Stem-cell transplantation for children with primary immune deficiencies: A retrospective study of 19 patients from one centre in Mexico.

INTRODUCTION: For many patients with primary immune deficiency (PID), stem-cell transplantation (SCT) may be life-saving. OBJECTIVE: To review our experience of 11 years transplanting children with PID in Mexico. METHODS: Chart review of patients who underwent SCT from 2008 to 2018, to describe their diagnoses, time to transplant, conditioning regime, survival rate and outcomes. All patients received post-transplant cyclophosphamide as graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. RESULTS: 19 patients with combined, phagocytic or syndromic PID from 5 states. Twelve of them were male (58%) and 14 survive (79%). Mean age at HSCT was 41.9 months; mean time from diagnosis was 31.2 months. Seven grafts were umbilical cord and 12 haploidentical. The conditioning regime was myeloablative, with five primary graft failures. Two patients had partial and 10 full chimerism. Five patients died within 2 months after transplant. Immune reconstitution was complete in 11 of 19 patients. We found a prevalence of 21% GVHD. DISCUSSION: We describe 19 patients from Mexico with 8 PID diagnoses who underwent allogenic HSCT over a period of 11 years. Survival rate and other outcomes compare well with industrialized countries. We recommend the use of post-transplant cyclophosphamide to prevent GVHD in scenarios of resource scarcity and a lack of HLA-identical donors.

Case Report: DOCK8 Deficiency Without Hyper-IgE in a Child With a Large Deletion.

Autosomal recessive (AR) DOCK8 deficiency is a well-known actinopathy, a combined primary immune deficiency with impaired actin polymerization that results in altered cell mobility and immune synapse. DOCK8-deficient patients present early in life with eczema, viral cutaneous infections, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, bacterial pneumonia, and abscesses, together with eosinophilia, thrombocytosis, lymphopenia, and variable dysgammaglobulinemia that usually includes Hyper-IgE. In fact, before its genetic etiology was known, patients were described as having a form of Hyper-IgE syndrome, a name now deprecated in favor of genetic defects. We describe a school-age male patient with a clinical picture suggestive of DOCK8 deficiency, except for high serum IgE or a family history: early onset, failure to thrive, eczema, warts, condyloma, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, recurrent otitis media, bronchiectasis, candidiasis, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, high IgA, low IgG, and low CD4+ T cells. We were able to confirm the diagnosis through protein expression and whole-exome sequencing. We review the clinical, laboratory, and genetic features of 200 DOCK8-deficient patients; at least 4 other patients have had no elevated IgE, and about 40% do not have Hyper-IgE (above 1,000 IU/mL). Despite this, the constellation of signs, symptoms, and findings allow the suspicion of DOCK8 deficiency and other actinopathies.

Genetic, Immunological, and Clinical Features of the First Mexican Cohort of Patients with Chronic Granulomatous Disease.

PURPOSE: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by an inability of phagocytes to produce reactive oxygen species, impairing their killing of various bacteria and fungi. We summarize here the 93 cases of CGD diagnosed in Mexico from 2011 to 2019. METHODS: Thirteen Mexican hospitals participated in this study. We describe the genetic, immunological, and clinical features of the 93 CGD patients from 78 unrelated kindreds. RESULTS: Eighty-two of the patients (88%) were male. All patients developed bacterial infections and 30% suffered from some kind of fungal infection. Fifty-four BCG-vaccinated patients (58%) presented infectious complications of BCG vaccine. Tuberculosis occurred in 29%. Granulomas were found in 56% of the patients. Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases were present in 15% of patients. A biological diagnosis of CGD was made in 89/93 patients, on the basis of NBT assay (n = 6), DHR (n = 27), and NBT plus DHR (n = 56). The deficiency was complete in all patients. The median age of biological diagnosis was 17 months (range, 0-186 months). A genetic diagnosis was made in 83/93 patients (when material was available), corresponding to CYBB (n = 64), NCF1 (n = 7), NCF2 (n = 7), and CYBA (n = 5) mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical manifestations in these Mexican CGD patients were similar to those in patients elsewhere. This cohort is the largest in Latin America. Mycobacterial infections are an important cause of morbidity in Mexico, as in other countries in which tuberculosis is endemic and infants are vaccinated with BCG. X-linked CGD accounted for most of the cases in Mexico, as in other Latin American countries. However, a significant number of CYBA and NCF2 mutations were identified, expanding the spectrum of known causal mutations.

