and reperfusion injury. The median follow-up was 9 years (range 1-15). None died in hospitalization or during the first year after transplantation. Survival at 5 and 10 years was 73% and 55%. Emergency HT may be the best option for selected patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock refractory to conventional therapy.

Primer implante exitoso de asistencia ventricular izquierda HeartMate 3TM como terapia de destino en Argentina. Revisión de la literatura / First successful Heartmate 3TM left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy in Argentina

RESUMEN Se presenta el primer implante exitoso de asistencia ventricular izquierda como terapia de destino mediante el dispositivo de flujo continuo centrífugo con levitación magnética intracorpóreo HeartMate 3TM (Abbott) en la Argentina. El dispositivo se implantó en una paciente de 52 años portadora de miocardio no compacto con disfunción ventricular izquierda grave, hipertensión pulmonar, insuficiencia cardíaca avanzada en estadio INTERMACS 3 y contraindicación para trasplante cardíaco debido a títulos elevados de anticuerpos preformados contra el sistema HLA en crossmatch contra panel.

ABSTRACT First case of successful implantation of intracorporeal full magnetically levitated continuous centrifugal flow left ventricular assist device HeartMate 3 Abbott® as destination therapy in Argentina in a female patient, 52-years-old with non compaction cardiomyopathy, severe left ventricular dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, end-stage heart failure INTERMACS 3 and contraindication for heart transplantation due to high titers of preformed antibodies against the HLA system in panel reactive antibody assay.

[Papillary fibroelastoma: retrospective analysis. Clinical presentation and surgical results]. / Fibroelastoma papilar cardíaco: estudio retrospectivo. Presentación clínica y resultados quirúrgicos.

Papillary ibroelastomas are small benign intracardiac tumors known for their embolic potential. Since the introduction of echocardiography with improved resolution and transesophageal imaging techniques, they are being increasingly detected in clinical practice. In recent series, papillary fibroelastoma is considered the most frequent benign tumor of the heart. Our objective was to analyze characteristics and midterm surgical outcome of histologically-confirmed cases of papillary fibroelastoma. We conducted a retrospective study on patients with cardiac tumors submitted to surgical excision between June 1992 and February 2017. Out of 108 patients, 18 had papillary fibroelastomas. Their mean age was 58 years (22-77); 10 were men. The most frequent localizations were the aortic valve (7) and the mitral valve (5). None had significant valvular dysfunction. By transesophageal echocardiography, the tumor size (larger diameter) was 13.33 ± 5.55 mm (6.6-28.0). Two patients, both with tumor in the aortic valve, had suffered a stroke; other two had dyspnoea and atrial flutter, respectively. The remaining 14 patients were asymptomatic and their tumors were incidental findings. In 15 patients the valve was preserved. There was neither surgical mortality nor recurrence after 2.6 years of follow-up. In conclusion, most papillary fibroelastomas can be surgically removed with valve preservation and favorable clinical outcome. However, until the results of randomized trials support the decision, an aggressive surgical approach in asymptomatic patients needs to be defined in the context of surgical expertise.

Fibroelastoma papilar cardíaco: estudio retrospectivo: Presentación clínica y resultados quirúrgicos / Fibroelastoma papilar cardíaco: estudio retrospectivo: Presentación clínica y resultados quirúrgicos

