[The daily life of patients at the Hôtel-Dieu in Lyon in the nineteenth century]. / La vie quotidienne des patients à l'hôtel-Dieu de Lyon au XIXème siècle.

In 1802 the Hôtel-Dieu in Lyons was incorporated in the so-called Hospices Civils de Lyon. This allowed the expansion and renovation of buildings, as well as the improvement of the conditions of hygiene and comfort of the patients. This hospital was devoted only to the most severely ill or injured adults. 1100 patients were treated by seven doctors, a main surgeon and his deputy, residents and sisters. Broadly speaking the evolution of surgery can be divided into two periods: that of before anesthesia and septic surgery and that of antiseptic and aseptic surgery. We have to mention Gensoul and the resection of the maxillary before anesthesia, Bonnet and Ollier who were devoted to osteo-articular surgery (Ollier's disease), Poncet who built the first aseptic theater, Jaboulay and the resident Carrel who were transplantation's pioneers, Bouveret (paroxysmal tachycardia and Bouveret syndrome), Destot who did the first medical use of X-rays in 1895.

[Health problems of combatants during the First World War]. / Les problèmes de santé des combattants durant la Première Guerre mondiale.

The First World War because of the use of new weapons, injured more than 3 500 000 people (500 000 in the face), more than diseases (tuberculosis, typhoid fever, etc.) or even weather circumstances. The healing of the war wounds through surgery undertook a significant evolution thanks to the use of asepsis and antiseptics. Mortality go down, opening the way to the physical and psychological rehabilitation of those injured by the war.

[A spectacular revolution: evolution of French military health service]. / La révolution spectaculaire du Service de santé aux armées.

After the sanitary disaster caused by the first months of the conflict, the Health service of the French armies undertook a true revolution. By 1918, it had become the most efficient of all the opposing armies. At the end of 1914, through the spacing out of the evacuating hospitals within the zone of the armies, the most efficient teams were placed as close as possible to the front. Injured soldiers were categorized at every step of the chain. Technical progress, especially in war surgery, pushed medicine into the moderne era.

[Anatomo-clinical collections carried out in Marseille during the 1914-1918 war and kept at the museum of the health services of the army in Paris]. / Les collections anatomo-cliniques réalisées & Marseille durant la guerre de 1914-1918 et conservées au musée du service de santé des armées & Paris.

The creation in full war, in Val-de-Grâce in Paris, of the center "Archives and documents of war" by Justin Godart brought together nearly 100,000 archivistic files, 10,000 objects or anatomopatholocal pieces among which 1500 wax casts or plaster casts and their technical and photographic documents. The reports and the objects realized in Marseilles in the XVth military region, show certainly the progress of that surgery during the 1st world War but also provide a better understanding of the functioning of the major specialized services created in this city for the nerves surgery, orthopedic or the maxillofacial surgery.

[François de Lapeyronie, from Montpellier (1678-1747). "Surgery restorer" and universal spirit. The soul, Musc, rooster eggs]. / François de Lapeyronie, de Montpellier (1678-1747). "Restaurateur de la chirurgie" et esprit universel l'ame, le musc, les oeufs de coq.

François de Lapeyronie was a master in surgery in 1695 in Paris then in 1717 and rewarded with the rank of Medical Doctor of the University of Reims. The authors try to underline his intelligence and his broadmindedness through three publications about the centre of the soul in the corpus callosum, the anatomical dissection of a kind of stone marten and the scientific research of the so called 'egg of cock'.

[The Hospital of Origin of Stage (H.O.E.) of Bouleuse/Aubilly/Ste-Euphraise in the storm of beginning of the second battle of the Marne (end May-beginning June 1918): Some memories on René Leriche]. / L'Hôpital d'Origine d'Etape (H.O.E.) de Bouleuse/Aubilly/Ste-Euphraise dans la tourmente de début de la deuxième bataille de la Marne (fin mai-début juin 1918): Quelques souvenirs sur René Leriche.

The article deals with the role of the Hospital of "Bouleuse" during the harsh German attack in June 1918 at the beginning of the second Battle of the Marne. The hospital was also a School of War Surgery directed by radiologist Claudius Regaud. Some famous French surgeons (Robert Proust, Lemaître, Roux-Berger) participated in the running of the hospital and René Leriche began his study about osteogenesis and the role of the sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems in the big traumatic damages. His reports are all the more interesting as the records of the Hospital Bouleuse have been totally destroyed during the attack.

[Progress in surgery of limb's wounds during the Great War]. / L'evolution de la chirurgie des plaies de guerre des membres en 1914-1918.

The prominent tenets of limb's wound surgery have been improved during the Great War. Before 1914, traditional treatment of war injuries was usually applied on the ground because injuries caused by firearms were supposedly trivial while the threatening infection refrained surgeons from acting. From the very start of 1914, gangrene and septicaemia were the terrible consequences of new types of injuries provoked by shrapnel, all the more dangerous that the wounded men were numerous and the injuries were nursed after a too important delay. New surgical facilities have been organised by the French Military Health Service which created the "Ambulances Chirurgicales Automobiles", improved the selection procedures and the mobilization of many surgeons. New surgical treatments such as lancing, continuous use irrigation, delayed suture of wounds allowed improvement of results and saved more than one soldier. Finally, the excision of dead and contaminated tissues is still nowadays the most important progress in war surgery.