RESUMO
Fungal infections are a global threat; yet, there are no licensed vaccines to any fungal pathogens. Th17 cells mediate immunity to Candida albicans, particularly oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), but essential downstream mechanisms remain unclear. In the murine model of OPC, IκBζ (Nfkbiz, a non-canonical NF-κB transcription factor) was upregulated in an interleukin (IL)-17-dependent manner and was essential to prevent candidiasis. Deletion of Nfkbiz rendered mice highly susceptible to OPC. IκBζ was dispensable in hematopoietic cells and acted partially in the suprabasal oral epithelium to control OPC. One prominent IκBζ-dependent gene target was ß-defensin 3 (BD3) (Defb3), an essential antimicrobial peptide. Human oral epithelial cells required IκBζ for IL-17-mediated induction of BD2 (DEFB4A, human ortholog of mouse Defb3) through binding to the DEFB4A promoter. Unexpectedly, IκBζ regulated the transcription factor Egr3, which was essential for C. albicans induction of BD2/DEFB4A. Accordingly, IκBζ and Egr3 comprise an antifungal signaling hub mediating mucosal defense against oral candidiasis.
Assuntos
Candidíase Bucal , Candidíase , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Candidíase Bucal/genética , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Candida albicans , Mucosa , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de SinalRESUMO
SARS-CoV-2 has caused an estimated 7 million deaths worldwide to date. A secreted SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein, known as open reading frame 8 (ORF8), elicits inflammatory pulmonary cytokine responses and is associated with disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Recent reports proposed that ORF8 mediates downstream signals in macrophages and monocytes through the IL-17 receptor complex (IL-17RA, IL-17RC). However, generally IL-17 signals are found to be restricted to the nonhematopoietic compartment, thought to be due to rate-limiting expression of IL-17RC. Accordingly, we revisited the capacity of IL-17 and ORF8 to induce cytokine gene expression in mouse and human macrophages and monocytes. In SARS-CoV-2-infected human and mouse lungs, IL17RC mRNA was undetectable in monocyte/macrophage populations. In cultured mouse and human monocytes and macrophages, ORF8 but not IL-17 led to elevated expression of target cytokines. ORF8-induced signaling was fully preserved in the presence of anti-IL-17RA/RC neutralizing Abs and in Il17ra-/- cells. ORF8 signaling was also operative in Il1r1-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, the TLR/IL-1R family adaptor MyD88, which is dispensable for IL-17R signaling, was required for ORF8 activity yet MyD88 is not required for IL-17 signaling. Thus, we conclude that ORF8 transduces inflammatory signaling in monocytes and macrophages via MyD88 independently of the IL-17R.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Fases de Leitura Aberta , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/genética , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-17/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-17/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is a dimorphic commensal human fungal pathogen that can cause severe oropharyngeal candidiasis (oral thrush) in susceptible hosts. During invasive infection, C. albicans hyphae invade oral epithelial cells (OECs) and secrete candidalysin, a pore-forming cytolytic peptide that is required for C. albicans pathogenesis at mucosal surfaces. Candidalysin is produced in the hyphal invasion pocket and triggers cell damage responses in OECs. Candidalysin also activates multiple MAPK-based signaling events that collectively drive the production of downstream inflammatory mediators that coordinate downstream innate and adaptive immune responses. The activities of candidalysin are dependent on signaling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Here, we interrogated known EGFR-MAPK signaling intermediates for their roles mediating the OEC response to C. albicans infection. Using RNA silencing and pharmacological inhibition, we identified five key adaptors, including growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2), Grb2-associated binding protein 1 (Gab1), Src homology and collagen (Shc), SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (Shp2), and casitas B-lineage lymphoma (c-Cbl). We determined that all of these signaling effectors were inducibly phosphorylated in response to C. albicans. These phosphorylation events occurred in a candidalysin-dependent manner and additionally required EGFR phosphorylation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cellular calcium flux to activate a complete OEC response to fungal infection. Of these, Gab1, Grb2, and Shp2 were the dominant drivers of ERK1/2 activation and the subsequent production of downstream innate-acting cytokines. Together, these results identify the key adaptor proteins that drive the EGFR signaling mechanisms that underlie oral epithelial responses to C. albicans.