Los fibroelastomas papilares cardíacos son pequeños tumores benignos con potencial embolígeno. Con la incorporación de la ecocardiografía y la mejoría en la resolución de las imágenes, el diagnóstico clínico es cada vez más frecuente, y en series recientes su frecuencia supera a la del mixoma cardíaco. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar las características de una serie de casos de fibroelastoma papilar cardíaco con confirmación histológica operados en nuestro hospital. Analizamos retrospectivamente los tumores cardíacos y las características clínicas de los pacientes operados desde junio de 1992 a febrero de 2017. De 108 operados, 18 presentaron fibroelastoma papilar. La edad media del grupo con fibroelastoma papilar fue 58 años (22-77); 10 eran varones. Las localizaciones más frecuentes fueron la válvula aórtica (7) y la válvula mitral (5). Ninguno presentó disfunción valvular significativa. Por ecografía transesofágica, el tamaño (diámetro mayor) fue 13.33 ± 5.55 mm (6.6-28.0). Cuatro pacientes eran sintomáticos; uno presentaba disnea, otro aleteo auricular, dos con fibroelastoma en válvula aórtica habían sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular. Los restantes, asintomáticos, fueron intervenidos preventivamente. En 15 pacientes el tumor se extirpó sin necesidad de reemplazo valvular. No hubo mortalidad quirúrgica ni recidiva tumoral en el seguimiento de 2.6 años. Se concluye que los fibroelastomas papilares cardíacos pueden ser extirpados con buenos resultados a mediano plazo y, en su mayoría, con preservación valvular. Sin embargo, no existen aún estudios aleatorizados que avalen la escisión quirúrgica en pacientes asintomáticos. Por el momento, esta última depende de la experiencia del grupo quirúrgico tratante.

Papillary ibroelastomas are small benign intracardiac tumors known for their embolic potential. Since the introduction of echocardiography with improved resolution and transesophageal imaging techniques, they are being increasingly detected in clinical practice. In recent series, papillary fibroelastoma is considered the most frequent benign tumor of the heart. Our objective was to analyze characteristics and midterm surgical outcome of histologically-confirmed cases of papillary fibroelastoma. We conducted a retrospective study on patients with cardiac tumors submitted to surgical excision between June 1992 and February 2017. Out of 108 patients, 18 had papillary fibroelastomas. Their mean age was 58 years (22-77); 10 were men. The most frequent localizations were the aortic valve (7) and the mitral valve (5). None had significant valvular dysfunction. By transesophageal echocardiography, the tumor size (larger diameter) was 13.33 ± 5.55 mm (6.6-28.0). Two patients, both with tumor in the aortic valve, had suffered a stroke; other two had dyspnoea and atrial flutter, respectively. The remaining 14 patients were asymptomatic and their tumors were incidental findings. In 15 patients the valve was preserved. There was neither surgical mortality nor recurrence after 2.6 years of follow-up. In conclusion, most papillary fibroelastomas can be surgically removed with valve preservation and favorable clinical outcome. However, until the results of randomized trials support the decision, an aggressive surgical approach in asymptomatic patients needs to be defined in the context of surgical expertise.

[Acute aortic regurgitation due to infective endocarditis]. / Insuficiencia aórtica aguda por endocarditis infecciosa.

Acute aortic regurgitation (AAR) due to infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease and usually requires surgical treatment. Our study aims to compare the clinical, echocardiographic, and microbiological characteristics as well as in-hospital outcome of patients with AAR according to the severity of heart failure (HF) and to evaluate predictors of in-hospital mortality in a tertiary centre. In a prospective analysis, we compared patients with NYHA functional class I-II HF (G1) vs. functional class III-IV HF (G2). From 06/92 to 07/16, 439 patients with IE were hospitalized; 86 presented AAR: (G1, 39: 45.4% y G2, 47: 54.7%). The G1 had higher prosthetic IE (43.6% vs. 17%, p 0.01). All G2 patients had dyspnoea vs. 30.8% of the G1 (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in clinical, echocardiographic and microbiological characteristics. Surgical treatment was indicated mainly due to infection extension or valvular dysfunction in G1 and HF in G2. In-hospital mortality was 15.4% vs. 27.7% (G1 and G2 respectively p NS). In multivariate analysis, health care-associated acquisition (p 0.001), negative blood cultures (p 0.004), and functional class III-IV HF (p 0.039) were in-hospital mortality predictors. One-fifth of the patients with EI had AAR. Half of them had severe HF which needed emergency surgery and the remaining needed surgery for extension of the infection and / or valvular dysfunction. Both groups remain to have high surgical and in-hospital mortality. Health care-associated acquisition, negative blood cultures and advanced HF were predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Insuficiencia aórtica aguda por endocarditis infecciosa / Acute aortic regurgitation due to infective endocarditis

