Oral sialadenoma papilliferum with kras mutation in a patient with linear nevus sebaceous syndrome.

Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS) is a rare neurocutaneous syndrome part of the epidermal nevus syndromes group, characterized by the presence of sebaceous nevi and other extracutaneous lesions genetically related to RAS family gene mutations. Sialadenoma papilliferum (SP) is a rare benign intraoral neoplasm which is usually BRAF or HRAS mutated. We report a case of a young female girl diagnosed with a LNSS who developed a SP which had a KRAS mutation. This is the first case of SP with a KRAS mutation in the context of a LNSS.

Is CMV DNAemia an early marker of CMV colitis in patients with active ulcerative colitis?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis is a serious concern worsening the prognosis of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to assess risk factors and prognostic impact of CMV colitis in patients with moderate-to-severe UC flare. We conducted a retrospective, observational, single-center study. Consecutive adult patients hospitalized for moderate-to-severe UC from January 2020 to June 2023 were included. The primary endpoint was a diagnosis of CMV-colitis according to immunohistochemistry on tissue biopsies. The secondary endpoint was the need for colectomy within 30 days. Overall, 135 patients were included. CMV colitis was diagnosed in n = 37 (27.4%): n = 19 (51.4%) endoscopically, the remaining on surgical specimens. Of them, n = 23 (62.2%) had positive CMV-DNAemia with a median value of 1,008 cp/mL (interquartile range 318-2,980). Differences between the two groups (CMV colitis vs non-CMV) included age (60 vs 41 years, P = 0.004), Charlson Comorbidity Index (1 vs 0, P = 0.003), steroid refractoriness (86.5% vs 62.2%, P = 0.007), and positive CMV-DNAemia (62.2% vs 10.1%, P < 0.001). At multivariable analysis, steroid-refractory disease, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and CMV-DNAemia were associated with CMV colitis. Overall, n = 54 (39.7%) patients underwent colectomy, and this was significantly more common in patients with CMV colitis vs non-CMV group (54.1% vs 34.4%, P = 0.049). Kaplan-Meier showed that antiviral therapy seems to have a relevant impact on colectomy (P < 0.001). CMV-DNA blood detection is independently associated with CMV-positive refractory UC. Since CMV colitis may increase the risk of colectomy and antiviral treatment seems to reduce such risk, prospective studies are needed to confirm the role of CMV-DNA blood detection to early diagnose CMV colitis. IMPORTANCE: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) colonic reactivation worsens the prognosis of patients with active ulcerative colitis. Blood CMV-DNA reactivation is strongly associated with CMV colitis. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of CMV colitis can avoid surgery in most cases.

Long term follow-up of humoral and cellular response to mRNA-based vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 in patients with active multiple myeloma.

Long-term kinetics of antibody (Ab) and cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to full anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine schedule and booster doses in Multiple Myeloma (MM) patients remain unclear. We prospectively evaluated Ab and CMI response to mRNA vaccines in 103 SARS-CoV-2-naïve MM patients (median age 66, 1 median prior line of therapy) and 63 health-workers. Anti-S-RBD IgG (Elecsys®assay) were measured before vaccination and after 1 (T1), 3 (T3), 6 (T6), 9 (T9) and 12 (T12) months from second dose (D2) and 1 month after the introduction of the booster dose (T1D3). CMI response (IGRA test) was evaluated at T3 and T12. Fully vaccinated MM patients displayed high seropositivity rate (88.2%), but low CMI response (36.2%). At T6 the median serological titer was halved (p=0.0391) in MM patients and 35% reduced (p=0.0026) in controls. D3 (94 patients) increased the seroconversion rate to 99% in MM patients and the median IgG titer in both groups (up to 2500 U/mL), maintained at T12. 47% of MM patients displayed a positive CMI at T12 and double-negativity for humoral and CMI (9.6% at T3) decreased to 1%. Anti-S-RBD IgG level ≥346 U/mL showed 20-times higher probability of positive CMI response (OR 20.6, p<0.0001). Hematological response ≥CR and ongoing lenalidomide maintenance enhanced response to vaccination, hindered by proteasome inhibitors/anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies. In conclusion, MM elicited excellent humoral, but insufficient cellular responses to anti-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Third dose improved immunogenicity renewal, even when undetectable after D2. Hematological response and ongoing treatment at vaccination were the main predictive factors of vaccine immunogenicity, emphasizing the role of vaccine response assessment to identify patients requiring salvage approaches.

