The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for an Integrated and Equitable Approach: An International Expert Consensus Paper.

BACKGROUND: One year after the declaration of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) and despite the implementation of mandatory physical barriers and social distancing, humanity remains challenged by a long-lasting and devastating public health crisis. MANAGEMENT: Non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) are efficient mitigation strategies. The success of these NPIs is dependent on the approval and commitment of the population. The launch of a mass vaccination program in many countries in late December 2020 with mRNA vaccines, adenovirus-based vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines has generated hope for the end of the pandemic. CURRENT ISSUES: The continuous appearance of new pathogenic viral strains and the ability of vaccines to prevent infection and transmission raise important concerns as we try to achieve community immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants. The need of a second and even third generation of vaccines has already been acknowledged by the WHO and governments. PERSPECTIVES: There is a critical and urgent need for a balanced and integrated strategy for the management of the COVID-19 outbreaks organized on three axes: (1) Prevention of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, (2) Detection and early diagnosis of patients at risk of disease worsening, and (3) Anticipation of medical care (PDA). CONCLUSION: The "PDA strategy" integrated into state policy for the support and expansion of health systems and introduction of digital organizations (i.e., telemedicine, e-Health, artificial intelligence, and machine-learning technology) is of major importance for the preservation of citizens' health and life world-wide.

[Epidemiology of lower extremity artery disease]. / Épidémiologie de l'artériopathie des membres inférieurs.

It is estimated that more than 200 million individuals are affected by lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) worldwide. This prevalence has increased between 2000 and 2010 by 25%, especially in low/middle income countries. In France, about one million people are affected by this condition. Almost two-thirds of patients with LEAD are asymptomatic. This explains the interest of the measurement of the ankle-brachial index (ABI), an objective and harmless diagnostic tool. An ABI≤0.90 is considered as diagnostic for LEAD. The detection of symptomatic LEAD requires standardized questionnaires identifying intermittent claudication. Epidemiological studies on chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) - the most severe presentation of the disease - are scarce: the prevalence is estimated around 0.5-2.0% after the age of 40, mostly affecting elderly people. Similar to other atherosclerotic diseases, the risk factors are multiple (genetic factors, traditional risk factors, metabolic and inflammatory factors, socioeconomic factors), with different weighs of association as compared to coronary artery diseases. Due to their high prevalence and strength of association, cigarette smoking and hypertension are the most frequent purveyors of this disease in population. Diabetes mellitus is a strong risk factor, and its increasing prevalence contributes to the global epidemics of LEAD. In claudicants, the 5-year amputation risk is estimated at 5%, increasing to 25% at one year in case of CLTI. However, the main risk is related to general cardiovascular events. It is estimated that patients with LEAD present concomitantly coronary and cerebrovascular disease in respectively 50% and 20% of cases. The non-cardiovascular mortality, especially related to cancer, is also higher than in general population. Overall, the control of traditional risk factors has a beneficial effect both for the limb and general prognosis.

An update on methods for revascularization and expansion of the TASC lesion classification to include below-the-knee arteries: A supplement to the inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II): The TASC steering committee.

The Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) guidelines were last updated in 2007 (TASC II) and represented the collaboration of international vascular specialties involved in the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Since the publication of TASC II, there have been innovations in endovascular revascularization strategies for patients with PAD. The intent of this publication is to provide a complete anatomic lower limb TASC lesion classification, including the infrapopliteal segment, and an updated literature review of new endovascular techniques and practice patterns employed by vascular specialists today.

An Update on Methods for Revascularization and Expansion of the TASC Lesion Classification to Include Below-the-Knee Arteries: A Supplement to the Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II).

The Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) guidelines were last updated in 2007 (TASC II) and represented the collaboration of international vascular specialties involved in the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Since the publication of TASC II, there have been innovations in endovascular revascularization strategies for patients with PAD. The intent of this publication is to provide a complete anatomic lower limb TASC lesion classification, including the infrapopliteal segment, and an updated literature review of new endovascular techniques and practice patterns employed by vascular specialists today.

An Update on Methods for Revascularization and Expansion of the TASC Lesion Classification to Include Below-the-Knee Arteries: A Supplement to the Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II).

The Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) guidelines were last updated in 2007 (TASC II) and represented the collaboration of international vascular specialties involved in the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Since the publication of TASC II, there have been innovations in endovascular revascularization strategies for patients with PAD. The intent of this publication is to provide a complete anatomic lower limb TASC lesion classification, including the infrapopliteal segment, and an updated literature review of new endovascular techniques and practice patterns employed by vascular specialists today.

An Update on Methods for Revascularization and Expansion of the TASC Lesion Classification to Include Below-the-Knee Arteries: A Supplement to the Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC II): The TASC Steering Comittee(.).

The Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease (TASC) guidelines were last updated in 2007 (TASC II) and represented the collaboration of international vascular specialties involved in the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Since the publication of TASC II, there have been innovations in endovascular revascularization strategies for patients with PAD. The intent of this publication is to provide a complete anatomic lower limb TASC lesion classification, including the infrapopliteal segment, and an updated literature review of new endovascular techniques and practice patterns employed by vascular specialists today.

Surgery for small asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms.