La insuficiencia aórtica aguda (IAOA) por endocarditis infecciosa (EI) es grave y generalmente requiere tratamiento quirúrgico. Se compararon los pacientes con IAOA grave por EI e insuficiencia cardíaca (IC) en clase funcional I-II NYHA (G1) con los pacientes en clase funcional III-IV (G2) en relación a características clínicas, ecocardiográficas, microbiológicas y evolución hospitalaria y se evaluaron los predictores de mortalidad, en un centro de alta complejidad. Desde 06/92 a 07/16, de 439 pacientes con EI, 86 presentaron IAOA: (G1, 39: 45.4% y G2, 47: 54.7%). El G1 presentó mayor EI protésica (43.6% vs. 17.0%; p < 0.01). Los 47 casos G2 presentaban disnea vs. 12 (30.8%) G1 (p < 0.0001). No hubo diferencias en cuanto a las características clínicas, ecocardiográficas y microbiológicas. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue principalmente por extensión de la infección y/disfunción valvular en el G1 y por IC en el G2. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 15.4% vs. 27.7% (G1 y G2 respectivamente, p NS). Fueron predictores en el análisis multivariado: la infección intrahospitalaria (p 0.001), los hemocultivos negativos (p 0.004) y la presencia de IC clase funcional III-IV (p 0.039).Una quinta parte de los pacientes con EI presentaron IAOA. Aquellos con IC grave requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico de emergencia y con IC con clase funcional I-II requirieron cirugía por extensión de la infección y/o disfunción valvular. La mortalidad quirúrgica y hospitalaria continúan siendo elevadas en ambos grupos y fueron predictores de mortalidad hospitalaria: la infección intrahospitalaria, los hemocultivos negativos y la IC avanzada.

Acute aortic regurgitation (AAR) due to infective endocarditis (IE) is a serious disease and usually requires surgical treatment. Our study aims to compare the clinical, echocardiographic, and microbiological characteristics as well as in-hospital outcome of patients with AAR according to the severity of heart failure (HF) and to evaluate predictors of in-hospital mortality in a tertiary centre. In a prospective analysis, we compared patients with NYHA functional class I-II HF (G1) vs. functional class III-IV HF (G2). From 06/92 to 07/16, 439 patients with IE were hospitalized; 86 presented AAR: (G1, 39: 45.4% y G2, 47: 54.7%). The G1 had higher prosthetic IE (43.6% vs. 17%, p 0.01). All G2 patients had dyspnoea vs. 30.8% of the G1 (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in clinical, echocardiographic and microbiological characteristics. Surgical treatment was indicated mainly due to infection extension or valvular dysfunction in G1 and HF in G2. In-hospital mortality was 15.4% vs. 27.7% (G1 and G2 respectively p NS). In multivariate analysis, health care-associated acquisition (p 0.001), negative blood cultures (p 0.004), and functional class III-IV HF (p 0.039) were in-hospital mortality predictors. One-fifth of the patients with EI had AAR. Half of them had severe HF which needed emergency surgery and the remaining needed surgery for extension of the infection and / or valvular dysfunction. Both groups remain to have high surgical and in-hospital mortality. Health care-associated acquisition, negative blood cultures and advanced HF were predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Resultados del trasplante cardíaco según el perfil clínico del receptor: 21 años de experiencia / Outcomes of Heart Transplantation Based on Recipient's Clinical Profile: 21-Year Experience

