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1.
Biomedicines ; 12(2)2024 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38397923

RESUMO

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes and carcinogenesis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the IL-8 gene have been shown to alter the risks of lung, gastric, or hepatocellular carcinomas. To date, only one study examined the role of IL-8 SNPs in ovarian cancer (OC), suggesting an association between two IL-8 SNPs and OC risk. In this study, we investigated four common IL-8 SNPs, rs4073 (-251 A>T), rs2227306 (+781 C>T), rs2227543 (+1633 C>T), and rs1126647 (+2767 A>T), using the restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Our study included a cohort of 413 women of Central European descent, consisting of 200 OC patients and 213 healthy controls. The most common (73.5%) histological type was high-grade serous OC (HGSOC), whereas 28/200 (14%) patients had endometriosis-related (clear cell or endometrioid) OC subtypes (EROC). In postmenopausal women, three of the four investigated SNPs, rs4073 (-251 A>T), rs2227306 (+781 C>T), and rs2227543 (+1633 C>T), were associated with OC risk. Furthermore, we are the first to report a significant relationship between the T allele or TT genotype of SNP rs1126647 (+2767 A>T) and the EROC subtype (p = 0.02 in the co-dominant model). The TT homozygotes were found more than twice as often in EROC compared to other OC subtypes (39% vs. 19%, p = 0.015). None of the examined SNPs appeared to influence OC risk in premenopausal women, nor were they associated with the aggressive HGSOC subtype or the stage of disease at the initial diagnosis.

2.
Int J Cancer ; 154(12): 2189-2199, 2024 Jun 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38353516

RESUMO

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fatal disease with limited treatment options. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in liquid biopsy samples may serve as predictive and prognostic biomarkers; but the analysis of CTCs is still challenging. By using microfluidic or density gradient CTC enrichment in combination with immunofluorescent (IF) staining or qPCR of CTC-related transcripts, we achieved a 60.8% to 88.0% positivity in SCLC blood samples. Epithelial and neuroendocrine transcripts including the druggable target DLL3 were associated with shorter overall survival (OS), indicating the clinical value of these markers in terms of differential diagnosis and treatment decisions. High CTC counts and the presence of CTC duplets detected by IF staining were prognostic for OS, and thus may serve as indicators of disease progression or therapy failure. In patient samples with high CTC load detected by IF staining, a concordance of the transcripts positivity in circulating free plasma RNA and CTCs was observed. Our data emphasize the role of CTCs and CTC-related transcripts and underline the clinical value of liquid biopsy analysis in SCLC.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pulmonares , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão , Humanos , Carcinoma de Pequenas Células do Pulmão/tratamento farmacológico , Prognóstico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Proteínas de Membrana , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular
3.
Cancers (Basel) ; 15(4)2023 Feb 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36831613

RESUMO

Liquid biopsy is a promising tool for therapy monitoring of cancer patients, but a need for further research in this field exists in order to improve sensitivity, specificity, standardization and minimize costs. In our present study, we evaluated two panels of transcripts related with the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) (Panel 1: CK19, EpCAM, SCGB2A2 and Panel 2: EMP2, SLC6A8, HJURP, MAL2, PPIC and CCNE2) in two cohorts of breast cancer patients (metastatic and early). A blood cell fraction possibly containing CTCs was isolated with density gradient centrifugation, followed by RNA isolation and qPCR using TaqMan® or RT-qPCR using hybridization probes. The positivity rates of the investigated panels were similar, albeit higher in metastatic (69.4% Panel 1, 75.0% Panel 2; total 86.1%) compared to early (18.9% Panel 1, 23.3% Panel 2; total 31.1%) breast cancer patients. CK19, SCGB2A2, EMP2, HJURP, MAL2, and CCNE2 individually correlated with shorter overall survival in the metastatic patient cohort. The findings highlight the additional value of Panel 2 markers, which are in contrast to CK19 and EpCAM not solely linked to an epithelial phenotype.

