Use of platelet- and leukocyte-rich fibrin (L-PRF) as a healing agent in the postoperative period of third molar removal surgeries: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of L-PRF as a healing agent in the postoperative period of third molar extraction surgeries, as well as to investigate secondary effects, such as the reduction of pain, edema and other discomforts after the surgical intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The methodology adopted consisted of carrying out a systematic review of the literature, following the model outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The inclusion criteria were previously established according to a systematic review protocol approved by the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under number CRD42023484679. In order to carry out a comprehensive search, a search in five databases was carried out, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Embase. RESULTS: The search resulted in the selection of randomized controlled trials that conformed to the established criteria. Two authors independently screened the records and extracted the data. The assessment of bias was conducted according to the guidelines recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration, using version 2 of the Cochrane tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials (RoB 2). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that L-PRF stands out by providing direct benefits to healing, vascularization and tissue regeneration. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: L-PRF plays an important role in reducing postoperative pain, edema, the incidence of alveolar osteitis and infections after third molar removal surgery, compared to patients who did not undergo the use of L-PRF.

Tomographic analysis of relationship of mandibular morphology and third molars eruption.

BACKGROUND: Lower third molars (L3M) are the last teeth to erupt in the oral cavity. Uneruption of these teeth still raises questions about its causes, in the literature (1) genetic factors, (2) dental lamina activity and, mainly, (3) insufficient growth and development of the bone bases are included. While the lack of space theory influenced by mandibular morphology and size of L3M was argued to be the main reason for L3M impaction, there is a limitation in the literature in examining such association using more accurate tomographic analysis obtained from CBCT. This work aimed to evaluate the relationship between mandibular morphology and the eruption of L3M. METHODS: In this regard, 85 Cone Beam Computed Tomographies (CBCT), with 147 L3M, were selected from the archives of the Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, obtained using an Accuitomo® Morita device and using the Dolphin Imaging 11.9 software. L3M eruption was related to linear measurements of jaw length (Co-Gn), retromolar space dimension (D2R), mesiodistal width of the L3M crowns, mandibular first molars (L1M) and mandibular canines (LC) and the angle mandibular (Ar-Go-Me). Independent samples t-test, chi-square tests and logistic regression were performed adopting a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The average mandible length of 116.446 mm + 6.415 mm, retromolar space of 11.634 mm + 2.385 mm, mesiodistal size of the L3M of 10.054 mm + 0.941 mm, sum of the mesiodistal widths of the L1M and LC of 15.564 mm + 1.218 mm and mandibular angle of 127.23° + 6.109. There was no statistically significant association between these factors and the eruption. CONCLUSION: With the results obtained in this study, we conclude that the length and angle of the mandible, teeth size and dimension of the retromolar space are not associated with the L3M eruption.

The Prediction Capacity 3-D Software, on a 2-D Analysis, in Planning the Positioning of the Upper Lip After Maxillary Advancement.

PURPOSE: The maxillary advancement using Le Fort I osteotomy directly affects in the positioning of the upper lip (UL) and the nasolabial angle (NLA), which plays an important role in facial expression and aesthetics, because of this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of Dolphin Imaging 11.8 software in predicting changes to the UL position and NLA in patients undergoing maxillary advancement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It was a retrospective cohort study. Predictive and final tracings using pre- and postoperative Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of 24 patients undergoing maxillary advancement, regardless of mandibular movement, were compared. Whether the amount of advancement changes this predictability was also analyzed. The predictive and the 12-month postoperative data were evaluated using Dolphin Imaging 11.8 software and compared. Student t test was used to get the results. RESULTS: The vertical analysis of the incisal tip and cementoenamel junction of the upper central incisor (UCI) and of the UL were statistically significant (P = .001 for all). The horizontal measurements of the same variables (P = .238, P = .516, P = .930, respectively) and the NLA (P = .060) showed no statistical significance. The amount of advancement did not interfere with the variables analyzed, except for the exposure (P = .009) and inclination of the UCI (P = .010). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that the amount of maxillary advancement does not interfere with the UL prediction; the prediction capacity of the software was good for the horizontal measurements, but had a significant error index for vertical measurements.

