High glycemia and resistin normalized in children with double burden of malnutrition: a cross-sectional study.

The coexistence of stunting and excess weight in the same individual is defined as a double burden of malnutrition (DBM) and is associated with noncommunicable diseases. In this study, we evaluated the impact of DBM on adipokine concentrations and metabolic profiles in children compared with weight excess alone. Children were allocated to the weight excess group (n = 23) (height-for-age (HAZ) > 0.0 and < 2.0 Z-score and body mass index-for-age (BMI/A) > 1.0 Z-score) or DBM (n = 22) group (HAZ < -1.0 Z-score (including mild stunting) and BMI/A > 1.0 Z-score). Lipid, glycemic profile, resistin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations were analyzed. Glycemia was significantly higher in the DBM group compared to the weight excess group (5.05 (4.76-5.31) mmol/L vs. 4.57 (4.35-4.81) mmol/L), although no differences were found in insulin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Adipokine concentrations did not differ between the groups. However, the DBM group showed higher resistin concentrations normalized by body fat mass than those of the weight excess group (1.44 (0.98-1.93) ng/mL vs. 0.76 (0.55-1.45) ng/mL). Insulin and HOMA-IR showed a negative correlation with adiponectin (r = -0.590 and -0.624, respectively, both p < 0.01). DBM was associated with increased glucose and resistin concentrations adjusted by fat mass compared to that associated with excess weight alone. Therefore, this association between mild stunting and weight excess has deleterious potential for long-term metabolic function, highlighting an additional precaution against weight gain in children, especially in those with stunting.

Intervenção multidisciplinar e motivacional para tratamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros de baixa renda: estudo piloto / Multidisciplinary and motivational intervention for the treatment of low income brazilian obese adolescents: pilot study

RESUMO Objetivo: Testar uma intervenção multidisciplinar e motivacional para o tratamento de adolescentes obesos brasileiros e de baixa renda (escore Z>2 IMC-para-idade) que utilizou o aconselhamento nutricional sem controle dietético. Métodos: Desenvolveu-se um protocolo de intervenção que incluiu a realização periódica de oficinas de educação nutricional, aconselhamento nutricional individual com auxílio do modelo transteórico de mudança do comportamento, prática de exercícios físicos, aconselhamento psicológico, atividades recreativas e acompanhamento clínico, durante 13 meses, em uma amostra de 21 adolescentes (11-17 anos). Resultados: A taxa de desistência do tratamento (9,5%) foi menor do que a verificada em estudos de controle dietético (30-60%). No início, 70% da amostra se encontrava no estágio de comportamento denominado pré-contemplação (sem intenção de mudança) e, ao final, 100% dos adolescentes que permaneceram passaram aos estágios de ação ou manutenção (mudaram o comportamento ou mantiveram a mudança por mais de seis meses). Observou-se diminuição média de IMC-para-idade (15%, p=0,038) e de gordura visceral (gordura inicial de 3,67±1,19 e final de 2,78±0,78 cm, p=0,02). O percentual de massa gorda diminuiu e o de massa magra aumentou, quando comparados os valores médios iniciais e finais (42±5% e 38±8%, p=0,04; 58±6% e 61±8%, p=0,03, respectivamente). Conclusões: A intervenção parece eficaz para gerar mudança de estilo de vida, acompanhada de melhoria do perfil antropométrico e de composição corporal. O protocolo de intervenção pode oferecer metodologia de fácil adaptação e baixo custo para serviços de saúde, com alta adesão e baixa taxa de abandono.

ABSTRACT Objective: To test a multidisciplinary and motivational intervention for the treatment of Brazilian obese and low-income adolescents (Z score>2 BMI-for-age) that used nutritional counseling without dietary control. Methods: An intervention protocol was developed including periodical nutritional education workshops, individual nutritional counseling guided by the stages of eating behavior of the Trans Theoretical Model of Behavior Change, physical exercise, psychological counseling, recreational activities, and clinical follow-up for 13 months in a sample of 21 adolescents (11-17 years old). Results: The rate of treatment withdrawal (9.5%) was lower than that seen in dietary control studies (30-60%). Initially, 70% of the sample was in the pre-contemplation behavior stage and, in the end, 100% of the remaining adolescents were in the stages of action or maintenance. There was a mean reduction in BMI-for-age (p=0.038) and visceral fat (M±SD=3.67±1.19 and 2.78±0.78 cm, p=0.02, initial and final, respectively). The percentage of fat mass decreased and that of lean mass increased (42±5 and 38±8, p=0.04, 58±6 and 61±8%, p=0.03, respectively). Conclusions: The intervention seems to be effective in generating a lifestyle change, accompanied by anthropometric profile and body composition improvement. The intervention protocol may offer easy adaptation and low-cost methodology for health services, with high adherence and low abandonment rates.