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Background and aims: Oxidative stress (OS) induces the production of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Previous data have revealed that FGF21 protects cells from OS injury and death, making it a potential therapeutic option for many diseases with increased OS. However, the association of this growth factor with OS markers in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the association of serum FGF21 with serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (OxLDL) in subjects in different stages of kidney disease. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included 382 subjects with different stages of CKD, irrespective of type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis. Associations of serum FGF21 with OxLDL, TAC, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), T2D, and smoking, were evaluated through bivariate and partial correlation analyses. Independent associations of these variables with serum FGF21 were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Serum FGF21 was significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.236), TAC (lnTAC) (r = 0.217), and negatively correlated with eGFR (r = -0.429) and male sex (r = -0.102). After controlling by age, sex, BMI, T2D, smoking, and eGFR; both TAC and OxLDL were positively correlated with FGF21 (r = 0.117 and 0.158 respectively, p < 0.05). Using multiple linear regression analysis, eGFR, male sex, T2D, OxLDL, and TAC were independently associated with serum FGF21 (STDß = -0.475, 0.162, -0.153, 0.142 and 0.136 respectively; p < 0.05 for all) adjusted for age, BMI, smoking, and fasting plasma glucose. Conclusion: A positive association between serum FGF21 and OS has been found independently of renal function in humans. Results from the present study provide novel information for deeper understanding of the role of FGF21 in OS in humans with CKD and T2D; mechanistic studies to explain the association of serum FGF21 with oxidative stress in CKD are needed.
RESUMO
Abstract Infections are frequent complications of kidney transplants. We aimed at determining the frequency and type of infections that occur in renal transplant recipients during the early (0-1 month), intermediate (1-6 months) and late (6-12 months) post-transplant period and analyzing the risk factors for infection. To this aim, we conducted a retrospective cohort study on 1-year post-transplant follow-up in two third-level university hospitals in Cordoba city. All consecutive recipients of renal transplants performed between 2009 and 2015 were included, except those with multiple solid organ transplantation and pediatric patients. We included 375 recipients, of which 235 (62.7%) had at least one episode of infection during follow-up. There were 504 episodes of infection, of which 131 (26%) occurred in the early, 272 (53.9%) in the intermediate, and 101 (20.1%) in the late post-transplant period. The most frequent infections in all periods were caused by bacteria (mainly urinary tract infections), and the most frequent viral infection was caused by Cytomegalovirus (mainly in the second and third period). In the multivariate analysis, infection risk factors were: age > 60 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.05-3.49), organ transplantation from deceased donor (aOR = 8.19; 95% CI = 2.32-28.9), use of pigtail catheter for urinary tract drainage (aOR = 4.06; 95% CI = 1.27-12.9), and number of days in hospital after transplant (aOR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.01-1.11). In conclusion, infections in renal transplant recipients represent a very frequent health problem in our hospitals. Understanding the local epidemiology of infection and the potential risk factors for infection acquires utmost importance.
Resumen Las infecciones son complicaciones frecuentes de los trasplantes renales. Los objetivos del estudio fueron determinar la frecuencia y el tipo de infecciones que ocurren en el período post-trasplante temprano (0-1 mes), intermedio (1-6 meses) y tardío (6-12 meses) en nuestro medio y analizar los factores de riesgo de infección. Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo que incluyó todos los pacientes con trasplantes renales realizados entre 2009 y 2015 en dos hospitales universitarios de tercer nivel de la ciudad de Córdoba, excluidos los receptores de trasplante simultáneo de múltiples órganos sólidos y los menores de 18 años. Fueron incluidos 375 pacientes, de los cuales 235 (62.7%) tuvieron al menos un episodio de infección. Hubo 504 episodios de infección: 131 (26%) ocurrieron en el período temprano, 272 (53.9%) en el intermedio y 101 (20.1%) en el tardío. La mayoría de las infecciones fueron de origen bacteriano (principalmente del tracto urinario). La mayoría de las infecciones virales ocurrieron en el segundo y el tercer período y Citomegalovirus fue el responsable más frecuente. En el análisis multivariado, los factores de riesgo de infección post-transplante renal fueron: edad > 60 años (odds ratio ajustado [aOR] 1.92; IC95% 1.05-3.49), donante cadavérico (aOR 8.19; IC95% 2.32-28.9), uso de catéter pigtail (aOR 4.06; IC95% 1.27-12.9) y número de días internado postrasplante (aOR 1.05; IC95% 1.01-1.11). En conclusión, confirmamos que las infecciones en pacientes con trasplante renal son muy frecuentes en nuestro medio, por lo cual es importante conocer la epidemiología local y los factores de riesgo.