Evaluation of bone availability for grafts in different donor sites, through computed tomography

Abstract Objective To quantify the bone volume that can be safely withdrawn from 3 donor sites: (1) the mandibular symphysis, (2) the oblique mandibular line and (3) the skullcap. Methodology For the symphysis, 200 tomographic exams were evaluated by the extension of the anterior loop of mental foramen, by the nerve, by the distance of the foramens, by the distance between the vestibular cortical and the lingual plates and by the distance between the apexes, or lower anterior teeth, and the mandibular base, using the "distance" tool of the I-CAT Vision, in the panoramic and parasagittal reformations. For the oblique line, 70 TCFC exams were analyzed retrospectively in panoramic and parasagittal reformations, evaluating the thickness of the vestibular cortical and the distance between the cortical and the mandibular canal. For the cranial bone, a hexagonal donor site located in parietal area was considered. Results The average dimensions of the bone blocks that can be safely removed from the region of the mandibular symphysis are: 32.27 mm in length, 4.87 mm in height and 4 mm in thickness, providing a volume of 628.61 mm3 available for grafting. In the oblique line, the available bone volume for grafting was 859.61 mm3. In the region of the cranial vault, multiplying the average bone thickness by the area of the hexagon, an average volume of 2,499 mm3 was obtained. Conclusions Comparing the donor sites, the bone availability in the cranial vault is 3 times greater than in the mandibular posterior region, and at least 2 times greater than in the mandibular symphysis.

Immediate Removal of a Dislocated Dental Fragment from the Submandibular Space during Extraction of the Lower Third Molar: Case Report and Literature Review / Remoção Imediata de fragmento Radicular Deslocado Para o Espaço Submandibular Durante a Exodontia de Terceiro Molar Inferior. Relato de Caso e Revisão de Literatura

This paper aims to report a case of radicular displacement to the submandibular space and to review the literature seeking reports of dental displacements / fragments published in the period from 2007 to 2017 in PubMed evidencing risk factors, prevention and forms of treatment. In this article a case of displacement of dental fragments to the submandibular space with immediate removal is reported. The third molar or its roots displacement into facial spaces is a rare situation. The preoperative surgical planning is fundamental to avoid this type of complication. The association of (1) good surgical planning, (2) surgical technique utilization and adequate instruments, and (3) the surgeon experience are determining factors to avoid the occurrence of this complication. (AU).

A extração de terceiros molares é o procedimento cirúrgico mais frequente nos consultórios odontológicos. Como qualquer cirurgia, existe a possibilidade de complicações trans e pós-operatórias. O deslocamento desses dentes ou fragmento dentário para espaços faciais é raro, com frequência extremamente baixa. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de deslocamento radicular para o espaço submandibular e revisar a literatura buscando relatos de deslocamentos dentários/fragmentos publicados no período de 2007 a 2017 no Pubmed evidenciando fatores de risco, prevenção e formas de tratamento. Nesse artigo nós relatamos um caso de deslocamento de um fragmento radicular para o espaço submandibular, sendo este removido imediatamente. O deslocamento do terceiro molar ou de fragmentos radiculares para os espaços faciais é raro. A avaliação pré-operatória é fundamental para evitar esse tipo de complicação. A associação entre (1) planejamento cirúrgico correto, (2) utilização de técnica e materiais corretos e (3) experiência do profissional, são fatores determinantes para evitar esse tipo de complicação. (AU).

Treatment of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis using platelet-rich plasma: microtomographic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical analyses

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on tooth extraction sites in rats treated with bisphosphonates. Thirty Albinus Wistar male rats were administered 0.035 mg/kg zoledronic acid intravenously for 8 weeks, divided into four administrations with a 2-week interval between each application, after which their upper right central incisors were extracted to induce the development of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). The samples were divided into the following two groups: Group 1 (G1) underwent marginal resection of BRONJ followed by the use of PRP, while Group 2 (G2) underwent resection of BRONJ but without the use of PRP. The treatment groups were evaluated after 14, 28, and 42 days. Clinical, microtomographic, microscopic, and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations were performed. Microtomography results revealed no significant difference between the groups (p <0.05) in any time period. Histomorphometric analysis showed increased bone formation over time for both groups (p < 0.001). G1 demonstrated a greater amount of new bone formation than G2 at 28 and 42 days (p < 0.001), with G1 presenting greater vascularization and a slightly higher VEGF expression. For both groups, RANKL/OPG expression levels were sufficient as a parameter for indicating the rate of bone remodeling in a previously treated area of osteonecrosis groups. Taken together, our findings indicated that the use of PRP improves the resolution process of BRONJ.

