Spotlight on latent tuberculosis infection screening for juvenile idiopathic arthritis in two countries, comparing high and low risk patients

Abstract Background: Rheumatic diseases are associated with an increase in overall risks of tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of TB and the frequency of latent TB infection (LTBI), in clinical practice, for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients from high and low risk of TB incidence endemic countries. Methods: This is an international, multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study of data collection from Brazil and Registry of Portugal at REUMA.PT. The inclusion criteria were patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) with age ≤ 18 years who underwent screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)]. Chest X-rays and history of exposure to TB were also assessed. Results: 292 JIA patients were included; mean age 14.3 years, mean disease duration 7.5 years, 194 patients (66.4%) performed only TST, 14 (4.8%) only IGRA and 84 (28.8%) both. The frequency of LTBI (10.6%) and TB was similar between the two countries. The reasons for TB screening were different; in Brazil it was performed more often at JIA onset while in Portugal it was performed when starting Disease Modified Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARD) treatment (p < 0.001). Isoniazid therapy was prescribed in 40 (13.7%) patients (31 with LTBI and 9 with epidemiologic risks and/or due to contact with sick people). Only three patients (1%) developed active TB. Conclusion: We found nearly 10% of patients with LTBI, a small percentage of patients with treatment due to epide-miologic risks and only 1% with active TB. Distinct reasons and screening methods for LTBI were observed between the two countries.

Mitral valve thickening in acute rheumatic fever as a predictor of late valvar dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) complicating acute rheumatic fever (ARF) remains an important health problem in developing countries. No definitive diagnostic test for ARF exists and the role of Doppler echocardiography (DEC) for long-term prognostic evaluation following ARF is not well established. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prognostic value of DEC in patients with ARF as a predictor of chronic valve dysfunction. METHODS: Prospectively enrolled patients with clinical ARF had a DEC performed soon after diagnosis and repeated at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months and thereafter at every 1-2 years. We defined chronic valve dysfunction by ≥ 3 of the following: increased valve thickening, commissure fusion, subvalvular thickening, reduced leaflet mobility, non-trivial mitral and/or aortic regurgitation. We performed univariate analysis and developed multivariate logistic regression models to identify variables that may influence evolution to RHD. p <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: We evaluated 70(57% men) patients, 10.8±5.6 years-old during the ARF episode and followed for 95±26 months. Chronic valve dysfunction was identified in 36(51.4%) which fulfilled criteria for RHD and 10(27.8%) of them died or underwent valve surgery. Univariate analysis showed that mitral valve thickening and presence of mitral regurgitation at baseline DEC, were associated with RHD(p<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression showed that only mitral valve thickness either as a continuous (Odds-Ratio:5.8;95%CI:1.7-19.7) or as a categorical variable (Odds-Ratio:4.04;95%CI:1.06-15.3) was an independent predictor of chronic valve dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Mitral leaflets thickening documented at the time of diagnosis of ARF is a consistent prognostic marker for the subsequent evolution to RHD.

Does atopy influence the effectiveness of treatment of adenoid hypertrophy with mometasone furoate?

BACKGROUND: The effect of topical mometasone for adenoid hypertrophy treatment is well established. Nevertheless, the influence of atopy on this treatment remains ill defined. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the effects of topical mometasone furoate treatment on the adenoid tissue between atopic and nonatopic children. METHODS: Fifty-one children with obstructive respiratory complaints underwent a semistructured clinical questionnaire on nasal symptoms, prick test, and nasoendoscopy. Nasoendoscopic images were digitalized, and both adenoid and nasopharyngeal areas were measured in pixels; the relative adenoid/nasopharyngeal area was calculated. Patients were initially treated for 40 days with nasal saline solution. In a subsequent 40-day period, topical mometasone furoate (total dose, 100 µg/day) was used. RESULTS: Topical mometasone significantly improved nasal obstruction, snoring, and apnea and also significantly reduced the adenoid tissue area related to the nasopharynx (p < 0.0001). Treatment with this glucocorticoid was not influenced by atopy, neither for symptoms nor for adenoid area. CONCLUSION: Topical mometasone furoate significantly reduced the adenoid tissue area and led to a supplementary improvement of nasal symptoms. This improvement was similar for atopic and nonatopic patients.