Virological and histological evaluation of intestinal samples in COVID-19 patients.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It is a highly contagious virus which primarily affects the respiratory tract, nevertheless, the lungs are not the only target organs of the virus. The intestinal tract could represent an additional tropism site for SARS-CoV-2. Several observations have collectively suggested that enteric infections can occur in COVID-19 patients. However, the detection of viral RNA in gastrointestinal (GI) tissue samples has not been adequately investigated and results are conflicting. AIM: To detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in intestinal mucosa samples and to evaluate histological features. METHODS: The COVID-19 patients hospitalized at an Italian tertiary hospital from April 2020 to March 2021 were evaluated for enrollment in an observational, monocentric trial. The study population was composed of two groups of adult patients. In the first group (biopsy group, 30 patients), patients were eligible for inclusion if they had mild to moderate disease and if they agreed to have a rectal biopsy; in the second group (surgical specimen group, 6 patients), patients were eligible for inclusion if they underwent intestinal resection during index hospitalization. Fifty-nine intestinal mucosal samples were analyzed. RESULTS: Viral RNA was not detectable in any of the rectal biopsies performed (0/53). Histological examination showed no enterocyte damage, but slight edema of the lamina propria with mild inflammatory lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. There was no difference in inflammatory infiltrates in patients with and without GI symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in fecal samples in 6 cases out of 14 cases examined (42.9%). In the surgical specimen group, all patients underwent emergency intestinal resection. Viral RNA was detected in 2 surgical specimens of the 6 examined, both of which were from patients with active neoplastic disease. Histological examination also pointed out abundant macrophages, granulocytes and plasma cells infiltrating the muscular layer and adipose tissue, and focal vasculitis. CONCLUSION: Mild-moderate COVID-19 may not be associated with rectal infection by the virus. More comprehensive autopsies or surgical specimens are needed to provide histological evidence of intestinal infection.

Kinetics of cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus DNA in whole blood and plasma of kidney transplant recipients: Implications on management strategies.

This retrospective multicenter cohort study investigated the kinetics (ascending and descending phases) of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA in whole blood (WB) and plasma samples collected from adult kidney transplant (KT) recipients. CMV-DNA kinetics according to antiviral therapy were investigated. Three hundred twenty-eight paired samples from 42 episodes of CMV infection and 157 paired samples from 26 episodes of EBV infection were analyzed by a single commercial molecular method approved by regulatory agencies for both matrices. CMV-DNAemia followed different kinetics in WB and plasma. In the descending phase of infection, a slower decay of viral load and a higher percentage of CMV-DNA positive samples were observed in plasma versus WB. In the 72.4% of patients receiving antiviral therapy, monitoring with plasma CMV-DNAemia versus WB CMV-DNAemia could delay treatment interruption by 7-14 days. Discontinuation of therapy based on WB monitoring did not result in relapsed infection in any patients. Highly different EBV-DNA kinetics in WB and plasma were observed due to lower positivity in plasma; EBV positive samples with a quantitative result in both blood compartments were observed in only 11.5% of cases. Our results emphasize the potential role of WB as specimen type for post-KT surveillance of both infections for disease prevention and management.

Pathophysiology of Hyperechogenic Bowel in Congenitally Human Cytomegalovirus Infected Fetuses.

Hyperechogenic bowel (HB) is a nonspecific ultrasound finding that can be associated with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital infection. In this study, we investigated HB pathophysiology in CMV-infected fetuses. We examined small and large intestine as well as pancreas in 8 fetuses at 22 weeks of gestation with congenital CMV infection. Ultrasound findings showed 4 fetuses with HB and 4 without. As negative group, 4 fetuses without CMV infection and without HB were studied. Immunohistochemistry for CMV, lymphocytic infiltrate, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (bcl-2), CD-117, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) were performed. HB fetuses showed multiple and sequential CMV-positive ganglion cells of Auerbach's myenteric plexus. In the ganglia, bcl-2 was weakly expressed representing a reduced neuronal functionality. CD-117 revealed a regular distribution of Cajal cells, the pacemakers of intestinal contractility. Pancreas showed normal CFTR staining, indicating a preserved exocrine secretion, thus unlikely a contributory factor in HB. In CMV-infected fetuses without HB, CMV-positive cells were scatteredly found in ganglion cells and bcl-2 was strongly expressed. Intestinal CD-117 and pancreatic CFTR expression were similar to fetuses with HB. In conclusion, fetal CMV infection of the bowel may lead to peristalsis impairment (paralytic ileus) due to intestinal plexus involvement, which at ultrasound appeared as HB.