Assuntos
Candida albicans , Candidíase Bucal , Receptores ErbB , Proteínas Fúngicas , Mucosa Bucal , Humanos , Candida albicans/metabolismo , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Citocinas/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras da Sinalização Shc/metabolismo , Candidíase Bucal/metabolismo , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Mucosa Bucal/metabolismo , Mucosa Bucal/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/microbiologiaRESUMO
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans secretes the peptide toxin candidalysin, which damages epithelial cells and drives an innate inflammatory response mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and the transcription factor c-Fos. In cultured oral epithelial cells, candidalysin activated the MAPK p38, which resulted in heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) activation, IL-6 release, and EGFR phosphorylation without affecting the induction of c-Fos. p38 activation was not triggered by EGFR but by two nonredundant pathways involving MAPK kinases (MKKs) and the kinase Src, which differentially controlled p38 signaling outputs. Whereas MKKs mainly promoted p38-dependent release of IL-6, Src promoted p38-mediated phosphorylation of EGFR in a ligand-independent fashion. In parallel, candidalysin also activated the EGFR-ERK pathway in a ligand-dependent manner, resulting in c-Fos activation and release of the neutrophil-activating chemokines G-CSF and GM-CSF. In mice, early clearance events of oral C. albicans infection required p38 but not c-Fos. These findings delineate how candidalysin activates the pathways downstream of the MAPKs p38 and ERK that differentially contribute to immune activation during C. albicans infection.
Assuntos
Candida albicans , Proteínas Fúngicas , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Animais , Candida albicans/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Fosforilação , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Proteínas Quinases p38 Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismoRESUMO
In a recent Cell study, Leonardi et al. show that commensal mucosa-associated gut fungi profoundly impact host immunity, epithelial barrier function, and, unexpectedly, neuroimmune modulation of social behavior. All of these events are controlled by fungal-induced activation of type 17 cytokines that act on both epithelial cells and neurons.
Assuntos
Fungos , Simbiose , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Fungos/imunologiaRESUMO
The Th17 cell-lineage-defining cytokine IL-17A contributes to host defense and inflammatory disease by coordinating multicellular immune responses. The IL-17 receptor (IL-17RA) is expressed by diverse intestinal cell types, and therapies targeting IL-17A induce adverse intestinal events, suggesting additional tissue-specific functions. Here, we used multiple conditional deletion models to identify a role for IL-17A in secretory epithelial cell differentiation in the gut. Paneth, tuft, goblet, and enteroendocrine cell numbers were dependent on IL-17A-mediated induction of the transcription factor ATOH1 in Lgr5+ intestinal epithelial stem cells. Although dispensable at steady state, IL-17RA signaling in ATOH1+ cells was required to regenerate secretory cells following injury. Finally, IL-17A stimulation of human-derived intestinal organoids that were locked into a cystic immature state induced ATOH1 expression and rescued secretory cell differentiation. Our data suggest that the cross talk between immune cells and stem cells regulates secretory cell lineage commitment and the integrity of the mucosa.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição Hélice-Alça-Hélice Básicos/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/citologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Animais , Comunicação Celular , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem da Célula/efeitos dos fármacos , Colite/induzido quimicamente , Colite/metabolismo , Colite/patologia , Sulfato de Dextrana/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/farmacologia , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/metabolismo , Intestinos/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-17/deficiência , Fatores de Transcrição SOX9/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Células-Tronco/citologiaRESUMO
During oropharyngeal candidiasis, Candida albicans activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which induces oral epithelial cells to endocytose the fungus and synthesize proinflammatory mediators. To elucidate EGFR signaling pathways that are stimulated by C. albicans, we used proteomics to identify 1,214 proteins that were associated with EGFR in C. albicans-infected cells. Seven of these proteins were selected for additional study. Among these proteins, WW domain-binding protein 2, Toll-interacting protein, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), and the globular C1q receptor (gC1qR) were found to associate with EGFR in viable oral epithelial cells. Each of these proteins was required for maximal endocytosis of C. albicans, and all regulated fungus-induced production of interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) and/or