Introducción: El trasplante cardíaco continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección en pacientes con miocardiopatías graves sin otras opciones terapéuticas. Los resultados alentadores del trasplante cardíaco en términos de supervivencia han permitido ampliar los criterios de selección del receptor, lo que ha llevado a la inclusión de pacientes de mayor complejidad en lista de espera. Objetivo: Analizar los resultados del trasplante cardíaco del Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro a lo largo de 21 años de seguimiento. Material y métodos: Entre febrero de 1993 y diciembre de 2014 se realizaron 442 trasplantes cardíacos ortotópicos en un único centro. Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva las historias clínicas de los pacientes, excluyéndose los pediátricos y protegiendo la confidencialidad de los datos. Para el análisis se dividió la serie en período 1 (febrero 1993 - agosto 2003) y período 2 (septiembre 2003 - diciembre 2014). Resultados: Se observó durante el segundo período una prevalencia mayor de candidatos con miocardiopatía dilatada no coronaria versus coronaria y un incremento significativo de la indicación de trasplante cardíaco en la miocardiopatía dilatada chagásica. La prevalencia de hipertensión pulmonar aumentó, realizándose un número mayor de trasplantes cardíacos en condición de emergencia, con requerimiento de inotrópicos y soporte circulatorio mecánico con balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. Conclusiones: Se han observado cambios en el perfil clínico de los receptores de trasplante cardíaco, ingresando en lista de espera pacientes con un número mayor de comorbilidades. La cuidadosa elección de candidatos a trasplante requiere una revisión continua y un análisis individualizado de los diferentes factores que determinan la supervivencia de los pacientes y su impacto en los resultados de los programas de trasplante.

Medium-term glycemic control in diabetics before coronary bypass surgery.

The aim of this study was to determine the association between preoperative medium-term (60-90 days) glycemic control, as reflected by glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), and the incidence of major complications (mediastinitis, perioperative infarction, heart failure, stroke and kidney failure dialysis) and mortality in diabetic patients undergoing elective coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (CABG). This study suggests that aggressive glycemic control three months before surgery, achieving HbA1c=7% improvement results with less postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Medium-term glycemic control in diabetics before coronary bypass surgery

The aim of this study was to determine the association between preoperative medium-term (60-90 days) glycemic control, as reflected by glycosylated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c), and the incidence of major complications (mediastinitis, perioperative infarction, heart failure, stroke and kidney failure dialysis) and mortality in diabetic patients undergoing elective coronary artery by-pass graft surgery (CABG). This study suggests that aggressive glycemic control three months before surgery, achieving HbA1c ≤ 7% improvement results with less postoperative morbidity and mortality.

El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre el control glucémico a mediano plazo, 2-3 meses previos a la cirugía cardiaca, evaluado mediante el dosaje de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c), y la incidencia de muerte y complicaciones mayores (mediastinitis, infarto perioperatorio, insuficiencia cardíaca, accidente cerebrovascular e insuficiencia renal dialítica) en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2. Este estudio sugiere que el control glucémico 3 meses antes de la cirugía en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, logrando HbA1c ≤ 7%, mejora los resultados en el posoperatorio observándose menor morbilidad y mortalidad.

Ross procedure in adults: is reoperation a real concern?

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY: Reintervention after the Ross procedure (RP) remains a concern. Hence, the study aim was to assess the long-term results of the RP in adults and to identify predictors of reoperation. METHODS: Between 1995 and 2012, a total of 263 consecutive patients (189 males, 74 females; mean age 42 ± 14 years) underwent the RP, using the free-standing root technique. The mean follow up was 7.5 ± 5.0 years and was 94% complete. Survival, and freedom from autograft, homograft and Ross-related reoperation were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier analysis, while Cox proportional hazard regression was used to identify predictors of reoperation. RESULTS: Early mortality was 2.6% (n = 7) and late mortality 4.9% (n = 14). Survival at 13 years was 90% (95% CI 80-95%). Freedom from homograft, autograft and Ross-related reoperation at 13 years were 97% (95% CI 90-99%), 92% (95% CI 82-96%) and 90% (95% CI 81-95%), respectively. No predictors of homograft reoperation were identified. Freedom from autograft reoperation was not significantly different for patients with preoperative aortic insufficiency (AI) (88%; 95% CI 74-95% at 13 years) compared to those with aortic stenosis (96%; 95% CI 84-99% at 13 years), or both (86%; 95% CI 51-97% at 13 years) (p = 0.62). Other variables (gender, aortic/pulmonary mismatch and aortic annulus diameter) were not significantly associated with the need for autograft reoperation. CONCLUSION: Despite its complexity and reoperation rate, RP should be considered as a valid surgical option for aortic valve disease treatment in selected patients. Among the present series, no predictors for homograft or autograft reoperation were identified.