4.
PLoS One ; 17(12): e0278895, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36520838

RESUMO

During tissue regeneration, mesenchymal stem cells can support endothelial cells in the process of new vessel formation. For a functional interaction of endothelial cells with mesenchymal stem cells a vascular inductive microenvironment is required. Using a cellular model for neo-vessel formation, we could show that newly formed vascular structures emanated from the embedded aggregates, consisting of mesenchymal stem cells co-cultured with autologous human umbilical vein endothelial cells, into avascular human platelet lysate-based matrices, bridging distances up to 5 mm to join with adjacent aggregates with the same morphology forming an interconnected network. These newly formed vascular sprouts showed branch points and generated a lumen, as sign of mature vascular development. In two-dimensional culture, we detected binding of mesenchymal stem cells to laser-damaged endothelial cells under flow conditions, mimicking the dynamics in blood vessels. In conclusion, we observed that mesenchymal stem cells can support human umbilical vein endothelial cells in their vitality and functionality. In xeno-free human platelet lysate-based matrices, endothelial cells form complex vascular networks in a primarily avascular scaffold with the aid of mesenchymal stem cells, when co-cultured in three-dimensional spherical aggregates. Under dynamic conditions, representing the flow rate of venous vessel, mesenchymal stem cells preferably bind to damaged endothelial cells presumably assisting in the healing process.


Assuntos
Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Neovascularização Fisiológica , Humanos , Técnicas de Cocultura , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas
5.
FASEB J ; 36(10): e22532, 2022 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36063138

RESUMO

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and its receptors (IL-4R) promote the proliferation and polarization of macrophages. However, it is unknown if IL-4R also influences monocyte homeostasis and if steady state IL-4 levels are sufficient to affect monocytes. Employing full IL-4 receptor alpha knockout mice (IL-4Rα-/- ) and mice with a myeloid-specific deletion of IL-4Rα (IL-4Rαf/f LysMcre ), we show that IL-4 acts as a homeostatic factor regulating circulating monocyte numbers. In the absence of IL-4Rα, murine monocytes in blood were reduced by 50% without altering monocytopoiesis in the bone marrow. This reduction was accompanied by a decrease in monocyte-derived inflammatory cytokines in the plasma. RNA sequencing analysis and immunohistochemical staining of splenic monocytes revealed changes in mRNA and protein levels of anti-apoptotic factors including BIRC6 in IL-4Rα-/- knockout animals. Furthermore, assessment of monocyte lifespan in vivo measuring BrdU+ cells revealed that the lifespan of circulating monocytes was reduced by 55% in IL-4Rα-/- mice, whereas subcutaneously applied IL-4 prolonged it by 75%. Treatment of human monocytes with IL-4 reduced the amount of dying monocytes in vitro. Furthermore, IL-4 stimulation reduced the phosphorylation of proteins involved in the apoptosis pathway, including the phosphorylation of the NFκBp65 protein. In a cohort of human patients, serum IL-4 levels were significantly associated with monocyte counts. In a sterile peritonitis model, reduced monocyte counts resulted in an attenuated recruitment of monocytes upon inflammatory stimulation in IL-4Rαf/f LysMcre mice without changes in overall migratory function. Thus, we identified a homeostatic role of IL-4Rα in regulating the lifespan of monocytes in vivo.


Assuntos
Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Monócitos , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Homeostase , Humanos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Knockout , Monócitos/metabolismo
6.
Front Immunol ; 13: 827048, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35237272

RESUMO

Previous studies on immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination in patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) were inconclusive with respect to the ability of the patients to produce vaccine-specific IgG antibodies, while patients with milder forms of primary antibody deficiency such as immunoglobulin isotype deficiency or selective antibody deficiency have not been studied at all. In this study we examined antigen-specific activation of CXCR5-positive and CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory cells and also isotype-specific and functional antibody responses in patients with CVID as compared to other milder forms of primary antibody deficiency and healthy controls six weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Expression of the activation markers CD25 and CD134 was examined by multi-color flow cytometry on CD4+ T cell subsets stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 spike peptides, while in parallel IgG and IgA antibodies and surrogate virus neutralization antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were measured by ELISA. The results show that in CVID and patients with other milder forms of antibody deficiency normal IgG responses (titers of spike protein-specific IgG three times the detection limit or more) were associated with intact vaccine-specific activation of CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory T cells, despite defective activation of circulating T follicular helper cells. In contrast, CVID IgG nonresponders showed defective vaccine-specific and superantigen-induced activation of both CD4+T cell subsets. In conclusion, impaired TCR-mediated activation of CXCR5-negative CD4+ memory T cells following stimulation with vaccine antigen or superantigen identifies patients with primary antibody deficiency and impaired IgG responses after BNT162b2 vaccination.


