Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Nontraditional Etiology in El Salvador: Integrated Health Sector Action and South-South Cooperation.

In El Salvador, chronic kidney disease had reached epidemic propor-tions towards the end of this century's first decade. In 2011-2012, the Ministry of Health reported it was the leading cause of hospital deaths in men, the fifth in women, and the third overall in adult hospital fa-talities. Farming was the most common occupation among men in dialysis (50.7%). By 2017, chronic kidney disease admissions had overwhelmed hospital capacity.In 2009, El Salvador's Ministry of Health, Cuba's Ministry of Public Health and PAHO launched a cooperative effort to comprehensively tackle the epidemic. The joint investigations revealed a total prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the adult population of farming communities higher than that reported internationally (18% vs.11%-14.8%), higher in men than in women (23.9% vs 13.9%) and higher in men who were farmers/farmworkers than in men who were not (31.3% vs. 14.8%). The disease was also detected in children. An association was found between chronic kidney disease and exposure to agrochemicals (OR 1.4-2.5). In 51.9% of all chronic kidney disease cases, traditional causes (diabetes, hyperten-sion, glomerulopathies, obstructive nephropathies and cystic diseases) were ruled out and the existence of a particular form of chronic kidney disease of nontraditional etiology was confirmed (whose initial cases were reported as early as 2002). In the patients studied, functional altera-tions and histopathologic diagnosis confirmed a chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis; most presented with neurosensory hearing loss, altered tendon refiexes and tibial artery damage. The main results of this cooperation were the epidemiologic, physio-pathologic, clinical and histopathologic characterization of chronic kid-ney disease of nontraditional etiology. This characterization facilitated case definition for the epidemic and led to the hypothesis of systemic toxicity from agrochemicals (e.g., paraquat, glyphosate), which par-ticularly affect the kidneys and to which farmers/farmworkers (who may also become dehydrated in the fields) are most exposed. The research thus also laid the foundations for design of comprehensive intersectoral government actions to reduce cases and put an end to the epidemic. KEYWORDS Chronic kidney disease; chronic renal failure; tubuloint-erstitial nephritis; epidemiology; histopathology; international coopera-tion; agrochemicals; environmental pollutants, noxae, and pesticides; occupational health; PAHO; El Salvador; Cuba.

Experiencia terapéutica en un centro para la enfermedad de Chagas / Therapeutic experience in a Chagas disease center

American Trypanosomiasis or Chagas Disease is a major public health problem, endemic in the American continent since prehistoric times. Its natural course is towardschronicity in the immunocompetent host, often leading to severe cardiopathy or bowelinvolvement. Pharmacologic therapy is restricted to two drugs and only one of themis currently available in Chile. Both have poor effectiveness in the chronic stages ofthe disease and cause frequent adverse reactions. Many physicians avoid their use,despite published evidences about the usefulness. We herein report the experienceof our Center in the treatment of Chronic Chagas Disease in adults using the drugnifurtimox, emphasizing its degree of acceptability and its secondary effects.

Motivation and Problem Solving (MAPS): Motivationally Based Skills Training for Treating Substance Use.

Over 10 years ago, Baer and colleagues proposed the integration of skills training and motivational strategies for the treatment of substance abuse. Since that time, several studies evaluating the efficacy of such hybrid approaches have been published, but few have been efficacious. Motivation and Problem Solving (MAPS) is a comprehensive, dynamic, and holistic intervention that incorporates empirically supported cognitive behavioral and social cognitive theory-based treatment strategies within an overarching motivational framework, and has been demonstrated to be effective in a randomized clinical trial focused on the prevention of postpartum smoking relapse. MAPS was designed to be applicable to not only relapse prevention but also the cessation of substance use, and is relevant for individuals regardless of their motivation to change. MAPS views motivation as dynamically fluctuating from moment to moment throughout the behavior change process, and comprehensively addresses multiple issues important to the individual and relevant to change through the creation of a wellness program. As a result, we believe that MAPS enhances the likelihood that individuals will successfully achieve and maintain abstinence from substance use, and that its comprehensive focus on addressing diverse and salient issues enhances both engagement in treatment and its applicability in modifying other health risk behaviors. The current paper introduces MAPS, distinguishes it from other hybrid and stage-based substance use treatments, and provides detailed information and clinical text regarding how MAPS is specifically and uniquely implemented to address key mechanisms relevant to quitting smoking and maintaining abstinence.

Evaluación de un método audiovisual con respecto a la técnica tradicional de enseñanza en forma independiente, simultánea y con una nueva estrategia pedagógica / Evaluation of an audiovisual method in relation to a learning technique in an independent form, simultaneous and with a new pedogological strategy

Gran parte de la cátedra universitaria se desenvuelve sustancialmente mediante la clase magistral, con sin apoyo audiovisual con lo que se pretende transmitir los conocimientos sin dar la oportunidad a los alumnos la oportunidad de participar en su propio aprendizaje, generando en éstos una actitud pasiva y reverente. Razón por la cual en este estudio se compararon tres métodos tradicionales de enseñanza frente ala pedagogía activa, como una nueva alternativa con la que se pretende recuperar al alumno como eje central de su aprendizaje. De las cuatros técnicas evaluadas, la pedagogía activa demostró ser la más eficaz para lograr un mayor nivel de aprendizaje teórico y práctico al ser comparado con los demás métodos.

Presencia de sintomáticos respiratorios adultos en la consulta por morbilidad general: Consultorio Renca 1983 / Symptomatic respiratory adult patients in general morbidity consultation: Renca Clinic 1983

Entre los meses de mayo y diciembre de 1983 se estudió un grupo de 308 pacientes con sintomatología respiratoria, mayores de 15 años, que consultaron por primera vez en el Consultorio Renca, establecimiento de atención primaria que depende del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente. Los principales objetivos fueron efectuar un análisis de las características de la sintomatología respiratoria, conocer la frecuencia con que ésta se presenta entre los consultantes adultos e investigar la cantidad de pacientes tuberculosos en la muestra. Cada enfermo fue sometido a una encuesta previamente elaborada y, además se le solicitó dos muestras de expectoración para baciloscopias. La tasa de sintomáticos respiratorios fue de 16% aproximadamente, cifra que alcanzó el 21% durante los meses de junio y julio y descendió a 7,9% en noviembro y diciembre. En los adolescentes y adultos hasta los 39 años de edad se observó la más alta tasa de sintomáticos respiratorios, 1,68% por año de edad, la que sólo alcanzó a 0,8% en pacientes mayores, hechos que fueron independientes del sexo. El síntoma predominante fue tos con expectoración y constituyó el motivo principal de consulta en el 40% de los casos. Sólo el 50% de los pacientes entregó las dos muestras para expectoración, lo que sugiere la necesidad de enfatizar la importancia de este examen al solicitarlo. No se detectó tuberculosis en el grupo estudiado, lo que podría explicarse por la magnitud de la muestra y su procedencia de un lugar geográficamente muy circunscrito, sin riesgo particularmente alto