Multidrug-resistant cytomegalovirus infection in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis during immunosuppressive treatment.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major complication in immunocompromised patients, including those with autoimmune diseases. Here, we describe the first case of granulomatosis with polyangiitis treated with steroids and cyclophosphamide, complicated by a multidrug-resistant (MDR) CMV infection in presence of weak antiviral cellular immunity. Since reports regarding CMV infection in rheumatological patients are rarely described and no guidelines on its management exist, the described case contributes to identify potential strategies to predict the risk of CMV disease and developing of MDR-CMV in these patients, through virological and immunological surveillance.

HPV-Specific Systemic Antibody Responses and Memory B Cells are Independently Maintained up to 6 Years and in a Vaccine-Specific Manner Following Immunization with Cervarix and Gardasil in Adolescent and Young Adult Women in Vaccination Programs in Italy.

: Human papillomavirus (HPV) persistent infections are associated with cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases and tumors. Thus, the characterization of long lasting immunity to currently available HPV vaccines is important. A total of 149 female subjects vaccinated with Cervarix or Gardasil participated to the study and they were stratified according to age (10-12-year-old and 16-20-year-old). Humoral immune responses (IgG and neutralizing antibody titers, antibody avidity) and circulating memory B cells were analyzed after an average of 4-6 years from the third immunization. The humoral responses against HPV-16 and HPV-18 (and HPV-6 and HPV-11 for Gardasil) were high in both age groups and vaccines up to six years from the third dose. However, Cervarix induced significantly higher and more persistent antibody responses, while the two vaccines were rather equivalent in inducing memory B cells against HPV-16 and HPV-18. Moreover, the percentage of subjects with vaccine-specific memory B cells was even superior among Gardasil vaccinees and, conversely, Cervarix vaccinated individuals with circulating antibodies, but undetectable memory B cells were found. Finally, a higher proportion of Cervarix-vaccinated subjects displayed cross-neutralizing responses against non-vaccine types HPV-31 and HPV-45. Gardasil and Cervarix may, thus, differently affect long-lasting humoral immunity from both the quantitative and qualitative point of view.

Clinical utility of measuring Epstein-Barr virus-specific cell-mediated immunity after HSCT in addition to virological monitoring: results from a prospective study.

Lack of virus-specific cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is associated with worse viral infection outcome in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We aimed to evaluate the role of immunological monitoring of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in addition to virological one in 33 adult and 18 pediatric allogeneic HSCT recipients. Virological monitoring of infection was performed on whole blood samples by a quantitative real-time PCR assay. Immunological monitoring was performed by Enzyme-linked ImmunoSPOT assay, evaluating EBV-specific CMI, at fixed time-points and when EBV DNAemia was ≥ 10,000 copies/mL. Fifty-one percent of patients developed a post-transplant EBV infection and reduced-intensity conditioning regimen was the only factor associated to infection (P = 0.023). Lack of EBV-specific CMI during active EBV infection was associated with a greater severity of infection. Patients without EBV-specific CMI showed higher median peak level of EBV DNAemia than patients with EBV-specific CMI (P = 0.014), and consequently received more frequently, at EBV DNAemia peak, anti-CD20 therapy (0 versus 54.5%, P = 0.002). No patients with EBV-specific CMI versus 27.2% without EBV-specific CMI developed EBV-related complications (P = 0.063), including two lethal EBV-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Combined immunological and virological measurements could improve EBV infection management in HSCT, anticipating the beginning of preemptive treatment from the EBV DNAemia peak to the finding of the lack of EBV-specific CMI.

Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Kinetics in Whole Blood and Plasma of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients.