Assuntos
Vacina BNT162/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Doenças da Imunodeficiência Primária/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Adulto , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/imunologia , Enterotoxinas/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Células T de Memória/imunologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptores CXCR5/imunologia , Células T Auxiliares Foliculares/imunologia , Vacinação
7.
Sleep Med ; 84: 227-236, 2021 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34174707

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate skin biopsies of patients with early- and late onset restless legs syndrome (RLS) for concomitant small fiber neuropathy (SFN) and to determine cutaneous sympathetic innervation and microvascularization in comparison to healthy individuals. METHODS: Density of intraepidermal nerve fibers (IENFD), adrenergic nerve fibers and dermal capillaries was analyzed by immunofluorescence for PGP9.5, tyrosine hydroxylase and endothelial markers CD31 and CD105 in skin biopsies of 11 individuals with RLS and 8 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS: IENFD did not differ between RLS and controls, but two RLS patients with comorbid impaired glucose metabolism fulfilled morphometric criteria of SFN according to published normative values. In contrast, dermal nerve bundles of RLS patients showed an increased density of tyrosine hydroxylase+ adrenergic nerve fibers (p < 0.005). Moreover, an increased ratio between immature CD105+ and mature CD31+ endothelial cells within dermal capillaries was observed in RLS (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: SFN, as a potential contributing factor for RLS, should be considered in patients with predisposing comorbidities presenting with burning or shooting pain, dysesthesias and impaired sensory and temperature perception. Evidence of an increased adrenergic innervation of the skin in RLS patients is in accordance with sympathetic hyperactivity while signs of endothelial cell activation may reflect an adaptive response to tissue hypoxia.


Assuntos
Síndrome das Pernas Inquietas , Biópsia , Células Endoteliais , Humanos , Pele
8.
J Biosci Bioeng ; 132(3): 310-320, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34175199

RESUMO

Owing to their self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation capability, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold enormous potential in regenerative medicine. A prerequisite for a successful MSC therapy is the rigorous investigation of their function after in vitro cultivation. Damages introduced to mitochondria during cultivation adversely affect MSCs function and can determine their fate. While it has been shown that microtubules and vimentin intermediate filaments are important for mitochondrial dynamics and active mitochondrial transport within the cytoplasm of MSCs, the role of filamentous actin in this process has not been fully understood yet. To gain a deeper understanding of the interdependence between mitochondrial function and the cytoskeleton, we applied cytochalasin B to disturb the filamentous actin-based cytoskeleton of MSCs. In this study we combined conventional functional assays with a state-of-the-art oxygen sensor-integrated microfluidic device to investigate mitochondrial function. We demonstrated that cytochalasin B treatment at a dose of 16 µM led to a decrease in cell viability with high mitochondrial membrane potential, increased oxygen consumption rate, disturbed fusion and fission balance, nuclear extrusion and perinuclear accumulation of mitochondria. Treatment of MSCs for 48 h ultimately led to nuclear fragmentation, and activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptotic cell death. Importantly, we could show that mitochondrial function of MSCs can efficiently recover from the damage to the filamentous actin-based cytoskeleton over a period of 24 h. As a result of our study, a causative connection between the filamentous actin-based cytoskeleton and mitochondrial dynamics was demonstrated.


