Evaluation of health outcomes after the implementation of rotational thromboelastometry in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Viscoelastic tests (rotational thromboelastometry, ROTEM®), together with the implementation of a specific algorithm for coagulation management in cardiac surgery, enable perioperative coagulopathy to be better controlled. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including 675 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The incidence of allogeneic blood transfusions and clinical postoperative complications were analyzed before and after ROTEM® implementation. RESULTS: Following viscoelastic testing and the implementation of a specific algorithm for coagulation management, the incidence of any allogeneic blood transfusion decreased (41.4% vs 31.9%, p = .026) during the perioperative period. In the group monitored with ROTEM®, decreased incidence of transfusion was observed for packed red blood cells (31.3% vs 19.8%, p = .002), fresh frozen plasma (9.8% vs 3.8%, p = .008), prothrombin complex concentrate administration (0.9% vs 0.3%, p = .599) and activated recombinant factor VII (0.3% vs 0.0%, p = .603). Increased incidence was observed for platelet transfusion (4.8% vs 6.8%, p = .530) and fibrinogen concentrate (0.9% vs 3.5%, p = .066), tranexamic acid (0.0% vs 0.6%, p = .370) and protamine administration (0.6% vs 0.9%, p = .908). Similar results were observed in the postoperative period, but with a decreased incidence of platelet transfusion (4.8% vs 3.8%, p = .813). In addition, statistically significant reductions were detected in the incidence of postoperative bleeding (9.5% vs 5.3%, p = .037), surgical reexploration (6.0% vs 2.9%, p = .035), and length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay (6.0 days vs 5.3 days, p = .026). CONCLUSIONS: The monitoring of hemostasis by ROTEM® in cardiac surgery, was associated with decreased incidence of allogeneic blood transfusion, clinical hematologic postoperative complications and lengths of ICU stay.

Postoperative costs associated with outcomes after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation: role of antithrombin levels.

OBJECTIVE: To study the impact on postoperative costs of a patient's antithrombin levels associated with outcomes after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. DESIGN: An analytic decision model was designed to estimate costs and clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery in a typical patient with low antithrombin levels (<63.7%) compared with a patient with normal antithrombin levels (≥63.7%). The data used in the model were obtained from a literature review and subsequently validated by a panel of experts in cardiothoracic anesthesiology. SETTING: Multi-institutional (14 Spanish hospitals). PARTICIPANTS: Consultant anesthesiologists. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A sensitivity analysis of extreme scenarios was carried out to assess the impact of the major variables in the model results. The average cost per patient was €18,772 for a typical patient with low antithrombin levels and €13,881 for a typical patient with normal antithrombin levels. The difference in cost was due mainly to the longer hospital stay of a patient with low antithrombin levels compared with a patient with normal levels (13 v 10 days, respectively, representing a €4,596 higher cost) rather than to costs related to the management of postoperative complications (€215, mostly owing to transfusions). Sensitivity analysis showed a high variability range of approximately ±55% of the base case cost between the minimum and maximum scenarios, with the hospital stay contributing more significantly to the variation. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this analytic decision model, there could be a marked increase in the postoperative costs of patients with low antithrombin activity levels at the end of cardiac surgery, mainly ascribed to a longer hospitalization.