Objective reduction in adenoid tissue after mometasone furoate treatment.

OBJECTIVE: Chronic rhinitis and adenoid hypertrophy are the main causes of nasal obstruction in children and proper treatment of these factors seem essential for controlling nasal obstructive symptoms. This study aims to evaluate the effects of topical mometasone treatment on symptoms and size of adenoid tissue in children with complaints of nasal obstruction and to compare this approach to continuous nasal saline douching plus environmental control alone. METHODS: Fifty-one children with nasal obstructive complaints were submitted to a semi-structured clinical questionnaire on nasal symptoms, prick test and nasoendoscopy. Nasoendoscopic images were digitalized, and both adenoid and nasopharyngeal areas were measured in pixels. The relation adenoid/nasopharyngeal area was calculated. Patients were subsequently re-evaluated in two different periods: following 40 days of treatment with nasal douching and environmental prophylaxis alone; and after an subsequent 40 day-period, when topical mometasone furoate (total dose: 100µg/day) was superposed. RESULTS: Nasal symptoms and snoring significantly improved after nasal douching, and an additional gain was observed when mometasone furoate was included to treatment. Saline douching did not influence the adenoid area, whereas a significant reduction on adenoid tonsil was observed after 40 days of mometasone treatment (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Nasal saline douching significantly improved nasal symptoms without interfering in adenoid dimension. In contrast, mometasone furoate significantly reduced adenoid tissue, and led to a supplementary improvement of nasal symptoms.

Prática de vacinação em crianças com doenças reumáticas / Vaccination practice in children with rheumatic disease

INTRODUÇÃO/OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prática clínica com relação à verificação do cartão vacinal e à indicação de vacinas específicas em pacientes com doenças reumáticas pediátricas em uso de diferentes drogas, e evidenciar a possível associação entre frequência de vacinação e tempo de prática clínica dos reumatologistas pediátricos do estado de São Paulo. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Um questionário foi enviado para os reumatologistas pediátricos do Departamento de Reumatologia da Sociedade de Pediatra de São Paulo. Esse instrumento incluiu questões sobre tempo de prática em Reumatologia Pediátrica, vacinação de pacientes com Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico Juvenil (LESJ), artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ), dermatomiosite juvenil (DMJ) e imunização de acordo com os tratamentos utilizados. RESULTADOS: Cartão de vacinação foi visto por 100 por cento dos profissionais na primeira consulta e por 36 por cento anualmente. Vacinas de agentes vivos não foram recomendadas para pacientes com LESJ, AIJ e DMJ em 44 por cento, 64 por cento e 48 por cento, respectivamente. Os profissionais foram divididos em dois grupos: A (< 15 anos de prática, n = 12) e B (> 16 anos, n = 13). Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada no uso de vacinas de agentes vivos e vacinas de agentes inativos ou componentes proteicos em relação ao tratamento nos dois grupos (P > 0,05). Além disso, os grupos foram similares em relação à opinião sobre a gravidade de imunossupressão em pacientes com LESJ, AIJ e DMJ com ou sem atividade e a terapêutica utilizada (P > 0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A frequência de vacinação por reumatologistas pediátricos de São Paulo é baixa, especialmente após a primeira consulta, e não é influenciada pelo tempo de prática profissional.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Evaluate clinical practice through assessment of vaccination card and recommendation of specific vaccines in pediatric patients with rheumatic diseases in use of different drugs and reveal the possible association between vaccination frequency and time of the clinical practice of pediatric rheumatologists in the state of São Paulo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to pediatric rheumatologists of the Departamento de Reumatologia da Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo. This instrument included questions about practice time on Pediatric Rheumatology, vaccination of patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), and immunization according to the treatments used. RESULTS: Vaccination card was seen by 100 percent of the professionals at the first visit and by 36 percent annually. Vaccines of live agents were not recommended for patients with JSLE, JIA, and JDM in 44 percent, 64 percent, and 48 percent, respectively. The professionals were divided into two groups: Group A (< 15 years of practice, n = 12) and B (> 16 years, n = 13). No statistical difference was observed in the use of live agent vaccine and vaccines with inactivated agents or protein components in the two treatment groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, the groups had similar opinion regarding severity of immunosuppression in patients with JSLE, JIA, and JDM (with or without activity) and treatment used (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of immunization by pediatric rheumatologists in São Paulo is low, especially after the first visit, and not influenced by time of professional practice.