Assuntos
Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Citocalasina B/metabolismo , Citocalasina B/farmacologia , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismo , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias
9.
Biochem Pharmacol ; 190: 114634, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34058186

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is a key process during atherosclerotic lesion development and propagation. Recent evidence showed clearly that especially the inhibition of interleukin (IL)-1ß reduced atherosclerotic adverse events in human patients. Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) was previously demonstrated to interact with the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) pathway which is required for mature IL-1ß secretion. To understand possible anti-inflammatory properties of FAO inhibition, we tested the effect of pharmacological FAO inhibition using the inhibitor for long-chain 3-ketoacyl coenzyme A thiolase trimetazidine on atherosclerotic plaque development and inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The effect of FAO inhibition was determined in LDL-R-/- male mice on a C57/BL6 background. In vitro effects of trimetazidine treatment were analyzed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human monocyte derived macrophages. KEY RESULTS: We were able to demonstrate that inhibition of FAO reduced atherosclerotic plaque growth. We did not find direct anti-inflammatory properties of trimetazidine in endothelial cells or macrophages in vitro. However, we found that the activation of the NLRP3 system and the secretion of IL-1ß were significantly reduced in macrophages after FAO inhibition. These results were confirmed in atherosclerotic lesions of mice treated with trimetazidine as they showed a significant reduction of IL-1ß and cleaved caspase-1 in the atherosclerotic lesion as well as of IL-1ß and IL-18 in the circulation. CONCLUSION: Overall, we therefore suggest that the main mechanism of reducing inflammation of trimetazidine and FAO inhibition is the reduction of the NLRP-3 activation leading to reduced levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1ß.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose/prevenção & controle , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/metabolismo , Receptores de LDL/metabolismo , Animais , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Inflamassomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Inflamassomos/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína 3 que Contém Domínio de Pirina da Família NLR/genética , Oxirredução , Receptores de LDL/genética , Trimetazidina/farmacologia , Vasodilatadores/farmacologia
10.
Haematologica ; 106(2): 454-463, 2021 02 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31974204

RESUMO

Macrophages are versatile cells that can be polarized by the tissue environment to fulfill required needs. Proinflammatory polarization is associated with increased tissue degradation and propagation of inflammation whereas alternative polarization within a Th2 cytokine environment is associated with wound healing and angiogenesis. To understand if polarization of macrophages can lead to a procoagulant macrophage subset we polarized human monocyte derived macrophages to a proinflammatory and an alternative activation state. Alternative polarization with interleukin-4 and IL-13 led to a macrophage phenotype characterized by increased tissue factor (TF) production and release and by an increase in extracellular vesicle production. In addition, also TF activity was enhanced in extracellular vesicles of alternatively polarized macrophages. This TF induction was dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 signaling and poly ADP ribose polymerase activity. In contrast to monocytes, human macrophages did not show increased tissue factor expression upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ. Previous polarization to either a proinflammatory or an alternative activation subset does not change the subsequent stimulation of TF. The inability of proinflammatory activated macrophages to respond to lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ with an increase in TF production seems to be due to an increase in TF promoter methylation and was reversible when treating these macrophages with a demethylation agent. In conclusion, we provide evidence that proinflammatory polarization of macrophages does not lead to enhanced procoagulatory function, whereas alternative polarization of macrophages leads to an increased expression of TF and increased production of TF bearing extracellular vesicles by these cells suggesting a procoagulatory phenotype of alternatively polarized macrophages.


Assuntos
Vesículas Extracelulares , Tromboplastina , Citocinas , Humanos , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Macrófagos , Tromboplastina/genética
11.
Am J Transplant ; 21(2): 525-539, 2021 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33063442