IL-8, either positively or negatively. gC1qR was found to function as a key coreceptor with EGFR. Interacting with the C. albicans Als3 invasin, gC1qR was required for the fungus to induce autophosphorylation of both EGFR and the ephrin type A receptor 2. The combination of gC1qR and EGFR was necessary for maximal endocytosis of C. albicans and secretion of IL-1ß, IL-8, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by human oral epithelial cells. In mouse oral epithelial cells, inhibition of gC1qR failed to block C. albicans-induced phosphorylation, and knockdown of IFITM3 did not inhibit C. albicans endocytosis, indicating that gC1qR and IFITM3 function differently in mouse versus human oral epithelial cells. Thus, this work provides an atlas of proteins that associate with EGFR and identifies several that play a central role in the response of human oral epithelial cells to C. albicans infection. IMPORTANCE Oral epithelial cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis. In addition to being target host cells for C. albicans adherence and invasion, they secrete proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines that recruit T cells and activated phagocytes to foci of infection. It is known that C. albicans activates EGFR on oral epithelial cells, which induces these cells to endocytose the organism and stimulates them to secrete proinflammatory mediators. To elucidate the EGFR signaling pathways that govern these responses, we analyzed the epithelial cell proteins that associate with EGFR in C. albicans-infected epithelial cells. We identified four proteins that physically associate with EGFR and that regulate different aspects of the epithelial response to C. albicans. One of these is gC1qR, which is required for C. albicans to activate EGFR, induce endocytosis, and stimulate the secretion of proinflammatory mediators, indicating that gC1qR functions as a key coreceptor with EGFR.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/fisiologia , Candidíase Bucal/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Receptores de Complemento/metabolismo , Animais , Candidíase Bucal/genética , Candidíase Bucal/microbiologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Receptores ErbB/genética , Humanos , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Células NIH 3T3 , Ligação Proteica , Receptores de Complemento/genética , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) is caused by mutations in the Autoimmune Regulator (AIRE) gene, which impair the thymic negative selection of self-reactive T-cells and underlie the development of autoimmunity that targets multiple endocrine and non-endocrine tissues. Beyond autoimmunity, APECED features heightened susceptibility to certain specific infections, which is mediated by anti-cytokine autoantibodies and/or T-cell driven autoimmune tissue injury. These include the 'signature' APECED infection chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), but also life-threatening coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia, bronchiectasis-associated bacterial pneumonia, and sepsis by encapsulated bacteria. Here we discuss the expanding understanding of the immunological mechanisms that contribute to infection susceptibility in this prototypic syndrome of impaired central tolerance, which provide the foundation for devising improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for affected patients.
Assuntos
COVID-19/imunologia , Candidíase Cutânea/imunologia , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Animais , Autoimunidade , Bronquiectasia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/genética , Candidíase Cutânea/epidemiologia , Candidíase Cutânea/genética , Seleção Clonal Mediada por Antígeno/genética , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/genética , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/epidemiologia , Poliendocrinopatias Autoimunes/genética , Proteína AIRERESUMO
Antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a clinical manifestation of many autoimmune kidney diseases for which few effective treatments exist. Chronic inflammatory circuits in renal glomerular and tubular cells lead to tissue damage in AGN. These cells are targeted by the cytokine IL-17, which has recently been shown to be a central driver of the pathogenesis of AGN. However, surprisingly little is known about the regulation of pathogenic IL-17 signaling in the kidney. Here, using a well-characterized mouse model of AGN, we show that IL-17 signaling in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) is necessary for AGN development. We also show that Regnase-1, an RNA binding protein with endoribonuclease activity, is a negative regulator of IL-17 signaling in RTECs. Accordingly, mice with a selective Regnase-1 deficiency in RTECs exhibited exacerbated kidney dysfunction in AGN. Mechanistically, Regnase-1 inhibits IL-17-driven expression of the transcription factor IκBξ and, consequently, its downstream gene targets, including Il6 and Lcn2. Moreover, deletion of Regnase-1 in human RTECs reduced inflammatory gene expression in a IκBξ-dependent manner. Overall, these data identify an IL-17-driven inflammatory circuit in RTECs during AGN that is constrained by Regnase-1.
Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/metabolismo , Glomerulonefrite , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Túbulos Renais , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Ribonucleases , Animais , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Glomerulonefrite/fisiopatologia , Imunidade Inata , Inflamação/metabolismo , Túbulos Renais/imunologia , Túbulos Renais/patologia , Camundongos , Insuficiência Renal/imunologia , Insuficiência Renal/metabolismo , Ribonucleases/deficiência , Ribonucleases/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologiaRESUMO
Excessive cytokine activity underlies many autoimmune conditions, particularly through the interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) signaling axis. Both cytokines activate nuclear factor κB, but appropriate induction of downstream effector genes requires coordinated activation of other transcription factors, notably, CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPs). Here, we demonstrate the unexpected involvement of a posttranscriptional "epitranscriptomic" mRNA modification [N6-methyladenosine (m6A)] in regulating C/EBPß and C/EBPδ in response to IL-17A, as well as IL-17F and TNFα. Prompted by the observation that C/EBPß/δ-encoding transcripts contain m6A consensus sites, we show that Cebpd and Cebpb mRNAs are subject to m6A modification. Induction of C/EBPs is enhanced by an m6A methylase "writer" and suppressed by a demethylase "eraser." The only m6A "reader" found to be involved in this pathway was IGF2BP2 (IMP2), and IMP2 occupancy of Cebpd and Cebpb mRNA was enhanced by m6A modification. IMP2 facilitated IL-17-mediated Cebpd mRNA stabilization and promoted translation of C/EBPß/δ in response to IL-17A, IL-17F, and TNFα. RNA sequencing revealed transcriptome-wide IL-17-induced transcripts that are IMP2 influenced, and RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing identified the subset of mRNAs that are directly occupied by IMP2, which included Cebpb and Cebpd Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), a hallmark of autoimmune kidney injury, was strongly dependent on IL-17, IMP2, and C/EBPß/δ. Imp2-/- mice were resistant to autoantibody-induced glomerulonephritis (AGN), showing impaired renal expression of C/EBPs and Lcn2 Moreover, IMP2 deletion initiated only after AGN onset ameliorated disease. Thus, posttranscriptional regulation of C/EBPs through m6A/IMP2 represents a previously unidentified paradigm of cytokine-driven autoimmune inflammation.
Assuntos
Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/imunologia , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/imunologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologia , Adenosina/imunologia , Animais , Autoimunidade/imunologia , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/genética , Linhagem Celular , Feminino , Humanos , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucina-17/genética , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genéticaRESUMO
IL-17 was discovered nearly 30 yr ago, but it has only been recently appreciated that a key function of this cytokine is to orchestrate cellular and organismal metabolism. Indeed, metabolic regulation is integrated into both the physiological and the pathogenic aspects of IL-17 responses. Thus, understanding the interplay between IL-17 and downstream metabolic processes could ultimately inform therapeutic opportunities for diseases involving IL-17, including some not traditionally linked to this cytokine pathway. Here, we discuss the emerging pathophysiological roles of IL-17 related to cellular and organismal metabolism, including metabolic regulation of IL-17 signal transduction.
Assuntos
Glucose/metabolismo , Glicólise/fisiologia , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Animais , Proliferação de Células/genética , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Glicólise/genética , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologiaRESUMO
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC; thrush) is an opportunistic infection caused by the commensal fungus Candida albicans Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and IL-22 are cytokines produced by type 17 lymphocytes. Both cytokines mediate antifungal immunity yet activate quite distinct downstream signaling pathways. While much is now understood about how IL-17 promotes immunity in OPC, the activities of IL-22 are far less well delineated. We show that, despite having similar requirements for induction from type 17 cells, IL-22 and IL-17 function nonredundantly during OPC. We find that the IL-22 and IL-17 receptors are required in anatomically distinct locations within the oral mucosa; loss of IL-22RA1 or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the oral basal epithelial layer (BEL) causes susceptibility to OPC, whereas IL-17RA is needed in the suprabasal epithelial layer (SEL). Transcriptional profiling of the tongue linked IL-22/STAT3 not only to oral epithelial cell proliferation and survival but also, unexpectedly, to driving an IL-17-specific gene signature. We show that IL-22 mediates regenerative signals on the BEL that replenish the IL-17RA-expressing SEL, thereby restoring the ability of the oral epithelium to respond to IL-17 and thus to mediate antifungal events. Consequently, IL-22 signaling in BEL "licenses" IL-17 signaling in the oral mucosa, revealing spatially distinct yet cooperative activities of IL-22 and IL-17 in oral candidiasis.