Immunization consensus for children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases / Consenso de imunização para crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas

Crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas apresentam maior prevalência de doenças infecciosas quando comparados com a população em geral, em decorrência de atividade da doença, possível deficiência imunológica secundária à própria doença, ou uso de terapia imunossupressora. A vacinação é uma medida eficaz para a redução da morbidade e mortalidade nesses pacientes. O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar um consenso de eficácia e segurança das vacinas em crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas infantis baseadas em níveis de evidência científica. Imunização passiva para os pacientes e orientações para as pessoas que convivem com doentes imunodeprimidos também foram incluídas. Os 32 pediatras reumatologistas membros do Departamento de Reumatologia da Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo (SPSP) e/ou da Comissão de Reumatologia Pediátrica da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia elaboraram o consenso, sendo que alguns desses profissionais estão envolvidos em pesquisas e publicações científicas nesta área. A pesquisa dos termos eficácia e/ou segurança das diferentes vacinas em crianças e adolescentes com doenças reumatológicas foi realizada nas bases de Medline e Scielo, de 1966 até março de 2009, incluindo revisões, estudos controlados e relatos de casos. O grau de recomendação e o nível científico de evidências dos estudos foram classificados em quatro níveis para cada vacina. De um modo geral, as vacinas inativadas e de componentes são seguras nos pacientes com doenças reumatológicas, mesmo em uso de terapias imunossupressoras. Entretanto, vacinas com agentes vivos atenuados são, em geral, contraindicadas para os pacientes imunossuprimidos.

Incidence of infectious diseases is higher in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases than in the general population due to disease activity, possible immune deficiency secondary to the disease itself, or the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Vaccination is effective in reducing morbidity and mortality in those patients. The objective of this study was to establish an evidence-based consensus on the efficacy and safety of vaccination in children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases. Passive immunization of patients and guidelines for people who live with immunosuppressed patients were also included. The 32 pediatric rheumatologists of the Rheumatology Department of the Pediatrics Society of São Paulo, (SPSP, from the Portuguese), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, and/or the Commission on Pediatrics Rheumatology of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology are responsible for this consensus; some of those professionals are involved on research and scientific publications in this field. The words efficacy and/or safety of different vaccines in children and adolescents with rheumatologic diseases were searched in Medline and Scielo data bases from 1966 to March 2009, including reviews, controlled studies, and case reports. The degree of recommendation and the scientific evidence of the studies were classified in four levels for each vaccine. As a rule, inactive and protein components vaccines are safe for patients with rheumatologic diseases, even in the presence of immunosuppressive therapy. However, live attenuated vaccines are, in general, contraindicated for immunosuppressed patients.

Fenótipos de imunodeficiência em dois irmãos com Síndrome de Bloom / Immunodeficiency phenotypes in two siblings with Bloom Syndrome

A síndrome de Bloom é um raro distúrbio de instabilidade cromossômica, devido a defeitos de reparo do DNA. O gene responsável BLMfoi mapeado no cromossomo 15q e causa redução significante da expressão da enzima DNA-helicase no núcleo celular. Esta enzima é importante para os mecanismos de reparo do DNA. Pacientes geralmente apresentam elevada suscetibilidade para desenvolvimento de câncer e infecções, bacterianas recorrentes. Nós avaliamos o sistema imunológico de dois irmãos (menino de 13 anos e menina de 6 anos) com síndrome de Bloom, os quais tinham similar suscetibilidade para infecções respiratórias recorrentes, mas diferentes anormalidades imunológicas. O menino apresentou níveis persistentemente baixos de IgM e de células CD4+. Os níveis de IgA diminuíram quando ele tinha 11 anos. A menina apresentou níveis persistentemente baixos dos níveis de IgM e IgA, e não respondeu à vacina polissacarídica. Os níveis de IgG diminuíram quando ela tinha 6 anos. As diferentes anormalidades imunológicas são discutidas

A prospective study of wheezing in young children: the independent effects of cockroach exposure, breast-feeding and allergic sensitization.