RESUMO

Epidemiological and experimental data implicate cutaneous human papillomavirus infection as co-factor in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs), particularly in immunocompromised organ transplant recipients (OTRs). Herein, we established and characterized a skin cancer model, in which Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 (MmuPV1) infection caused cSCCs in cyclosporine A (CsA)-treated mice, even in the absence of UV light. Development of cSCCs and their precursors were observed in 70% of MmuPV1-infected, CsA-treated mice on back as well as on tail skin. Immunosuppression by systemic CsA, but not UV-B irradiation, was a prerequisite, as immunocompetent or UV-B-irradiated mice did not develop skin malignancies after infection. In the virus-driven cSCCs the MmuPV1-E6/E7 oncogenes were abundantly expressed, and transcriptional activity and productive infection demonstrated. MmuPV1 infection induced the expression of phosphorylated H2AX, but not degradation of proapoptotic BAK in the cSCCs. Transfer of primary cells, established from a MmuPV1-induced cSCC from back skin, into athymic nude mice gave rise to secondary cSCCs, which lacked viral DNA, demonstrating that maintenance of the malignant phenotype was virus independent. This papillomavirus-induced skin cancer model opens future investigations into viral involvement, pathogenesis, and cancer surveillance, aiming at understanding and controlling the high incidence of skin cancer in OTRs.


Assuntos
Infecções por Papillomavirus , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Animais , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Papillomaviridae , Neoplasias Cutâneas/induzido quimicamente
12.
Acta Derm Venereol ; 101(1): adv00367, 2021 Jan 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33349888

RESUMO

Cathelicidins have been reported to inhibit human papillomavirus infection in vitro; however, nothing is known about their activity in vivo. In this study, experimental skin infection with Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 resulted in robust development of cutaneous papillomas in cyclosporine A-treated C57BL/6J mice deficient for the murine cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP), in contrast to wild-type controls. Analysis of the underlying mechanisms revealed moderate disruption of virion integrity and lack of interference with viral entry and intracellular trafficking by a synthetic CRAMP peptide. Differences in the immune response to Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 infection were observed between CRAMP-deficient and wild-type mice. These included a stronger reduction in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers in infected skin, and lack of Mus musculus papillomavirus 1-specific neutralizing antibodies in response to cyclosporine A in the absence of endogenous CRAMP. CRAMP has modest direct anti-papillomaviral effects in vitro, but exerts protective functions against Mus musculus papillomavirus 1 skin infection and disease development in vivo, primarily by modulation of cellular and humoral immunity.


Assuntos
Papiloma , Papillomaviridae , Animais , Peptídeos Catiônicos Antimicrobianos , Catelicidinas , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Papiloma/induzido quimicamente , Papillomaviridae/genética
13.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol ; 40(9): 2265-2278, 2020 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32673525

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Macrophages are immune cells, capable to remodel the extracellular matrix, which can harbor extracellular DNA incorporated into neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). To study the breakdown of NETs we studied the capability of macrophage subsets to degrade these structures in vitro and in vivo in a murine thrombosis model. Furthermore, we analyzed human abdominal aortic aneurysm samples in support of our in vitro and in vivo results. Approach and Results: Macrophages were seeded onto blood clots or isolated NETs and polarized. All macrophages were capable to degrade NETs. For initial breakdown, macrophages relied on extracellular deoxyribonucleases. Proinflammatory polarization enhanced NET degradation. The boost in degradation was because of increased macropinocytosis, as inhibition by imipramine diminished their NET breakdown. Inhibition of macropinocytosis in a murine thrombosis model led to increased NET burden and reduced thrombus resolution in vivo. When analyzing abdominal aortic aneurysm samples, macrophage density furthermore corresponded negatively with the amount of local NETs in the intraluminal thrombi as well as in the vessel wall, as increased macrophage density was associated with a reduction in NET burden. CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that macrophages degrade NETs by extracellular predigestion and subsequent uptake. Furthermore, we show that proinflammatory macrophages increase NET degradation through enhanced macropinocytosis, priming them for NET engulfment. Based on our findings, that inhibition of macropinocytosis in mice corresponded to increased NET amounts in thrombi and that local macrophage density in human abdominal aortic aneurysm is negatively associated with surrounding NETs, we hypothesize, that macrophages are able to degrade NETs in vivo.