Condylar positioning in orthognathic surgery: a cone beam computed tomography-based in vitro analysis of a positioning method

Aim: Orthognathic surgery aims to correct facial skeletal deformities and the correct condylar positioning is very important for stable results. The aim of the present study was to verify the occurrence of changes in the postoperative condylar positioning in artificial skulls with a skeletal Class II maxillomandibular relationship submitted to bilateral sagittal split osteotomy when the method of cephalometric data transfer was used. Methods: Ten skeletal Angle class II polyurethane skulls were used with metallic markers in the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint and mandibular condyles. The skulls were submitted to preoperative and postoperative cone beam computed tomography before and after the bilateral sagittal split osteotomy. To verify the condylar positioning, measurements between the distances of the markers at the temporal bones and mandibular condyles were taken in the coronal and sagittal views by the DISTANCE tool of the iCat Vision software. All measurements were obtained by one examiner in the preoperative and postoperative CBCTs, tabulated and submitted to statistical analysis by the Wilcoxon test with a level of significance of 5% (p<0,05). After 15 days of the completion of the first data collection, all measurements were redone to determine the random and systematic error by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Results: With the exception of the average of the lateral-medial distance (from the measurements between the medium left markers only), the averages of the anterior-posterior distances (only in the left posterior and lateral right markers) and the vertical average (only in the central markers) showed no statistically significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative distances of the metallic markers. Conclusion: Even when using the method of cephalometric data transfer, variation of the condylar positioning occurred between the preoperative and postoperative periods. This variation occurred only in a few points of the mandibular condyles

Tomographic late evaluation of xenogeneic bone grafts in sockets of impacted third molars

Abstract It is necessary to preserve height and thickness of the alveolar bone to facilitate rehabilitation with osteointegratable implants or simply to maintain bone integrity after extraction. Biomaterials associated with resorbable or non-resorbable membranes, when placed in the region of the socket, may contribute to avoid this unwanted reabsorption. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the distance of the crest of alveolar ridge to the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of the lower second molars and the bone density of the third molar socket filled with Gen-Tech®, 5 years after an exodontia using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to visualize the central region of the sockets, without overlapping of the buccal and lingual cortical bones. Material and Methods A total of 12 individuals from an initial group of 39 patients submitted to extraction of the unruptured lower third molars and grafting of an association of inorganic bovine bone matrix, organic bovine bone matrix, collagen and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) (Gen-Tech®) on one side and the contralateral sockets filled only by clot, returned to control after 5 years, and were submitted to CBCT. The distance from the crest of alveolar bone to the CEJ and the bone density (BD) were measured using the i-CAT Vision Software. Results The results showed that the distance from the crest of alveolar bone to the CEJ in the control group was similar to that observed before the exodontia; in the experimental group, this distance was smaller. Considering the BD measurement, a significantly higher density was observed in the experimental group (p<0.05). Conclusion Part of the biomaterial was not absorbed and allowed the stability of the evaluated parameters after 5 years, being able to be used as a bone substitute in the socket.

Current considerations on bone substitutes in maxillary sinus lifting / Consideraciones actuales sobre sustitutos óseos en elevación del seno maxilar

The procedure of maxillary sinus lifting using autogenous bone was considered the reference standard choice for oral rehabilitation in cases of severe atrophic maxilla. However, it is not always a viable option, due to the limitations or morbidity caused by grafting techniques. This has led to the development of bone substitutes, which have been elaborated and improved. Choosing the best biomaterial becomes difficult due to the wide variety of bone substitutes. The aim of this article is to present some of these materials that are reported in the current scientific literature for maxillary sinus lifting.

El procedimiento de elevación del seno maxilar utilizando hueso autógeno se consideraba la opción estándar de oro para la rehabilitación oral en casos de maxilar atrófico grave. Sin embargo, no siempre es una opción viable, debido a las limitaciones o a la morbilidad causada por técnicas de injerto, lo que justifica la existencia de sustitutos óseos que han sido elaborados y mejorados. En cuanto a la amplia variedad de sustitutos óseos, se hace difícil la mejor elección de biomaterial. El objetivo de este informe es presentar una variedad de sustitutos óseos respetados en la literatura científica actual, usados en la elevación del seno maxilar.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Introduction of a new modified experimental model