Impact of surgical ventricular reconstruction on sphericity index in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy: follow-up from the STICH trial.

AIMS: We sought to evaluate associations between baseline sphericity index (SI) and clinical outcome, and changes in SI after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery with or without surgical ventricular reconstruction (SVR) in ischaemic cardiomyopathy patients enrolled in the SVR study (Hypothesis 2) of the Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure (STICH) trial. METHODS AND RESULTS: Among 1000 patients in the STICH SVR study, we evaluated 546 patients (255 randomized to CABG alone and 291 to CABG + SVR) whose baseline SI values were available. SI was not significantly different between treatment groups at baseline. After 4 months, SI had increased in the CABG + SVR group, but was unchanged in the CABG alone group (0.69 ± 0.10 to 0.77 ± 0.12 vs. 0.67 ± 0.07 to 0.66 ± 0.09, respectively; P < 0.001). SI did not significantly change from 4 months to 2 years in either group. Although LV end-systolic volume and EF improved significantly more in the CABG + SVR group compared with CABG alone, the severity of mitral regurgitation significantly improved only in the CABG alone group, and the estimated LV filling pressure (E/A ratio) increased only in the CABG + SVR group. Higher baseline SI was associated with worse survival after surgery (hazard ratio 1.21, 95% confidence interval 1.02 - 1.43; P = 0.026). Survival was not significantly different by treatment strategy. CONCLUSION: Although SVR was designed to improve LV geometry, SI worsened after SVR despite improved LVEF and smaller LV volume. Survival was significantly better in patients with lower SI regardless of treatment strategy.

Circulating cardiac biomarkers and postoperative atrial fibrillation in the OPERA trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication after cardiac surgery and predicts increased morbidity and mortality. Identification of patients at high risk of POAF with the help of circulating biomarkers may enable early preventive treatment but data are limited, especially in contemporary surgical patients. METHODS: Plasma concentrations of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) were measured at enrollment, on the morning of cardiac surgery, at end surgery, and 2 days postsurgery in 562 patients undergoing cardiac surgery, randomized to perioperative supplementation with oral fish oil or placebo in the Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Prevention of Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation trial (OPERA). The primary endpoint was incident POAF lasting ≥ 30 s, centrally adjudicated and confirmed electrocardiographically. RESULTS: Higher levels of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT before surgery were associated with older age, renal or cardiac dysfunction and EuroSCORE. NT-proBNP peaked on postoperative day 2 (2172 [1238-3758] ng/L, median [Q1-Q3]), while hs-cTnT peaked at the end of surgery (373 [188-660] ng/L). Fish oil supplementation did not alter the time course of the cardiac biomarkers (P > 0.05). Concentrations of NT-proBNP or hs-cTnT, on the morning of surgery, or changes in their level between morning of surgery and postsurgery, were not significantly associated with POAF after adjustment for clinical and surgical characteristics. CONCLUSION: Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT are related to clinical and surgical characteristics, have different perioperative time courses but are not independently associated with risk of POAF.