Assuntos
Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Armadilhas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Ativação de Macrófagos , Macrófagos/enzimologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Pinocitose , Animais , Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Desoxirribonuclease I/metabolismo , Desoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Exodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Imipramina/farmacologia , Interferon gama/farmacologia , Interleucina-13/farmacologia , Interleucina-4/farmacologia , Cinética , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Ativação de Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteínas Musculares/metabolismo , Fagocitose , Fenótipo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Pinocitose/efeitos dos fármacos , Veia Cava Inferior/metabolismo , Trombose Venosa/metabolismo
14.
Blood ; 134(6): 561-567, 2019 08 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31221672

RESUMO

Membrane-bound plasmin is used by immune cells to degrade extracellular matrices, which facilitates migration. The plasminogen receptor Plg-RKT is expressed by immune cells, including monocytes and macrophages. Among monocytes and macrophages, distinct subsets can be distinguished based on cell surface markers and pathophysiological function. We investigated expression of Plg-RKT by monocyte and macrophage subsets and whether potential differential expression might have functional consequences for cell migration. Proinflammatory CD14++CD16+ human monocytes and Ly6Chigh mouse monocytes expressed the highest levels of Plg-RKT and bound significantly more plasminogen compared with the other respective subsets. Proinflammatory human macrophages, generated by polarization with lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ, showed significantly higher expression of Plg-RKT compared with alternatively activated macrophages, polarized with interleukin-4 and interleukin-13. Directional migration of proinflammatory monocytes was plasmin dependent and was abolished by anti-Plg-RKT monoclonal antibody, ε-amino-caproic acid, aprotinin, and the aminoterminal fragment of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. In an in vivo peritonitis model, significantly less Ly6Chigh monocyte recruitment was observed in Plg-RKT -/- compared with Plg-RKT +/+ mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of human carotid plaques and adipose tissue showed that proinflammatory macrophages also exhibited high levels of Plg-RKT in vivo. Our data demonstrate higher expression of Plg-RKT on proinflammatory monocyte and macrophage subsets that impacts their migratory capacity.


Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monócitos/imunologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Animais , Biomarcadores , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunofenotipagem , Inflamação/etiologia , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/patologia , Camundongos
15.
Neuromuscul Disord ; 28(12): 973-985, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30389421

RESUMO

Regenerative processes that counteract perifascicular muscle atrophy and capillary loss in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) are not well characterized. We aimed to analyze the pattern of myo-regeneration in relation to vascular damage and repair in muscle specimens from JDM patients. Myogenic regulatory factors that are sequentially expressed during myogenesis were studied by immunohistochemistry. Capillary density, numbers of CD34+ endothelial progenitor cells within the endomysium and molecules implicated in angiogenesis were evaluated by double-immunofluorescence techniques. Myogenic regulatory factors were significantly up-regulated in JDM muscle exhibiting a different pattern in early and advanced lesions. In early lesions Pax7+ satellite cells and both MyoD+ and Myogenin+ myogenic cells were moderately increased. In lesions with advanced perifascicular atrophy Pax7+ satellite cells were numerous, but absence of MyoD+ in the context of increased Myogenin+ expression suggested a dysregulation of the myogenic regenerative pathway. The overall capillary density in JDM was decreased, but regions of capillary loss in advanced lesions alternated with focal increase of hyperplastic endothelial cells in early lesions. Up-regulation of endoglin in hyperplastic endothelial cells in conjunction with overexpression of TGF-ß1 and VEGF suggested activation of neovascularization. Conversely, CD34+ endothelial progenitor cells were not increased arguing against relevant contribution to vascular repair. Our results demonstrate substantial induction of myogenesis in JDM. While the early phase of myogenesis appears to be associated with endothelial cell activation, an altered expression of MRFs in perifascicular regions with capillary depletion suggests an impairment of myogenic differentiation that may contribute to perifascicular muscle fiber atrophy in JDM.