ABSTRACT PURPOSE : To evaluate a modified experimental model for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) through the upper right central incisor extraction followed by intravenous bisphosphonate administration. METHODS: Forty five rats underwent the upper right central incisor tooth extraction were divided in 2 groups: Group I - experimental group, 30 rats received an intravenous administration protocol of zoledronic acid 35μg/kg into the tail vein every two weeks, totalizing four administrations, during eight weeks of administration, previously the extraction, and Group II - control group, 15 rats didn't received any medication before extraction. The groups were subdivided in postoperative periods: 14/28/42 days. Clinical analysis and microtomography were performed to verify the presence of osteonecrosis. In addition, descritive histological analysis of hematoxylin-eosin stained sections was performed to evaluate the presence of osteonecrosis or necrotic foci. RESULTS: Twelve (40%) rats, from experimental group, showed clinical signs of MRONJ (p=0.005), however, all samples showed imaginologic findings like osteolysis and loss of integrity of the cellular walls (p≤0.001). Microscopic evaluation revealed osteonecrosis areas with microbial colonies and inflammatory infiltrate (p≤0.001). In the control group, all animals presented the chronology of a normal wound healing. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after maxillary central incisor extraction in rats. This new experimental model may be considered an option for the study of MRONJ.

Investigation of a Novel PLGA/CaP Scaffold in the Healing of Tooth Extraction Sockets to Alveolar Bone Preservation in Humans.

BACKGROUND: It is expected that 40% to 60% of initial alveolar bone volume will be lost up to 6 months after tooth extraction. OsteoScaf(TM) (TRT, Toronto, ON, Canada) (poly (DL-lactide-co-glycololide/calcium phosphate [PLGA/CaP] scaffold) is a novel bone substitute material and represents a promising alternative for maintaining alveolar bone integrity in this clinical scenario. PURPOSE: Here it was hypothesized that OsteoScaf would reduce alveolar bone lost after tooth extraction in patient, acting as a clot-retention device. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 10 patients (32 sockets) were included in the study, of which 16 sockets were grafted with OsteoScaf and 16 were used as control (coagulum alone). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed both immediately following extraction and also at 120 days postoperatively, at which time biopsy samples were also harvested for histological analyses. RESULTS: Quantitative analysis of CBCT showed less bone resorption in the OsteoScaf groups, being 10.5% to 14.4% less bone lost in the center of the socket, 15.4% in the buccal region, and 12.6% in the palatal. Qualitative histological analysis showed new bone tissue in direct apposition to the scaffold - demonstrating its osteoconductive nature. CONCLUSION: OsteoScaf diminished the expected bone lost during the postextraction remodeling of the alveolar bone ridge at 120 days postextraction.

Evaluation of opening pattern and bone neoformation at median palatal suture area in patients submitted to surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) through cone beam computed tomography

AbstractSurgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is the treatment of choice to adult patients even with severe transversal maxillary discrepancies. However, the adequate retention period to achieve the bone remodeling, thus assuring treatment stability, is controversial.Objective To evaluate the opening pattern and bone neoformation process at the midpalatal suture in patients submitted to surgically assisted (SARME) through cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Material and Methods Fourteen patients were submitted to SARME through subtotal Le Fort I osteotomy. Both the opening pattern and the mean bone density at midpalatal suture area to evaluate bone formation were assessed pre- and post-operatively (15, 60 and 180 days) through CBCT.Results Type I opening pattern (from anterior to posterior nasal spine) occurred in 12 subjects while type II opening pattern (from anterior nasal spine to transverse palatine suture) occurred in 2 individuals. The 180-day postoperative mean (PO 180) of bone density value was 49.9% of the preoperative mean (Pre) value.Conclusions The opening pattern of midpalatal suture is more related to patients’ age (23.9 years in type I and 33.5 years in type II) and surgical technique. It was not possible to observe complete bone formation at midpalatal suture area at the ending of the retention period studied (180 days).

Lower third molar fused with a supernumerary tooth: diagnosis and treatment planning using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Terceiro molar inferior fusionado com um supranumerário: diagnóstico e plano de tratamento usando Tomografia Computadorizada Volumétrica

Fusion is the union of two developing dental germs, resulting in a single large dental structure. It involve two normal dental germs or the germ of a normal tooth with a germ of a supernumerary one. Supernumerary teeth are additional teeth of the normal series which may occur in any region of the dental arch, althoug they are more common in the maxilla than in the mandible. This article presents a case of fusion between a third molar and a supernumerary tooth, in which a surgical intervention was carried out, with the objective of removing the dental elements. The panoramic radiography was complemented by the Donovan´s radiographic technique, but because of the proximity of the dental element to the mandibular ramus, it was not possible to have a final fusion diagnosis. Hence, the Cone-Beam Computed Tomography which provides precise three-dimensional information, was used to determinate the fusion diagnosis and also to help in the surgical planning.