Assuntos
Candidíase Bucal/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Interleucinas/imunologia , Mucosa Bucal/imunologia , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/imunologia , Animais , Candida albicans/imunologia , Feminino , Interleucina-17/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Interleucina 22RESUMO
Candida albicans, a ubiquitous commensal fungus that colonizes human mucosal tissues and skin, can become pathogenic, clinically manifesting most commonly as oropharyngeal candidiasis and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Studies in mice and humans convincingly show that T-helper 17 (Th17)/interleukin 17 (IL-17)-driven immunity is essential to control oral and dermal candidiasis. However, the role of the IL-17 pathway during VVC remains controversial, with conflicting reports from human data and mouse models. Like others, we observed induction of a strong IL-17-related gene signature in the vagina during estrogen-dependent murine VVC. As estrogen increases susceptibility to vaginal colonization and resulting immunopathology, we asked whether estrogen use in the standard VVC model masks a role for the Th17/IL-17 axis. We demonstrate that mice lacking IL-17RA, Act1, or interleukin 22 showed no evidence for altered VVC susceptibility or immunopathology, regardless of estrogen administration. Hence, these data support the emerging consensus that Th17/IL-17 axis signaling is dispensable for the immunopathogenesis of VVC.
Assuntos
Candidíase Vulvovaginal/imunologia , Estrogênios/administração & dosagem , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-17/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina/imunologia , Animais , Candida albicans , Candidíase Bucal/imunologia , Candidíase Bucal/patologia , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estrogênios/metabolismo , Feminino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucosa/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Vagina/microbiologiaRESUMO
IL-17 is a highly versatile pro-inflammatory cytokine crucial for a variety of processes, including host defense, tissue repair, the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease and the progression of cancer. In contrast to its profound impact in vivo, IL-17 exhibits surprisingly moderate activity in cell-culture models, which presents a major knowledge gap about the molecular mechanisms of IL-17 signaling. Emerging studies are revealing a new dimension of complexity in the IL-17 pathway that may help explain its potent and diverse in vivo functions. Discoveries of new mRNA stabilizers and receptor-directed mRNA metabolism have provided insights into the means by which IL-17 cooperates functionally with other stimuli in driving inflammation, whether beneficial or destructive. The integration of IL-17 with growth-receptor signaling in specific cell types offers new understanding of the mitogenic effect of IL-17 on tissue repair and cancer. This Review summarizes new developments in IL-17 signaling and their pathophysiological implications.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucina-17/metabolismo , Neoplasias/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-7/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide, and interleukin-22 (IL-22) helps contain pneumococcal burden in lungs and extrapulmonary tissues. Administration of IL-22 increases hepatic complement 3 and complement deposition on bacteria and improves phagocytosis by neutrophils. The effects of IL-22 can be tempered by a secreted natural antagonist, known as IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), encoded by Il22ra2 To date, the degree to which IL-22BP controls IL-22 in pulmonary infection is not well defined. Here, we show that Il22ra2 inhibits IL-22 during S. pneumoniae lung infection and that Il22ra2 deficiency favors downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes in an IL-22-dependent manner. Il22ra2-/- mice are more resistant to S. pneumoniae infection, have increased IL-22 in lung tissues, and sustain longer survival upon infection than control mice. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of infected Il22ra2-/- mouse lungs revealed downregulation of genes involved in OXPHOS. Downregulation of this metabolic process is necessary for increased glycolysis, a crucial step for transitioning to a proinflammatory phenotype, in particular macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Accordingly, we saw that macrophages from Il22ra2-/- mice displayed reduced OXPHOS gene expression upon infection with S. pneumoniae, changes that were IL-22 dependent. Furthermore, we showed that macrophages express IL-22 receptor subunit alpha-1 (IL-22Ra1) during pneumococcal infection and that Il22ra2-/- macrophages rely more on the glycolytic pathway than wild-type (WT) controls. Together, these data indicate that IL-22BP deficiency enhances IL-22 signaling in the lung, thus contributing to resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia by downregulating OXPHOS genes and increasing glycolysis in macrophages.