Currently, no consensus has been reached on the optimal blood compartment to be used for surveillance of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNAemia. Although several comparative studies have been performed correlating CMV and EBV DNA loads in whole blood (WB) versus plasma, to our knowledge, no studies to date have analyzed the kinetics of both viruses in the 2 blood compartments. In this retrospective noninterventional multicenter cohort study, the kinetics of CMV and EBV DNA in 121 hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients were investigated by analyzing in parallel 569 and 351 paired samples from 80 and 58 sequential episodes of CMV and EBV DNAemia, respectively. Unlike previous studies, this study used a single automated molecular method that was CE-marked and Food and Drug Administration-approved for use in quantifying CMV and EBV DNA in both plasma and WB. Furthermore, the complete viral replication kinetics of all episodes (including both the ascending and the descending phases of the active infection) was examined in each patient. The previously observed overall correlation between CMV DNA levels in WB and plasma was confirmed (Spearman's ρ = .85; P < .001). However, although WB and plasma CMV DNAemia reached peak levels simultaneously, in the ascending phase, the median CMV DNA levels in plasma were approximately 1 log10 lower than WB. Furthermore, in patients who received preemptive therapy, CMV DNA showed a delayed decrease in plasma compared with WB. A lower correlation between EBV DNA levels in plasma versus WB was found (Spearman's ρ = .61; P < .001). EBV DNA kinetics was not consistent in the 2 blood compartments, mostly due to the lower positivity in plasma. Indeed, in 19% of episodes, EBV DNA was negative at the time of the EBV DNA peak in WB. Our results suggest a preferential use of WB for surveillance of CMV and EBV infection in HSCT recipients.

Multicenter Prospective Study for Laboratory Diagnosis of HHV8 Infection in Solid Organ Donors and Transplant Recipients and Evaluation of the Clinical Impact After Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: We performed serological and molecular pretransplant screening in solid organ transplant (SOT) donors and recipients in north central Italy and a surveillance program for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection after transplant, aiming to establish an optimal management of HHV8 infection in SOT recipients. METHODS: For pretransplant HHV8 screening in both donors and recipients, 6 serological (4 indirect immunofluorescent assays [IFA] and 2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays-both HHV8 lytic and latent antigen based) and 2 molecular assays were used. A reference standard to identify HHV8-positive patients was defined by at least 2 positive assays. All transplant patients at risk to develop HHV8-related disease underwent virological posttransplant monitoring by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS: Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence was 4% (10/249) in donors and 18% (93/517) in organ recipients. The best performance was obtained by 2 lytic antigen-based IFAs that showed almost perfect agreement to the reference standard (0.943 and 0.931 Cohen kappa). Human herpesvirus 8-DNA was detected in 6.8% and 2.9% of HHV8-seropositive donor samples by in-house nested PCR and quantitative real-time PCR assays, respectively. After transplant, 3 (25%) of 12 HHV8-mismatch patients (seropositive donor/seronegative recipient) developed a primary infection, one of whom developed a lethal nonmalignant illness. Two of 93 HHV8-seropositive recipients (2.1%) had viral replication in posttransplant period, one of whom developed Kaposi sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: Serological assays, specifically lytic IFAs, were the best methodological approach to identify HHV8-infected SOT donors and recipients. A very low incidence (1.9%) of posttransplant HHV8-related disease was observed.

Infectious agents after liver transplant: etiology, timeline and patients' cell-mediated immunity responses.

Infections continue to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients. We retrospectively reviewed the symptomatic infectious episodes that occurred during the first year post-transplant to determine time of onset, causative pathogens and cell-mediated immunity response patterns. Ninety-eight of the 202 (48.5%) recipients enrolled developed at least one infectious episode. The total number of infectious episodes was 135: 77 (57.1%) bacterial, 45 (33.3%) viral and 13 (9.6%) fungal. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (21 isolates) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (19 isolates). Overall, extended-spectrum beta lactamase-producing and methicillin-resistant organisms were responsible for 29 (29/77; 37.7%) infectious episodes. Members of the herpes virus group, in particular cytomegalovirus (34/45 viral infections, 75.5%), were detected. Candida species (9 isolates) followed by Aspergillus species (4 isolates) were isolated. The majority of infections (63%) occurred during the early post-transplant phase (<1 month), whereas only 8/135 episodes (5.9%) were detected after the sixth month (late phase). Significantly lower median ImmuKnow® intracellular ATP values in patients who developed bacterial and fungal infections compared to infection-free patients were observed (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0016, respectively), whereas patients who developed a viral infection had a median intracellular ATP level not statistically different compared to uninfected patients (P = 0.4). Our findings confirm that bacteria are responsible for the majority of symptomatic infections and occur more frequently during the first month post-transplant. The ImmuKnow® measurements can be a useful tool for identifying patients at high risk of developing infection, particularly of fungal and bacterial etiology.