Fusão é a união de dois germes dentários em desenvolvimento, resultando numa única estrutura dentária, podendo ocorrer entre dois germes dentários normais ou entre o germe de um dente normal com um supranumerário. Dentes supranumerários são dentes adicionais à série normal e podem ocorrer em qualquer região da arcada dentária, entretanto, são mais comumente encontrados na maxila do que na mandíbula. O presente artigo ilustra um caso de fusão entre um terceiro molar mandibular e um dente supranumerário, onde foi realizada uma intervenção cirúrgica com o objetivo de remover os elementos dentários. Para complementar o diagnóstico, além da radiografia panorâmica, utilizou-se a técnica radiográfica de Donovan, mas, devido à proximidade do elemento dental com o ramo mandibular, não foi possível determinar um diagnóstico preciso de fusão. Sendo assim foi utilizada a Tomografia Computadorizada Volumétrica que fornece informações precisas e em três dimensões, possibilitando desta forma chegar ao diagnóstico de fusão e também auxiliando no planejamento cirúrgico.

Comparación de la posición de terceros molares no erupcionados entre individuos con y sin fisura labiopalatina / Comparison of the position of non-erupted third molars in patients with and without cleft lip and palate

Objetivo: comparar la posición de terceros molares no erupcionados entre individuos con y sin fisura labiopalatina a través de radiografías panorámicas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio documental, retrospectivo, con datos primarios, a partir del análisis de 1.000 radiografías panorámicas: 500 pertenecientes a la Facultad de Odontología de Baurú, Universidad de San Pablo (FOB/USP) y otras 500 provenientes del Hospital de Rehabilitación de Anomalías Craneofaciales, Universidad de San Pablo (HRAC/USP), seleccionadas aleatoriamente entre agoswto y diciembre de 2009. De ese universo se eligió una muestra de 152 imágenes, según los criterios de inclusión: radiografías panorámicas pertenecientes a individuos entre 15 y 20 años de edad, de ambos géneros, que presentaran los cuatro terceros molares no erupcionados, cuyas imágenes fueran de buena calidad, con un grado medio de densidad y contraste. El Grupo 1 o Grupo control fue constituido a partir de 76 radiografías de pacientes no portadores de fisura labiopalatina, tratados en la FOB/USP; y el Grupo 2 o Grupo experimental constó de otras 76 radiografías pertenecientes a individuos con fisura transforamen completa, atendidos en el HRAC/USP. Todas las radiografías fueron obtenidas con el mismo dispositivo panorámico y, más tarde, digitalizadas por medio del software ImageJ(R) (McGill University, Montreal, Canada). Los terceros molares no eurpcionados fueron clasificados según su angulación respecto del segundo molar adyacente. Resultados: se constató una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos evaluados respecto de los dientes inferiores (p<-0,05). En cuanto a la angulación, en el Grupo control hubo mayor frecuencia de dientes en la posición distoangular, mientras que en el Grupo Experimental predominó la posición mesioangular. Conclusión: la posición de los terceros molares en individuos con fisura no difiere de la de los individuos sin fisura.

Análise morfológica da osteocondução do Gen-Phos e Gen-Mix em calvária de rato / Morfologic osteoconduction evaluation of Gen-Phos and Gen-Mix in rat calvaria

Introdução: a utilização de substitutos ósseos vem aumentando na Odontologia em decorrência de resultados clínicos satisfatórios e previsíveis, menor morbidade pós-operatória e preços acessíveis. O material mais utilizado ainda é o osso bovino inorgânico com propriedades osteocondutoras. Na década de 80 iniciaram as buscas por um material sintético, osteocondutor com resultados iguais ou superiores ao osso inorgânico bovino. Objetivo: comparar histológica e histometricamente a propriedade osteocondutora do osso composto (GenMix, Baumer) com o fosfato betatricálcio (GenPhos, Baumer) implantados em defeito de tamanho crítico em calvária de rato. Resultados: observou-se 32,5% de neoformação óssea no grupo do osso composto e 45,9% no grupo do fosfato betatricálcio. Conclusões: com o tempo de observação microscópica desse trabalho, é possível afirmar que os materiais estudados não são absorvíveis e que o fosfato betatricálcio é mais osteocondutor comparado ao osso composto.