Assuntos
Interleucinas/metabolismo , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Interleucinas/genética , Antígenos Comuns de Leucócito , Pulmão/citologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Oxirredução , Fosforilação , Pneumonia Pneumocócica/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Interleucina 22RESUMO
Candida albicans is a fungal pathobiont, able to cause epithelial cell damage and immune activation. These functions have been attributed to its secreted toxin, candidalysin, though the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we identify epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as a critical component of candidalysin-triggered immune responses. We find that both C. albicans and candidalysin activate human epithelial EGFR receptors and candidalysin-deficient fungal mutants poorly induce EGFR phosphorylation during murine oropharyngeal candidiasis. Furthermore, inhibition of EGFR impairs candidalysin-triggered MAPK signalling and release of neutrophil activating chemokines in vitro, and diminishes neutrophil recruitment, causing significant mortality in an EGFR-inhibited zebrafish swimbladder model of infection. Investigation into the mechanism of EGFR activation revealed the requirement of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), EGFR ligands and calcium. We thus identify a PAMP-independent mechanism of immune stimulation and highlight candidalysin and EGFR signalling components as potential targets for prophylactic and therapeutic intervention of mucosal candidiasis.
Assuntos
Candida albicans/imunologia , Proteínas Fúngicas/imunologia , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno/imunologia , Sacos Aéreos/microbiologia , Animais , Candida albicans/genética , Candida albicans/metabolismo , Candidíase/imunologia , Candidíase/microbiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/imunologia , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Feminino , Proteínas Fúngicas/genética , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/imunologia , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/imunologia , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucosa/imunologia , Mucosa/microbiologia , Faringite/imunologia , Faringite/microbiologia , Fosforilação , Peixe-ZebraRESUMO
The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family of cytokines contains 6 structurally related cytokines, IL-17A through IL-17F. IL-17A, the prototypical member of this family, just passed the 25th anniversary of its discovery. Although less is known about IL-17B-F, IL-17A (commonly known as IL-17) has received much attention for its pro-inflammatory role in autoimmune disease. Over the past decade, however, it has become clear that the functions of IL-17 are far more nuanced than simply turning on inflammation. Accumulating evidence indicates that IL-17 has important context- and tissue-dependent roles in maintaining health during response to injury, physiological stress, and infection. Here, we discuss the functions of the IL-17 family, with a focus on the balance between the pathogenic and protective roles of IL-17 in cancer and autoimmune disease, including results of therapeutic blockade and novel aspects of IL-17 signal transduction regulation.
Assuntos
Citocinas/imunologia , Interleucina-17/imunologia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/terapia , Encéfalo/imunologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Infecções/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Camundongos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Neoplasias/imunologia , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Interleucina-17/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais , Estresse Fisiológico/imunologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Ferimentos e Lesões/imunologiaRESUMO
The cytokines TNF-α and IL-17A are elevated in a variety of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis. Both cytokines are targets of several biologic drugs used in the clinic, but unfortunately many patients are refractory to these therapies. IL-17A and TNF-α are known to mediate signaling synergistically to drive expression of inflammatory genes. Hence, combined blockade of TNF-α and IL-17A represents an attractive treatment strategy in autoimmune settings where monotherapy is not fully effective. However, a major concern with this approach is the potential predisposition to opportunistic infections that might outweigh any clinical benefits. Accordingly, we examined the impact of individual versus combined neutralization of TNF-α and IL-17A in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis) and the concomitant susceptibility to infections that are likely to manifest as side effects of blocking these cytokines (oral candidiasis or tuberculosis). Our findings indicate that combined neutralization of TNF-α and IL-17A was considerably more effective than monotherapy in improving collagen-induced arthritis disease even when administered at a minimally efficacious dose. Encouragingly, however, dual cytokine blockade did not cooperatively impair antimicrobial host defenses, as mice given combined IL-17A and TNF-α neutralization displayed infectious profiles and humoral responses comparable to mice given high doses of individual anti-TNF-α or anti-IL-17A mAbs. These data support the idea that combined neutralization of TNF-α and IL-17A for refractory autoimmunity is likely to be associated with acceptable and manageable risks of opportunistic infections associated with these cytokines.
Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Infecções Oportunistas/epidemiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Progressão da Doença , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido/imunologia , Camundongos , Infecções Oportunistas/etiologiaRESUMO
T cells are considered autoimmune effectors in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), but the antigenic cause of arthritis remains elusive. Since T cells comprise a significant proportion of joint-infiltrating cells, we examined whether the environment in the joint could be shaped through the inflammatory activation by T cells that is independent of conventional TCR signaling. We focused on the analysis of synovial fluid (SF) collected from children with oligoarticular and rheumatoid factor-negative polyarticular JIA. Cytokine profiling of SF showed dominance of five molecules including IL-17A. Cytometric analysis of the same SF samples showed enrichment of αßT cells that lacked both CD4 and CD8 co-receptors [herein called double negative (DN) T cells] and also lacked the CD28 costimulatory receptor. However, these synovial αßT cells expressed high levels of CD31, an adhesion molecule that is normally employed by granulocytes when they transit to sites of injury. In receptor crosslinking assays, ligation of CD31 alone on synovial CD28nullCD31+ DN αßT cells effectively and sufficiently induced phosphorylation of signaling substrates and increased intracytoplasmic stores of cytokines including IL-17A. CD31 ligation was also sufficient to induce RORγT expression and trans-activation of the IL-17A promoter. In addition to T cells, SF contained fibrocyte-like cells (FLC) expressing IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) and CD38, a known ligand for CD31. Stimulation of FLC with IL-17A led to CD38 upregulation, and to production of cytokines and tissue-destructive molecules. Addition of an oxidoreductase analog to the bioassays suppressed the CD31-driven IL-17A production by T cells. It also suppressed the downstream IL-17A-mediated production of effectors by FLC. The levels of suppression of FLC effector activities by the oxidoreductase analog were comparable to those seen with corticosteroid and/or biologic inhibitors to IL-6 and TNFα. Collectively, our data suggest that activation of a CD31-driven, αßTCR-independent, IL-17A-mediated T cell-FLC inflammatory circuit drives and/or perpetuates synovitis. With the notable finding that the oxidoreductase mimic suppresses the effector activities of synovial CD31+CD28null αßT cells and IL-17RA+CD38+ FLC, this small molecule could be used to probe further the intricacies of this inflammatory circuit. Such bioactivities of this small molecule also provide rationale for new translational avenue(s) to potentially modulate JIA synovitis.
Assuntos
Artrite Juvenil/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Sinovite/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Antígenos CD28 , Criança , Estudos de Coortes , Citocinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-17/genética , Masculino , Metaloporfirinas/farmacologia , Oxirredutases/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Molécula-1 de Adesão Celular Endotelial a Plaquetas , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-abl/antagonistas & inibidores , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
Candida albicans is a dimorphic commensal fungus that causes severe oral infections in immunodeficient patients. Invasion of C. albicans hyphae into oral epithelium is an essential virulence trait. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling is required for both innate and adaptive immunity to C. albicans During the innate response, IL-17 is produced by γδ T cells and a poorly understood population of innate-acting CD4+ αß T cell receptor (TCRαß)+ cells, but only the TCRαß+ cells expand during acute infection. Confirming the innate nature of these cells, the TCR was not detectably activated during the primary response, as evidenced by Nur77eGFP mice that report antigen-specific signaling through the TCR. Rather, the expansion of innate TCRαß+ cells was driven by both intrinsic and extrinsic IL-1R signaling. Unexpectedly, there was no requirement for CCR6/CCL20-dependent recruitment or prototypical fungal pattern recognition receptors. However, C. albicans mutants that cannot switch from yeast to hyphae showed impaired TCRαß+ cell proliferation and Il17a expression. This prompted us to assess the role of candidalysin, a hyphal-associated peptide that damages oral epithelial cells and triggers production of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1. Candidalysin-deficient strains failed to up-regulate Il17a or drive the proliferation of innate TCRαß+ cells. Moreover, candidalysin signaled synergistically with IL-17, which further augmented the expression of IL-1α/ß and other cytokines. Thus, IL-17 and C. albicans, via secreted candidalysin, amplify inflammation in a self-reinforcing feed-forward loop. These findings challenge the paradigm that hyphal formation per se is required for the oral innate response and demonstrate that establishment of IL-1- and IL-17-dependent innate immunity is induced by tissue-damaging hyphae.