Hybrid strategy for unstable patients with severe carotid and cardiac disease requiring surgery.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent severe carotid and cardiac disease is a challenging situation where staged surgery is probably the most common strategy. However, in patients with an unstable clinical presentation, the best approach is still a matter of debate. The aim of the study was to report in-hospital and midterm outcome in patients who received carotid artery stenting and synchronous cardiac surgery. METHODS: From June 1998 to July 2012, 54 consecutive patients who were treated at a high-volume university medical center with this hybrid approach were included in the study. All of the patients received carotid angioplasty while being administered aspirin and regular unfractionated heparin. Then, all of the patients were immediately transferred to the operating room for coronary and/or cardiac valve surgery. All of the patients were administered aspirin and clopidogrel once bleeding was ruled out, after surgery. RESULTS: There were 5 in-hospital surgical related deaths, and no patient suffered a stroke or required carotid urgent re-intervention. At follow-up (55 ± 28 months; range 1-144 months), there were no new neurological deficits, while one additional death occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In this series, synchronous carotid stenting and cardiac surgery were feasible with an acceptable complication rate in a high-surgical-risk population, which could not undergo staged procedures.

Extent of coronary and myocardial disease and benefit from surgical revascularization in ischemic LV dysfunction [Corrected].

BACKGROUND: Patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction have higher operative risk with coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). However, those whose early risk is surpassed by subsequent survival benefit have not been identified. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to examine the impact of anatomic variables associated with poor prognosis on the effect of CABG in ischemic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: All 1,212 patients in the STICH (Surgical Treatment of IsChemic Heart failure) surgical revascularization trial were included. Patients had coronary artery disease (CAD) and ejection fraction (EF) of ≤35% and were randomized to receive CABG plus medical therapy or optimal medical therapy (OMT) alone. This study focused on 3 prognostic factors: presence of 3-vessel CAD, EF below the median (27%), and end-systolic volume index (ESVI) above the median (79 ml/m(2)). Patients were categorized as having 0 to 1 or 2 to 3 of these factors. RESULTS: Patients with 2 to 3 prognostic factors (n = 636) had reduced mortality with CABG compared with those who received OMT (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56 to 0.89; p = 0.004); CABG had no such effect in patients with 0 to 1 factor (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.81 to 1.44; p = 0.591). There was a significant interaction between the number of factors and the effect of CABG on mortality (p = 0.022). Although 30-day risk with CABG was higher, a net beneficial effect of CABG relative to OMT was observed at >2 years in patients with 2 to 3 factors (HR: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.37 to 0.75; p<0.001) but not in those with 0 to 1 factor (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.59 to 1.31; p = 0.535). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with more advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy receive greater benefit from CABG. This supports the indication for surgical revascularization in patients with more extensive CAD and worse myocardial dysfunction and remodeling. (Comparison of Surgical and Medical Treatment for Congestive Heart Failure and Coronary Artery Disease [STICH]; NCT00023595).

Cirugía de preservación de la válvula aórtica con técnica de reimplante / Aortic Valve-sparing Operation with Reimplantation Technique

Introducción La cirugía de preservación de la válvula aórtica ofrece la única oportunidad de conservar la válvula en pacientes que requieren una intervención quirúrgica por enfermedad de la raíz aórtica. Objetivo Analizar los resultados a largo plazo de la cirugía de preservación de la válvula aórtica con técnica de reimplante en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro. Material y métodos Desde junio de 1998 a diciembre de 2011 se intervinieron 66 pacientes con cirugía de preservación de la válvula aórtica. Se incluyeron 53 pacientes operados con técnica de reimplante y se excluyeron 13 pacientes intervenidos con técnica de remodelación. Se realizó seguimiento clínico y ecocardiográfico. La insuficiencia aórtica se clasificó en: 0: ausente; 1+: leve; 2+: moderada; 3+: moderada-grave; 4+: grave. La supervivencia y la ausencia de insuficiencia aórtica > 2+ y de reoperación se analizaron con el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados La edad media de los pacientes fue de 45 ± 17 años, el 79% eran de sexo masculino, el 36% con síndrome de Marfan. La mortalidad hospitalaria y tardía fue del 3,8%. La supervivencia global a los 8 años fue del 91% (IC 95% 78-97%). La ausencia de insuficiencia aórtica > 2+ y de reoperación a los 8 años fue del 84% (IC 95% 66-92%) y del 90% (IC 95% 74-96%), respectivamente. La insuficiencia aórtica preoperatoria > 2+ no se asoció con insuficiencia aórtica > 2+ (RR 1,45; p = 0,16) ni con reoperación (RR 1,96; p = 0,4) durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones En nuestra experiencia, la cirugía de preservación de la válvula aórtica con técnica de reimplante en pacientes con patología de la raíz aórtica muestra resultados comparables a los de otras series internacionales publicadas. Esta técnica quirúrgica es una opción válida para pacientes seleccionados, correctamente informados sobre las diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas, y debe realizarse en centros con experiencia.