Salivary glands and human congenital cytomegalovirus infection: What happens in early fetal life?

Salivary glands are a site of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) replication, latency, and persistence. Prolonged secretion of virus in saliva for months following a primary infection contribute to horizontal transmission. In order to better understand the early effects of CMV on salivary glands and the mechanisms of viral persistent replication, submandibular glands of six CMV congenitally infected fetuses at 21 weeks gestation were studied. Three fetuses at the same gestational age from CMV-seronegative women were compared as negative controls. Tissue viral load and the type of inflammatory infiltrate were evaluated. Moreover, development and branching of salivary glands, the number of myoepithelial cells, cellular proliferation, and expression of secretory proteins of the saliva (Gross Cystic Disease Fluid Protein-15 and lysozyme) were studied. A low viral load and rare CMV-positive cells associated with T CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes were observed. Branching was impaired with a decrease in terminal acinar structures, the number of myoepithelial cells, and cellular proliferation were reduced. In addition, a compromised secretion of defense proteins involved in the oral humoral immunity was observed. These findings suggest that CMV may affect salivary glands, impairing structure development and secretion of defense proteins, probably responsible for the prolonged viral shedding in saliva. J. Med. Virol. 89:318-323, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Altered Intracellular ATP Production by Activated CD4+ T-Cells in Very Preterm Infants.

Background. The neonatal immune system is not fully developed at birth; newborns have adequate lymphocytes counts but these cells lack function. Objective. To assess the activity of T-cells and the influence of the main perinatal factors in very preterm infants (birth weight < 1500 g). Design. Blood samples from 59 preterm infants (21/59 were dizygotic twins) were collected at birth and at 30 days of life to measure CD4+ T-cell activity using the ImmuKnow™ assay. Fifteen healthy adults were included as a control group. Results. CD4+ T-cell activity was lower in VLBW infants compared with adults (p < 0.001). Twins showed lower immune activity compared to singletons (p = 0.005). Infants born vaginally showed higher CD4+ T-cell activity compared to those born by C-section (p = 0.031); infants born after prolonged Premature Rupture of Membranes (pPROM) showed higher CD4+ T-cell activity at birth (p = 0.002) compared to infants born without pPROM. Low CD4+ T-cell activity at birth is associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in the first week of life (p = 0.049). Conclusions. Preterm infants show a lack in CD4+ T-cell activity at birth. Perinatal factors such as intrauterine inflammation, mode of delivery, and zygosity can influence the adaptive immune activation capacity at birth and can contribute to exposing these infants to serious complications such as NEC.

Successful management of EBV-PTLD in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient by virological-immunological monitoring of EBV infection, prompt diagnosis and early treatment.

Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (EBV-PTLD) is an uncommon, but frequently fatal, complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Prospective post-transplant virological and immunological monitoring allowed to successfully manage a patient who developed both polymorphic and monomorphic, "diffuse large B-cell lymphoma like", as an EBV-PTLD, 65days after allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Early detection of significant increase in EBV DNA level in patient's peripheral blood (peak of viral load equal to 119,039copies/mL whole blood, +56day after transplant) led to administration of pre-emptive anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) and close clinical monitoring. After one week, physical exam revealed laterocervical adenopathy. Histopathologic features, immunohistochemical characterization and in situ hybridization study allowed to establish a diagnosis of EBV-related PTLD. Immunological monitoring showed no EBV-specific T-cell responses during EBV replication, thus potentially explaining the occurrence of high EBV load with subsequent PTLD development. A total of four doses of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody were administered and at the end of the treatment, EBV infection was cleared and imaging technique showed complete disease remission. In conclusion, the early use of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody proved to be a safe and effective treatment strategy for EBV-PTLD. Moreover, combined virological-immunological monitoring of EBV infection may more accurately assess patients at higher risk for EBV-PTLD.

Neutralizing and cross-neutralizing antibody titres induced by bivalent and quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccines in the target population of organized vaccination programmes.