The objective of this study was to evaluate risk factors for persistent wheezing in a group of 2-4-year-old children after an index-wheezing episode in infancy. Eighty infants who had been seen at the Emergency Department for an episode of acute wheezing were followed for 2 yr in this prospective study. Caregivers completed a questionnaire, and children underwent clinical evaluation and skin prick testing 2 yr following the index-wheezing episode. Detection of respiratory viruses and analysis of exposure to major indoor allergens were carried out at enrollment. Immunoglobin E antibodies were measured at the beginning of the study and at the end of follow-up, using the CAP system. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with persistent wheezing. Seventy-three children (44 boys) completed the study. After 2 yr, 38 (52%) reported three or more wheezing episodes in the past 12 months (persistent wheezers). Independent risk factors for persistence of wheezing were allergic sensitization and exposure to cockroach allergen in the kitchen. Breast-feeding for at least 1 month was a protective factor. A strong association between allergic sensitization and persistence of wheezing was found in a group of very young children living in a subtropical area.

Alergia a barata: papel na asma / Cockroach allergy: role in asthma

Alergia a barata é um importante fator de risco para asma em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Evidências indicam que a combinação de sensibilização a barata e exposição a alérgenos de barata no domicílio está associada a asma mais grave. Essas observações sugerem que alérgenos de barata são particularmente potentes em induzir resposta IgE. Estratégias para diminuir a exposição ambiental a alérgenos de barata requerem limpeza extensa, educação e extermínio profissional de insetos, que podem ser difíceis de manter. Um dos principais alérgenos de barata, tropomiosina, é compartilhado com ácaros, camarão e outros crustáceos e moluscos, e com o parasitaintestinal Ascaris lumbricoides. Análise da identidade de seqüências e da estrutura tridimensional obtida por modelagem dessas moléculas permite-nos formular a hipótese de que reatividade cruzada IgE para tropomiosina poderia ter relevância clínica e ter um papel na imunomodulação de parasitas sobre o desenvolvimento de alergia e asma. Estudo futuros investigando novas estratégias para diagnóstico e tratamento de alergia a barata podem incluir o uso de alérgenos recombinantes para testes in vivo e in vitro, e imunoterapia alérgeno-especifica, que poderá beneficiar pacientes com asma e/ou rinite alérgicos a esse inseto.

Exposure to indoor allergens in homes of patients with asthma and/or rhinitis in southeast Brazil: effect of mattress and pillow covers on mite allergen levels.

BACKGROUND: Exposure and sensitization to indoor allergens have been associated with the development of asthma and other allergic diseases in many parts of the world. It is important to establish the degree of exposure, and to evaluate whether allergen control measures are effective in a particular area. METHODS: Concentrations of major allergens of mites, cockroach, cat and dog were measured in dust samples from homes of 24 mite-allergic patients living in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Allergen concentrations were quantitated by monoclonal antibody-based ELISA. Mite-impermeable mattress and pillow covers were applied to beds in the homes of 19 of the 24 patients, and group 1 mite allergen levels were measured 1 and 6 months following intervention. RESULTS: Patients were exposed to high concentrations of mite allergens in their homes. 87.5% of the homes presented concentrations of group 1 allergens >10 microg/g of dust in at least one site. Cockroach allergen concentrations were low in most samples. Dog allergen concentrations were significantly higher in homes with dogs as compared to those without dogs. Mean concentrations of cat allergen were 0.1 microg/g. Mite allergen concentrations in bedding samples dropped from 24 microg/g at baseline to 0.9 and 1.0 microg/g, respectively, 1 and 6 months following encasement of mattresses and pillows. CONCLUSIONS: Significant mite allergen reduction can be achieved in an area of high degree of exposure to mite allergens. Further studies evaluating the effect of this reduction on symptoms and airway inflammation will be necessary to establish the effectiveness of mite avoidance measures in our area.

Risk factors for wheezing in a subtropical environment: role of respiratory viruses and allergen sensitization.