Introduction The aortic valve-sparing operation offers the unique possibility of preserving the native valve in patients who need surgical treatment for aortic root disease. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the long term outcome of the aortic valve-sparing operation with reimplantation technique at the Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro. Methods A total of 66 patients underwent aortic valve-sparing operation from June 1998 to December 2011. Fifty three patients operated on with the aortic valve reimplantation technique were included in the study and 13 patients operated with the remodeling technique were excluded. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up was performed. Aortic insufficiency was graded as: 0: absent; 1+: mild; 2+: moderate; 3+: moderate-severe, and 4+: severe. Survival and freedom from aortic insufficiency >2+ and reoperation were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Mean age was 45±17 years, 79% of patients were men and 36% had Marfan syndrome. In-hospital and late mortality was 3.8%. Survival at 8 years was 91% (95% CI: 78-97%). Freedom from aortic insufficiency > 2+ and reoperation at 8 years was 84% (95% CI: 66-92%) and 90% (95% CI: 74-96%), respectively. Preoperative aortic insufficiency >2+ was not associated with aortic insufficiency >2+ (RR 1.45; p=0.16) or reoperation (RR 1.96; p=0.4) during follow-up. Conclusions In our experience, the aortic valve-sparing operation with reimplantation technique in patients with aortic root disease shows comparable results to other published international series. This surgical technique is a valid option for eligible patients duly informed about the different surgical techniques, and should be performed in experienced centers.

Kidney function after off-pump or on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized clinical trial.

IMPORTANCE: Most acute kidney injury observed in the hospital is defined by sudden mild or moderate increases in the serum creatinine concentration, which may persist for several days. Such acute kidney injury is associated with lower long-term kidney function. However, it has not been demonstrated that an intervention that reduces the risk of such acute kidney injury better preserves long-term kidney function. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the risk of acute kidney injury with an intervention in a randomized clinical trial and to determine if there is a difference between the 2 treatment groups in kidney function 1 year later. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery Off- or On-pump Revascularisation Study (CORONARY) enrolled 4752 patients undergoing first isolated coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery at 79 sites in 19 countries. Patients were randomized to receive CABG surgery either with a beating-heart technique (off-pump) or with cardiopulmonary bypass (on-pump). From January 2010 to November 2011, 2932 patients (from 63 sites in 16 countries) from CORONARY were enrolled into a kidney function substudy to record serum creatinine concentrations during the postoperative period and at 1 year. The last 1-year serum creatinine concentration was recorded on January 18, 2013. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Acute kidney injury within 30 days of surgery (≥50% increase in serum creatinine concentration from prerandomization concentration) and loss of kidney function at 1 year (≥20% loss in estimated glomerular filtration rate from prerandomization level). RESULTS: Off-pump (n = 1472) vs on-pump (n = 1460) CABG surgery reduced the risk of acute kidney injury (17.5% vs 20.8%, respectively; relative risk, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.72-0.97], P = .01); however, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the loss of kidney function at 1 year (17.1% vs 15.3%, respectively; relative risk, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.95-1.29], P = .23). Results were consistent with multiple alternate continuous and categorical definitions of acute kidney injury or kidney function loss, and in the subgroup with baseline chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Use of off-pump compared with on-pump CABG surgery reduced the risk of postoperative acute kidney injury, without evidence of better preserved kidney function with off-pump CABG surgery at 1 year. In this setting, an intervention that reduced the risk of mild to moderate acute kidney injury did not alter longer-term kidney function. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00463294.