Assuntos
Dermatomiosite/patologia , Desenvolvimento Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/patologia , Atrofia Muscular/patologia , Neovascularização Fisiológica/fisiologia , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Dermatomiosite/metabolismo , Células Progenitoras Endoteliais/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Atrofia Muscular/metabolismo , Fatores de Regulação Miogênica/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo
16.
Cancers (Basel) ; 10(10)2018 Oct 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30301187

RESUMO

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells that are capable of priming anti-tumor immune responses, thus serving as attractive tools to generate tumor vaccines. In this multicentric randomized open-label phase II study, we investigated the efficacy of vaccination with tumor lysate-charged autologous DCs (Audencel) in newly diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Patients aged 18 to 70 years with histologically proven primary GBM and resection of at least 70% were randomized 1:1 to standard of care (SOC) or SOC plus vaccination (weekly intranodal application in weeks seven to 10, followed by monthly intervals). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 12 months. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, safety, and toxicity. Seventy-six adult patients were analyzed in this study. Vaccinations were given for seven (3⁻20) months on average. No severe toxicity was attributable to vaccination. Seven patients showed flu-like symptoms, and six patients developed local skin reactions. Progression-free survival at 12 months did not differ significantly between the control and vaccine groups (28.4% versus 24.5%, p = 0.9975). Median overall survival was similar with 18.3 months (vaccine: 564 days, 95% CI: 436⁻671 versus control: 568 days, 95% CI: 349⁻680; p = 0.89, harzard ratio (HR) 0.99). Hence, in this trial, the clinical outcomes of patients with primary GBM could not be improved by the addition of Audencel to SOC.

17.
Front Immunol ; 9: 852, 2018.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29780382

RESUMO

If misregulated, macrophage (Mϕ)-T cell interactions can drive chronic inflammation thereby causing diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report that in a proinflammatory environment, granulocyte-Mϕ (GM-CSF)- and Mϕ colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-dependent Mϕs have dichotomous effects on T cell activity. While GM-CSF-dependent Mϕs show a highly stimulatory activity typical for M1 Mϕs, M-CSF-dependent Mϕs, marked by folate receptor ß (FRß), adopt an immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. We find the latter to be caused by the purinergic pathway that directs release of extracellular ATP and its conversion to immunosuppressive adenosine by co-expressed CD39 and CD73. Since we observed a misbalance between immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory Mϕs in human and murine arthritic joints, we devised a new strategy for RA treatment based on targeted delivery of a novel methotrexate (MTX) formulation to the immunosuppressive FRß+CD39+CD73+ Mϕs, which boosts adenosine production and curtails the dominance of proinflammatory Mϕs. In contrast to untargeted MTX, this approach leads to potent alleviation of inflammation in the murine arthritis model. In conclusion, we define the Mϕ extracellular purine metabolism as a novel checkpoint in Mϕ cell fate decision-making and an attractive target to control pathological Mϕs in immune-mediated diseases.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Purinas/metabolismo , Adenosina/imunologia , Animais , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Proliferação de Células , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/farmacologia , Humanos , Imunossupressores/administração & dosagem , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Macrófagos/farmacologia , Masculino , Metotrexato/administração & dosagem , Metotrexato/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Líquido Sinovial/citologia , Líquido Sinovial/imunologia
18.
Dev Comp Immunol ; 82: 118-127, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29329953

RESUMO

The M2a subtype of macrophages plays an important role in human immunoglobulin E (IgE-mediated allergies) and other Th2 type immune reactions. In contrast, very little is known about these cells in the dog. Here we describe an in vitro method to activate canine histiocytic DH82 cells and primary canine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) toward the M2a macrophages using human cytokines. For a side-by-side comparison, we compared the canine cells to human MDMs, and the human monocytic cell line U937 activated towards M1 and M2a cells on the cellular and molecular level. In analogy to activated human M2a cells, canine M2a, differentiated from both DH82 and MDMs, showed an increase in CD206 surface receptor expression compared to M1. Interestingly, canine M2a, but not M1 derived from MDM, upregulated the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI). Transcription levels of M2a-associated genes (IL10, CCL22, TGFß, CD163) showed a diverse pattern between the human and dog species, whereas M1 genes (IDO1, CXCL11, IL6, TNF-α) were similarly upregulated in canine and human M1 cells (cell lines and MDMs). We suggest that our novel in vitro method will be suitable in comparative allergology studies focussing on macrophages.