Introduction: the use of bone replacements in Dentistry has increased as a result of satisfactory and predictable clinical results, lower postoperative morbidity and affordable prices. The most common material used is still the inorganic bovine bone with osteoconductive properties. In the 1980’s began the search for a synthetic material with osteoconductive results equal or superior to inorganic bovine bone. Objective: To compare histological and histometric property of osteoconductive bone compound (GenMix, Baumer) with phosphate beta- tricalcium(GenPhos, Baumer) implanted in critical size defects in rat calvaria. Results: It was observed 32.5% of new bone formation in the group of compound bone and 45.9% in the phosphate beta-tricalcium group. Conclusions: Along the time of microscopic observation of this work, one can state that the materials studied are not absorbable and that phosphate beta-tricalcium is more osteoconductive compared to the compound bone...

Experimental dry socket: microscopic and molecular evaluation of two treatment modalities / Alveolite experimental: análise microscópica e molecular de duas modalidades de tratamento

PURPOSE: To evaluate two treatment modalities of dry socket in rats and to discuss the first findings of the molecular analysis in this experimental model. METHODS: 84 rats underwent a tooth extraction were divided in 4 groups: I-uninfected socket (control), II-infected socket without any treatment, III-infected socket treated with irrigation of 2 percent sodium iodide and 3 percent hydrogen peroxide solution, IV-infected socket submitted to curettage, irrigation with physiological saline solution and fulfilled with metronidazole paste as base. The groups were subdivided in postoperative sacrifice periods: 6/15/28 days. A quantitative and a qualitative microscopic analysis was performed. Also, a quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression in the wound healing: Collagen Type I/COL-I, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF, osteocalcin/OCN, alkaline phosphatase/ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2/RUNX2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF-α. RESULTS: The group I showed higher bone formation, followed by groups IV, III, II respectively. The group II presented higher inflammatory infiltrate and the wound healing was delayed compared with other groups. It was obtained a significant positive correlation between bone neoformation and the expression of OCN and RUNX2, inflammatory infiltrate with TNF-α and a negative correlation between bone neoformation and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the treatments.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar duas modalidades de tratamento da alveolite em ratos e discutir os primeiros achados de uma análise molecular neste modelo experimental. MÉTODOS: 84 ratos foram submetidos a uma extração dentária e foram divididos em quatro grupos: I- alvéolo não infectado (controle), II- alvéolo infectado sem tratamento, III- alvéolo infectado tratado com irrigação de iodeto de sódio a 2 por cento e solução de peróxido de hidrogênio a 3 por cento, IV- alvéolo infectado submetido à curetagem, irrigação com solução salina fisiológica e preenchimento com pasta a base de metronidazol. Os grupos foram subdivididos em períodos de sacrifício pós-operatório: 6/15/28 dias. Uma análise quantitativa e qualitativa microscópica foi realizada. Além disso, uma análise quantitativa foi realizada utilizando RealTimePCR para avaliar a expressão de genes no reparo alveolar: o colágeno tipo I / COL-I, o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular / VEGF, osteocalcina / OCN, fosfatase alcalina / ALP, fator de transcrição runt relacionados 2 / RUNX2 e fator de necrose tumoral alfa / TNF-α. RESULTADOS: O grupo I mostrou maior formação óssea, seguido pelos grupos IV, III, II, respectivamente. O grupo II apresentou maior infiltrado inflamatório e a cicatrização foi atrasada em comparação com outros grupos. Foi obtida uma correlação positiva entre a neoformação óssea e a expressão de OCN e RUNX2, infiltrado inflamatório com TNF-α e uma correlação negativa entre a neoformação óssea e TNF-α. CONCLUSÃO: Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre os tratamentos.

Experimental dry socket: microscopic and molecular evaluation of two treatment modalities.