BACKGROUND: Risk factors for acute wheezing among children in subtropical areas are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of viral infections, allergen sensitization, and exposure to indoor allergens as risk factors for acute wheezing in children 0 to 12 years old. METHODS: One hundred thirty-two children 0 to 12 years of age who sought emergency department care for wheezing and 65 children with no history of wheezing were enrolled in this case-control study. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigen, rhinovirus and coronavirus RNA, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza antigens was performed in nasal washes. Total IgE and specific IgE to mites, cockroach, cat, and dog were measured with the CAP system. Major allergens from mites, cockroach, cat, and dog were quantified in dust samples by ELISA. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed by logistic regression. RESULTS: In children under 2 years of age, infection with respiratory viruses and family history of allergy were independently associated with wheezing (odds ratio, 15.5 and 4.2; P = .0001 and P = .008, respectively). Among children 2 to 12 years old, sensitization to inhalant allergens was the major risk factor for wheezing (odds ratio, 2.7; P = .03). High-level allergen exposure, exposure to tobacco smoke, and lack of breast-feeding showed no association with wheezing. CONCLUSIONS: Some risk factors for wheezing previously identified in temperate climates were present in a subtropical area, including respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants and allergy in children older than 2 years. Rhinovirus was not associated with wheezing and did not appear to be a trigger for asthma exacerbations.

Imunodeficiência comum variável associada a drusas de papila / Common variable immunodeficiency syndrome associated with optic disc drusen

Objetivo: Descrever um paciente com imunodeficiênciacomum variável em associação com drusas depapila. Método: Imunodeficiência comum variável foidiagnosticada em um menino de doze anos com históriade infecções recorrentes do trato respiratório superiore diarréia crônica. Durante exame oftalmológicode rotina foi detectado borramento de papila bilateral.O exame neurológico foi normal. Resultados: A campimetria computadorizada evidenciou aumento da mancha cega nos dois olhos e um escotoma arqueado inferior no olho direito. A tomografia computadorizada de crânio e órbitas revelou múltiplas calcificações na cabeça do nervo óptico que foram posteriormente confirmadas na ultra-sonografia ocular. Baseado nestes exames foi diagnosticado drusas de papila. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro caso descrito de associação entre imunodeficiência comum variável e drusas de papila.

Inquérito sobre a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em crianças e adolescentes portadores de artrites idiopáticas juvenis / Health related quality of life survey about children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Objetivo: estudar o impacto da artrite crônica na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde, por meio de dois instrumentos auto-aplicáveis: a versão destinada aos pais do Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) e do Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) PF50@. Método: os dois questionários foram respondidos por 36 pais, após instruções durante 1 a 2 visitas clínicas, sendo os índices da Capacidade Funcional (CHAQ), Físico e Psicossocial (CHQ) comparados com as medidas essenciais de atividade da doença: (1) a avaliação global pelo médico, (2) a avaliação global pelos pais, ambas em escala analógica visual de 10 cm, (3) o número de articulações ativas, (4) o numero de articulações com limitação dosmovimentos, (5) a velocidade de hemossedimentação.Resultados: houve diferença significante entre os grupos oligoarticular e poliarticular, sendo os índices de atividade maiores no poliarticular, com exceção da velocidade de hemossedimentação, avaliação global pelos pais e índice psicossocial, confirmando diferentes níveis de percepção pelos pais sobre a atividade e prognóstico. A melhor responsividade estatística frente à intervenção terapêutica, em duas visitas consecutivas, foi a medida da avaliação global pelo médico entre as subjetivas, tendo as medidas avaliadas por instrumentos de responsividade intermediária, quando comparadas com o numero de articulações ativas, número de articulações com limitação dos movimentos e a velocidade de hemossedimentação.Conclusão: a medida da responsividade de dois instrumentos de avaliação funcional e da qualidade de vida indicou a sua sensibilidade relativa para estimar a melhora...

Artrite reumatóide juvenil: atraso no diagnóstico e no encaminhamento para o especialista / Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Objetivo: A artrite reumatóide juvenil (ARJ) pode ser causa de incapacidade física irreversível, especialmente nos casos de diagnóstico e tratamento tardios. O objetivo deste trabalho multicêntrico é de avaliar o intervalo de tempo entre os primeiros sintomas da doença e a primeira consulta com o reumatologista pediátrico. Métodos: Foram estudados 111 pacientes com ARJ seguidos em serviços de Reumatologia Pediátrica do Estado de São Paulo. Os pais responderam a um questionário elaborado pelos membros do Departamento de Reumatologia da Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo sobre o diagnóstico e o encaminhamento para o especialista. Resultados: O número de médicos consultados entre o primeiro atendimento e a primeira consulta com o reumatologista pediátrico variou de 1 a 20, com média de 3,6. O intervalo de tempo entre o 1º atendimento e a avaliação especializada variou de poucos dias a 10 anos (média = 1,4 ano). Em 32 pacientes (29 por cento), a consulta com o especialista só ocorreu depois de 12 meses do início dos sintomas. Conclusão: O atraso no diagnóstico da ARJ é uma realidade em nosso meio; pediatras e reumatologistas pediátricos devem estar atentos para este problema. O encaminhamento para o especialista deve ser feito precocemente, especialmente nos casos de dúvida diagnóstica.