BACKGROUND: An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an abnormal ballooning of the major abdominal artery. Some AAAs present as emergencies and require surgery; others remain asymptomatic. Treatment of asymptomatic AAAs depends on many factors, including size: risk of rupture increases with aneurysm size. Large asymptomatic AAAs (> 5.5 cm in diameter) are usually operated on; very small AAAs (< 4.0 cm diameter) are monitored with ultrasonography. The optimal timing of surgery would benefit from further evidence. OBJECTIVES: This review compared long-term survival in patients with AAAs of diameter 4.0 to 5.5 cm who received immediate surgical repair versus routine ultrasound surveillance. SEARCH STRATEGY: Trials were identified through searching the Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Group Specialised Register and reference lists of relevant articles, supplemented by handsearches of recent conference proceedings and information from experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials in which men and women with asymptomatic AAAs of diameter 4.0 to 5.5 cm were randomly allocated to immediate surgery or imaging-based surveillance at least every 12 months. Outcomes had to include mortality or survival. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: One author (GF) abstracted the data which were cross-checked by the other authors (DJB, FGRF, JTP). Due to the small number of trials, formal tests of heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses were not conducted. MAIN RESULTS: Two trials, the UK Small Aneurysm Trial (UKSAT) and the Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) trial, fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Both showed an early survival benefit in the surveillance group (due to 30-day operative mortality with surgery) but no significant differences in long-term survival (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75 to 1.02, mean follow up 10 years) (UKSAT); HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.95 to 1.54, mean follow up 4.9 years) (ADAM). The meta-analysis of mortality at six years revealed a non-significant association (Peto odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.34). Neither trial independently had sufficient power for subgroup analyses (for example, by age or aneurysm size). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: The results from the two trials to date suggest no overall advantage to early surgery for small AAA (4.0 to 5.5 cm) but provide no additional guidelines for 'best-care' management of subgroups of patients. An individual patient-level data meta-analysis using the combined data from these studies will have sufficient power to conduct subgroup analyses, which are expected to elucidate risks and benefits of each treatment option for subgroups based on age, fitness and aneurysm size.

A cross-sectional study of vascular risk factors in a rural South African population: data from the Southern African Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI).

BACKGROUND: Rural sub-Saharan Africa is at an early stage of economic and health transition. It is predicted that the 21st century will see a serious added economic burden from non-communicable disease including vascular disease in low-income countries as they progress through the transition. The stage of vascular disease in a population is thought to result from the prevalence of vascular risk factors. Already hypertension and stroke are common in adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a multidisciplinary approach we aimed to assess the prevalence of several vascular risk factors in Agincourt, a rural demographic surveillance site in South Africa. METHODS: We performed a cross sectional random sample survey of adults aged over 35 in Agincourt (population approximately 70 000). Participants were visited at home by a trained nurse who administered a questionnaire, carried out clinical measurements and took a blood sample. From this we assessed participants' history of vascular risk, blood pressure using an OMRON 705 CP monitor, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), ankle brachial index (ABI), and total and HDL cholesterol. RESULTS: 402 people (24% men) participated. There was a high prevalence of smoking in men, but the number of cigarettes smoked was small. There was a striking difference in mean BMI between men and women (22.8 kg/m2 versus 27.2 kg/m2), but levels of blood pressure were very similar. 43% of participants had a blood pressure greater than 140/90 or were on anti-hypertensive treatment and 37% of participants identified with measured high blood pressure were on pharmacological treatment. 12% of participants had an ABI of < 0.9, sugesting the presence of sub-clinical atheroma. 25.6% of participants had a total cholesterol level > 5 mmol/l. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of hypertension, obesity in women, and a suggestion of subclinical atheroma despite relatively favourable cholesterol levels in a rural South African population. South Africa is facing the challenge of an emerging epidemic of vascular disease. Research to establish the social determinates of these risk factors and interventions to reduce both individual and population risk are required.

High rates of ischaemic heart disease in Scotland are not explained by conventional risk factors.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To (1) compare prevalence of socioeconomic, behavioural, and physiological ischaemic heart disease (IHD) risk factors in Scotland with a comparable nation (England) and (2) find out if their distribution explains Scotland's comparatively higher IHD rate (1.62 (1.30, 2.02)). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross sectional, individual level observational study with data on socioeconomic, behavioural, and physiological characteristics, 6064 respondents from Scotland and England, (2362 and 3702 respectively), aged 45-74 and with data on all required items. MAIN RESULTS: There were significant and meaningful differences between the Scottish and English in the prevalence of several IHD risk factors. However, a substantially and significantly higher risk of IHD persisted among the Scottish respondents (1.50 (1.17, 1.91)) despite control for a wide range of risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Interpretation must be cautious because these are cross sectional data, however higher levels of conventional IHD risk factors contribute to but do not explain the comparatively high rates of IHD in Scotland. Alternative explanations for, and policy interventions to tackle, Scottish rates of IHD must be considered.

Cultural context, older age and smoking in Scotland: qualitative interviews with older smokers with arterial disease.

This paper explores how smoking among older smokers with a smoking-related illness is influenced by the wider cultural context of smoking. The paper draws upon a Scottish qualitative interview study to explore lifecourse changes in smoking-related beliefs and behaviours, in current smokers between the ages of 65 and 84 years with arterial disease. The respondents' understanding of smoking, as a socially acceptable behaviour of their youth, had undergone dramatic change over the course of their lives. While some respondents continued to associate their current smoking with their, albeit reduced, participation in social activities, others now smoked at home alone and associated smoking with increasing levels of isolation in their lives. Through an examination of how social attitudes may contribute to smoking as a solitary activity, the paper highlights the implications of cultural context for the adaptive strategies that older people use to cope with the circumstances and conditions of later life. The paper concludes that the wider cultural context of smoking is influential in shaping smoking as either an isolated 'home' activity, or as a 'social' activity for those whose opportunities to smoke in the private sphere are limited by disapproval of significant others. Within the social context, however, these 'social' smokers experience further constraints which shape and reduce their smoking behaviour. The data suggest that in order to be successful with this group of smokers, further research is needed to identify aspects of the lives of older people that sustain smoking in later life. These data will be necessary to develop appropriate health promotion measures to successfully target aspects of lives that support smoking in later life.