PURPOSE: To evaluate two treatment modalities of dry socket in rats and to discuss the first findings of the molecular analysis in this experimental model. METHODS: 84 rats underwent a tooth extraction were divided in 4 groups: I-uninfected socket (control), II-infected socket without any treatment, III-infected socket treated with irrigation of 2% sodium iodide and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution, IV-infected socket submitted to curettage, irrigation with physiological saline solution and fulfilled with metronidazole paste as base. The groups were subdivided in postoperative sacrifice periods: 6/15/28 days. A quantitative and a qualitative microscopic analysis was performed. Also, a quantitative analysis was performed using a RealTimePCR to evaluate the genes expression in the wound healing: Collagen Type I/COL-I, vascular endothelial growth factor/VEGF, osteocalcin/OCN, alkaline phosphatase/ALP, runt-related transcription factor 2/RUNX2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha/TNF-α. RESULTS: The group I showed higher bone formation, followed by groups IV, III, II respectively. The group II presented higher inflammatory infiltrate and the wound healing was delayed compared with other groups. It was obtained a significant positive correlation between bone neoformation and the expression of OCN and RUNX2, inflammatory infiltrate with TNF-α and a negative correlation between bone neoformation and TNF-α. CONCLUSION: No significant difference was found between the treatments.

Experimental alveolitis in rats: microbiological, acute phase response and histometric characterization of delayed alveolar healing

The pathogenesis of alveolitis is not well known and therefore experimental situations that mimic some features of this disease should be developed. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the evolution of the experimentally induced infection in rat sockets is characterized, which leads to clinical signs of suppurative alveolitis with remarkable wound healing disturbs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Non-infected (Group I) and experimentally infected sockets in Rattus novergicus (Group II) were histometrically evaluated regarding the kinetics of alveolar healing. In addition, the characterization of the present bacteria in inoculation material and the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed. The detected species were Capnocytophaga ochracea, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss nucleatum, Prevotella melaninogenica, Streptococcus anginosus, Treponema socranskii and Streptococcus sanguis. RESULTS: All experimentally infected rats developed suppurative alveolitis, showing higher levels of CRP in comparison to those non-infected ones. Furthermore, infected rats presented a significant delayed wound healing as measured by the histometric analysis (higher persistent polymorphonuclear infiltrate and lower density of newly formed bone). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that rat sockets with experimentally induced infection produced higher levels of serum CRP, showing the potential of disseminated infection and a disturb in the alveolar repair process in an interesting experimental model for alveolitis studies.

Bone crestal height and bone density after third-molar extraction and grafting: a long-term follow-up study.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term influence of xenogenic grafts on bone crestal height and radiographic density following extraction of teeth. The right and left third lower molars of 22 patients were surgically extracted, and one randomly chosen socket was filled with a xenogenic graft (Gent-Tech). The contralateral molar was left to heal naturally, serving as a paired control. Digital intraoral radiographies were taken at surgery and 2, 6, and 24 months after, to evaluate bone density (BD) and alveolar bone crest to cementoenamel junction distance. The data obtained were subjected to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). The significant decrease in cementoenamel junction distance observed for both groups was limited to the first 6 months. BD values increased significantly in the first 6 months, with no alterations observed up to 24 months for both groups. BD was higher for the experimental group at all time points (p < 0.05). Socket grafting with the xenogenic materials tested did not changed bone crestal height and bone radiographic density in the long term.

Importância do reconhecimento da anatomia radiográ cadentomaxilar na prevenção de complicações cirúrgicas / Recognition of the importance of dental radiographic anatomy of the jaw in the prevention of surgicalcomplications

A prevenção das complicações cirúrgicas odontológicas na maxila depende de fatores que envolvem a habilidade do cirurgião, o conhecimento da anatomia e fisiologia dos tecidos, planejamento correto, anamnese e exame físico, técnicas radiográficas específicas, qualidade das imagens e da capacidade de interpretá-las. Radiografias intra e extrabucais são fundamentais no planejamento cirúrgico e minimizam as complicações, pois permitem melhor planejamento e, consequentemente, maior sucesso cirúrgico, pois auxiliam na avaliação das estruturas ósseas e dentárias e dos reparos anatômicos na área da intervenção cirúrgica. Nosso estudo relacionou os achados na literatura com o estudo de casos clínicos e radiográficos já documentados no Departamento de Estomatologia, disciplinas de Radiologia e Cirurgia da FOBUS P.

The prevention of dental maxillary surgical complications depends on factors that involve the surgeon’s skill, knowledge of anatomy and physiology of tissues, proper planning, history and physical examination, radiographic techniques specific quality of the images and the ability to interpret them. Intraand extraoral radiographs are essential in surgical planning and minimize the complications, because they allow better planning and, consequently, greater surgical success, because they help in the evaluation of bone and tooth structures and anatomical landmarks in the area of surgery. Our study findings in the literature related to the study of clinical and radiographic cases already documented in the Department of Stomatology, Department of Radiology and Surgery, FOB-USP.