Latin American consensus on the supportive management of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) represents the most lethal form of primary immunodeficiency, with mortality rates of greater than 90% within the first year of life without treatment. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and gene therapy are the only curative treatments available, and the best-known prognostic factors for success are age at diagnosis, age at hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and the comorbidities that develop in between. There are no evidence-based guidelines for standardized clinical care for patients with SCID during the time between diagnosis and definitive treatment, and we aim to generate a consensus management strategy on the supportive care of patients with SCID. First, we gathered available information about SCID diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines, then we developed a document including diagnostic and therapeutic interventions, and finally we submitted the interventions for expert consensus through a modified Delphi technique. Interventions are grouped in 10 topic domains, including 123 "agreed" and 38 "nonagreed" statements. This document intends to standardize supportive clinical care of patients with SCID from diagnosis to definitive treatment, reduce disease burden, and ultimately improve prognosis, particularly in countries where newborn screening for SCID is not universally available and delayed diagnosis is the rule. Our work intends to provide a tool not only for immunologists but also for primary care physicians and other specialists involved in the care of patients with SCID.

Zoledronate as effective treatment for minimal trauma fractures in a child with STAT3 deficiency and osteonecrosis of the hip.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) deficiency is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by eczema, complicated recurrent infections, elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), osteopenia, and minimal trauma fractures. Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a long-acting bisphosphonate that has been successfully used in children with secondary osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta. We describe the case of a 7-year-old male with STAT3 deficiency and minimal trauma fractures, who also developed osteonecrosis of the hip. He responded well to intravenous ZA every 6 months for 18 months. Three years later, he walks independently and unaided, and has not suffered any other fractures. Although more studies are needed, ZA might help reduce minimal trauma fractures in patients with STAT3 deficiency.

Dengue hemorrágico en un lactante después de primoinfección / Dengue hemorrhagic fever in an infant after primoinfection

Introducción. El dengue es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por un flavivirus y transmitida por un vector. Puede originar cuadros febriles inespecíficos, fiebre hemorrágica por dengue (FHD) o, incluso, síndrome de choque. El tratamiento se basa en el control hemodinámico y control del balance hídrico. Caso clínico. Paciente femenino de 4 meses, inicia con fiebre y desarrolla síntomas y signos, primero de FHD y posteriormente síndrome de choque. Se corroboró el diagnóstico serológico de primoinfección por dengue. No existió evidencia de infección previa en la madre. Con tratamiento de soporte mejora y posteriormente se egresa asintomática. Conclusiones. Según algunas teorías, la FHD en lactantes se asocia a anticuerpos no neutralizantes, transmitidos de manera pasiva por una madre previamente infectada, que ocasionan en el lactante una reacción severa ante una primoinfección. En este caso, otros factores independientes del huésped, como virulencia del virus infectante, pudieran ser los responsables.

Background. Dengue fever is an infectious disease caused by a flavivirus and transmitted by a vector. It causes dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). When one of these last two appears, treatment consists of intensive fluid balance control. Case report. A 4-month-old female infant presented fever. She was admitted and later showed signs and symptoms of DHF followed by DSS. Serological diagnosis was confirmed, and appropriate treatment offered. The mother does not have evidence of prior infection. Discussion. One theory proposes that DHF occurs in infants when passively transferred maternal antibodies from a previous infection cause an enhanced immune response when the infant is infected by a different type of dengue virus. This theory does not explain the occurrence of DHF in our report. Factors not dependent on the host, such as virological factors, may be responsible.

Lesiones cutáneas causadas por Pseudomonas aeruginosa en pacientes inmunocomprometidos / Cutaneous lesions caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in an immunodeficient patient

Introducción. Las lesiones cutáneas asociadas a Pseudomonas aeruginosa en pacientes son diversas. En pacientes inmunocompetentes las lesiones son benignas y autolimitadas. En pacientes inmunocomprometidos se presentan lesiones dérmicas con o sin bacteriemia e incluyen: ectimas grangrenoso, bulas hemorrágicas, celulitis, placas, pápulas, petequias, equimosis, nódulos subcutáneos eritematosos o violáceos, lesiones erisipeloides y conjuntivitis. Caso clínico. Lactante mayor masculino de 1 año 4 meses de edad con tumor de Wilms que había recibido quimioterapia 18 días previos a su ingreso, motivado por inflamación, aumento de temperatura y eritema escrotal, fisuras perianales y fiebre; con granulocitopenia grave por quimioterapia y con datos de choque, ingresó al servicio de Terapia Intensiva manejándose con ceftazidima, clindamicina, ampicilina y aminas; las lesiones escrotales evolucionaron a necrosis y ulceración. Presentó conjuntivitis purulenta, nódulos violáceos en muslos abdomen, los cultivos reportaron P. aeruginosa. Por mala evolución (progresión de las lesiones, fiebre e inestabilidad hemodinámica) se cambió el manejo a imipenem-amikacina por 14 días de acuerdo a la sensibilidad (método de Kiry-Bauer), apreciándose posteriormente evolución satisfactoria. Conclusión. Es importante reconocer lesiones cutáneas por P. aeruginosa para sospechar infección por este germen y dar un tratamiento oportuno