Aim of this investigator-initiated study was to evaluate and compare the titres of neutralizing and cross-neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) induced by the bivalent (Cervarix(®)) and quadrivalent (Gardasil(®)) HPV vaccines in a cohort of girls aged 11-13 years from organized vaccination programmes. To this aim, HPV16 and HPV18 NAbs were measured by pseudovirion-based neutralization assays in serum collected at 1-6 months after the third vaccine dose in 107 girls vaccinated with Cervarix(®) and 126 vaccinated with Gardasil(®), while HPV31 and HPV45 cross-NAbs were tested in the first 50 consecutive girls of both vaccine groups. The results of this study demonstrated that all vaccinated girls developed HPV16 and HPV18 NAbs, with the exception of two Gardasil(®) vaccinees with undetectable HPV18 NAbs. Geometric mean titres (GMTs) of both HPV16 and HPV18 NAbs were significantly higher in Cervarix(®) than in Gardasil(®) vaccinees [HPV16 NAb GMT 22,136 (95% CI, 18,811-26,073) vs 5092 (4230-6151), respectively; P<0.0001; HPV18 NAb GMT 11,962 (9536-14,363) vs 1804 (1574-2110), respectively; P<0.0001]. Cross-NAbs to HPV31 and HPV45 were detected more frequently Cervarix(®) (HPV31 NAb positivity rates 92.7% and 36%, respectively; P<0.05) than in Gardasil(®) vaccinees (HPV45 NAb positivity rates 56% and 6%, respectively; P<0.0001). The titres of cross-NAbs against HPV31 and HPV45 were also significantly higher in Cervarix(®) than in Gardasil(®) vaccinees [HPV31 NAb GMT 157.2 (95% CI, 92-269) vs 13.0 (6.5-25.8), respectively; P<0.0001; HPV45 NAb GMT 4.7 (2.1-10.2) vs 1.3 (0.3-3.1), respectively; P<0.01]. In conclusion, in adolescent girls vaccinated within organized vaccination programmes, HPV vaccines drive the generation not only of NAbs to HPV vaccine types, but also of cross-NAbs. The bivalent vaccine induced significantly higher HPV16 and HPV18 NAb titres and more frequently and at higher titre HPV31 and HPV45 cross-NAbs than the quadrivalent vaccine.

Role of cerebral ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus infection.

PURPOSE: To assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) in comparison with that of cerebral ultrasound (cUS) in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in newborns with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. METHODS: Forty CMV-congenitally infected newborns underwent cUS and cMRI within the first month of life. Clinical course, laboratory findings, visual/hearing function and neurodevelopmental outcome were documented. RESULTS: Thirty newborns showed normal cMRI, cUS and hearing/visual function in the first month of life; none showed CMV-related abnormalities at follow-up. Six newborns showed pathological cMRI and cUS findings (pseudocystis, ventriculomegaly, calcifications, cerebellar hypoplasia) but cMRI provided additional information (white matter abnormalities in three cases, lissencephaly/polymicrogyria in one and a cyst of the temporal lobe in another one); cerebral calcifications were detected in 3/6 infants by cUS but only in 2/6 by cMRI. Four of these 6 infants showed severe neurodevelopmental impairment and five showed deafness during follow-up. Three newborns had a normal cUS, but cMRI documented white matter abnormalities and in one case also cerebellar hypoplasia; all showed neurodevelopmental impairment and two were deaf at follow-up. One more newborn showed normal cUS and cMRI, but brainstem auditory evoked responses were abnormal; psychomotor development was normal at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with cUS, cMRI disclosed additional pathological findings in CMV-congenitally infected newborns. cUS is a readily available screening tool useful in the identification of infected newborns with major cerebral involvement. Further studies with a larger sample size are needed to determine the prognostic role of MRI, particularly regarding isolated white matter lesions.

Herpes virus in Alzheimer's disease: relation to progression of the disease.

Studies regarding different viruses of the herpes family, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), or human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are scarce. DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and brain samples were analyzed for the presence of CMV, EBV, or HHV-6. All samples were negative for CMV. EBV positivity was 6% in AD brains, whereas 45% of PBL samples from AD patients and 31% from controls were positive for EBV (p = 0.05). HHV-6 showed a 23% positivity in PBL samples from AD and 4% from controls (p = 0.002). 17% of AD brains were HHV-6 positive. Within a group of elderly individuals, followed up for 5 years, EBV-positive or HHV-6-positive PBL increased in those who developed clinical AD. Virus serological positivity was also investigated, and IgG levels for CMV and EBV antigens were also increased in those subjects who developed AD during the follow-up. Our findings suggest that EBV and HHV-6 may be environmental risk factors for cognitive deterioration and progression to AD in elderly persons.