Immunohistological analysis of CD59 and membrane attack complex of complement in muscle in juvenile dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of CD59 and the deposition of membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement system in skeletal muscle from patients with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), in comparison to patients with muscular dystrophies (MD) and children with normal muscle biopsies. METHODS: Muscle specimens obtained for diagnostic purposes from 10 patients with JDM, 6 with MD, and 7 children whose biopsies showed normal histology were analyzed. Immunohistological staining was performed using Mab against CD59 (YTH 53.1) and MAC (WU 7.2). RESULTS: Immunohistochemical staining for CD59 was weak and irregularly distributed on muscle fibers of all patients with JDM. Two of the 9 biopsies that allowed analysis of vessels showed negative CD59 staining in all vessels; in the remaining 7 patients, there was weak staining in a proportion of the vessels. In contrast, uniform and strong or moderate immunoreactivity was detected on the sarcolemma and in intramuscular endothelium in all normal and MD samples. Immunostaining for MAC was strong in JDM muscle vessels, and weak in normal or MD muscle. An inverse relation was found between MAC deposition and presence of CD59 in vessels in 6/9 JDM biopsies and in all normal and MD samples. CONCLUSION: Decreased CD59 expression in JDM muscle fibers and vessels may be associated with muscle lesions mediated by deposition of MAC of complement in JDM.

Manifestações articulares atípicas em criaças com febre reumática / Atypical arthritis in children with rheumatic fever

O diagnóstico de febre reumática (FR) continua sendo um dos mais difíceis em pediatria, devido ao polimorfismo do seu quadro e à inexistência de um marcador laboratorial. A artrite, apesar de ser o critério diagnóstico mais freqüente é o menos específico. Além disso, a apresentação clássica de poliartrite aguda migratória envolvendo grandes articulações nem sempre é encontrada atualmente. Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas e a ocorrência de artrite atípica em crianças atendidas no Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto, durante o surto agudo de FR. Métodos: Foram estudados, retrospectivamente, 120 surtos de Fr ocorridos em 109 crianças de 3 a 13 anos, no período de janeiro de 1990 a dezembro de 1995. Todas as crianças preenchiam os critérios de Jones. Resultados: A artrite esteve presente em 77 por cento dos surtos, cardite em 62 por cento, coréia em 32 por cento, nódulos subcutâneos em 2,5 por cento e eritema marginatum em 1,7 por cento. O número de articulações envolvidas foi 1 em 3 casos (2 em coxo-femural e 1 em joelho), de 2 a 5 articulações em 52, de 6 a 10 em 30 e mais de 10 em 5 casos. Um padrão atípico foi observado em 43 (47 por cento) dos 92 casos com artrite, connsiderando a presença de pelo menos um dos seguintes tópicos: monoartrite (3 casos); duração maior que 3 semanas (26); reposta insatisfatória aos salicilatos (18) e acommetimento de pequenas articulações (mãos-12 e pés-13) e/ou coluna cervical (24) e/ou coxo-femural (15). A associaçãoe entre essas características foi freqüente. Por exemplo, nos 24 surtos com acometimento de coluna cervical, a duração foi maior que 3 semanas em 13, em 110 a resposta aos salicilatos foi insaatisfatória e em 7 houve envolvimento de coxo-femural. O tempo para se chegar ao diagnóstico de FR foi maior do que 4 semanas em 26 dos 44 casos com artrite atípica (59 por cento), comparado a 35 por cento dos demais surtos (p=0,04). Outras hipóteses foram consideradas inicialmente em 40 por cento dos 120 surtos e em 65 por cento dos que cursaram com artrite atípica (p=0,03). Conclusão: a artrite esteve presente em uma significativa porcentagem dos surtos de FR, contribuindo para dificultar o diagnóstico desta doença