Assuntos
Histiócitos/citologia , Hipersensibilidade/imunologia , Macrófagos/fisiologia , Monócitos/citologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Cães , Humanos , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Ativação de Macrófagos , Receptor de Manose , Lectinas de Ligação a Manose/metabolismo , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Receptores de IgE/metabolismo , Especificidade da Espécie , Células Th2/imunologia , Células U937
19.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol ; 37(10): 1913-1922, 2017 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28818858

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Macrophages are versatile immune cells capable of polarizing into functional subsets depending on environmental stimulation. In atherosclerotic lesions, proinflammatory polarized macrophages are associated with symptomatic plaques, whereas Th2 (T-helper cell type 2) cytokine-polarized macrophages are inversely related with disease progression. To establish a functional cause for these observations, we analyzed extracellular matrix degradation phenotypes in polarized macrophages. APPROACH AND RESULTS: We provide evidence that proinflammatory polarized macrophages rely on membrane-bound proteases including MMP-14 (matrix metalloproteinase-14) and the serine protease uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator) together with its receptor uPAR for extracellular matrix degradation. In contrast, Th2 cytokine alternatively primed macrophages do not show different proteolytic activity in comparison to unpolarized macrophages and lack increased localization of MMP-14 and uPA receptor to the cell membrane. Nonetheless, they express the highest amount of the serine protease uPA. However, uPA activity is blocked by similarly increased expression of its inhibitor PAI-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1). When inhibiting PAI-1 or when analyzing macrophages deficient in PAI-1, Th2 cytokine-polarized macrophages display the same matrix degradation capability as proinflammatory-primed macrophages. Within atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages positive for the alternative activation marker CD206 express high levels of PAI-1. In addition, to test changed tissue remodeling capacities of alternatively activated macrophages, we used a bleomycin lung injury model in mice reconstituted with PAI-1-/- bone marrow. These results supported an enhanced remodeling phenotype displayed by increased fibrosis and elevated MMP activity in the lung after PAI-1 loss. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to demonstrate matrix degradation dependent on membrane-bound proteases in proinflammatory stimulated macrophages and a forced proteolytical quiescence in alternatively polarized macrophages by the expression of PAI-1.


Assuntos
Macrófagos/metabolismo , Inibidor 1 de Ativador de Plasminogênio/metabolismo , Proteólise , Fibrose , Humanos , Pulmão/enzimologia , Pulmão/patologia , Metaloproteinase 14 da Matriz/metabolismo , Receptores de Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/metabolismo , Ativador de Plasminogênio Tipo Uroquinase/metabolismo
20.
Inflammation ; 39(5): 1737-46, 2016 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27503310

RESUMO

Endothelial activation with excessive recruitment and adhesion of immune cells plays a central role in the progression of sepsis. We established a microfluidic system to study the activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells by conditioned medium containing plasma from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood or from septic blood and to investigate the effect of adsorption of inflammatory mediators on endothelial activation. Treatment of stimulated whole blood with polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based cytokine adsorbents (average pore sizes 15 or 30 nm) prior to passage over the endothelial layer resulted in significantly reduced endothelial cytokine and chemokine release, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion, adhesion molecule expression, and in diminished monocyte adhesion. Plasma samples from sepsis patients differed substantially in their potential to induce endothelial activation and monocyte adhesion despite their almost identical interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Pre-incubation of the plasma samples with a polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based adsorbent (30 nm average pore size) reduced endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression to baseline levels, resulting in significantly diminished monocyte adhesion. Our data support the potential of porous polystyrene-divinylbenzene-based adsorbents to reduce endothelial activation under septic conditions by depletion of a broad range of inflammatory mediators.


Assuntos
Adesão Celular , Endotélio Vascular/imunologia , Monócitos/citologia , Poliestirenos/uso terapêutico , Sepse/imunologia , Compostos de Vinila/uso terapêutico , Adsorção , Células Cultivadas , Endotélio Vascular/citologia , Endotélio Vascular/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/imunologia , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Humanos , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Porosidade , Sepse/terapia
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