Retrospective study assessing the role of the androgen receptor in clear cell renal cell cancer patients treated with VEGFR inhibitors in monotherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Despite that incorporating antiangiogenic in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors as the standard first-line treatment for advanced clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC) yields promising outcomes, these regimens often lead to significant toxicity. However, a subgroup of patients has shown responsiveness to VEGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in monotherapy, leading to the question of whether employing combination therapies can significantly enhance overall survival in all patients over monotherapy. Thus, we aim to identify gene expression signatures that can predict TKI response within subpopulations that might benefit from single-agent therapies, to minimize unnecessary exposure to combination therapies and their associated toxicities, as well as to discover new potential therapeutic targets to improve ccRCC treatment. Based on prior data, the androgen receptor (AR) might meet both conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We evaluated the association between AR expression, assessed through NanoString® technology-derived mRNA counts, and the clinical outcomes of 98 ccRCC patients treated with first-line antiangiogenics and determined its association with other genes implicated in ccRCC tumorigenesis. RESULTS: Higher AR-expression correlates significantly with better prognosis and survival based on the MSKCC risk score, and longer PFS. Furthermore, we have identified a gene set signature associated with AR-overexpression and several genes involved in angiogenesis and transcriptional targets of the hypoxia-inducible factor, a cornerstone of ccRCC. CONCLUSIONS: AR-overexpression and its association with other genes could favor a transcriptomic signature set to aid in identifying patients suitable for TKI in monotherapy, rather than aggressive combinations, enhancing thus, precision and personalized therapeutic decisions.

Phase II clinical trial assessing the efficacy of enzalutamide in advanced non-resectable granulosa cell ovarian tumors: The GREKO III study (GETHI2016-01).

BACKGROUND: Granulosa cell ovarian tumors (GCT) are orphan disease with limited treatments. Hormone therapy is a potential treatment, due to the overexpression of hormone receptors in most tumors. This study explores the activity of the antiandrogen, enzalutamide, in metastatic cases. METHODS: We designed a phase II clinical trial under the Spanish Collaborative Group for Transversal Oncology and Rare and Orphan Tumors (GETTHI). Eligible participants were adult women with advanced GCT. Primary endpoint was objective response rate. Secondary endpoints included clinical benefit rate, progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety profile. Patients received enzalutamide 160 mg once daily. RESULTS: From April 2018 to March 2020, eighteen patients were screened, and sixteen were included across nine institutions. Median age was 56.4 years (range 45-71), and most were Caucasian (14 cases), one Arabian and one Latin. ECOG performance status was zero in 13 cases (81 %) and one in three (19 %). Six patients (38 %) had previously received hormone therapy as adjuvant treatment or for advanced disease, and 15 (94 %) chemotherapy. Median time from metastasis to study entry was 96 months (range 4.5-198). No objective response was observed, but the clinical benefit rate reached 68.8 % (95 % CI [46 %-91.5 %]). Median progression-free survival was 3.8 months (95 % CI [1.36-6.14]). Median overall survival was not reached, with a median follow-up of 6 months (range 2.2-19). At the time of database closure, 14 patients had discontinued treatment, 13 due to disease progression and one by personal choice. Two deaths attributed to disease progression were recorded. Five grade 3 adverse events were reported, with only one (asthenia) deemed related to the therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Although enzalutamide demonstrated modest activity in GCT, durable stabilization was observed in some cases. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03464201.

Clinical protocol phase II study of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in advanced tumors with alterations in the SWI/SNF complex: the TILTS study.

The SWI/SNF complex is a chromatin remodeling complex comprised by several proteins such as SMARCA4 or SMARCB1. Mutations in its components can lead to the development of aggressive rhabdoid tumors such as epithelioid sarcoma, malignant rhabdoid tumor or small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic type, among others. These malignancies tend to affect young patients and their prognosis is poor given the lack of effective treatments. Characteristically, these tumors are highly infiltrated by TILs, suggesting that some lymphocytes are recognizing tumor antigens. The use of those TILs as a therapeutic strategy is a promising approach worth exploring. Here, we report the clinical protocol of the TILTS study, a Phase II clinical trial assessing personalized adoptive cell therapy with TILs in patients affected by these tumor types.Clinical Trial Registration: 2023-504632-17-00 (www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu) (ClinicalTrials.gov).

[Box: see text].

Pemigatinib in previously treated solid tumors with activating FGFR1-FGFR3 alterations: phase 2 FIGHT-207 basket trial.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) alterations drive oncogenesis in multiple tumor types. Here we studied pemigatinib, a selective, potent, oral FGFR1-FGFR3 inhibitor, in the phase 2 FIGHT-207 basket study of FGFR-altered advanced solid tumors. Primary end points were objective response rate (ORR) in cohorts A (fusions/rearrangements, n = 49) and B (activating non-kinase domain mutations, n = 32). Secondary end points were progression-free survival, duration of response and overall survival in cohorts A and B, and safety. Exploratory end points included ORR of cohort C (kinase domain mutations, potentially pathogenic variants of unknown significance, n = 26) and analysis of co-alterations associated with resistance and response. ORRs for cohorts A, B and C were 26.5% (13/49), 9.4% (3/32) and 3.8% (1/26), respectively. Tumors with no approved FGFR inhibitors or those with alterations not previously confirmed to be sensitive to FGFR inhibition had objective responses. In cohorts A and B, the median progression-free survival was 4.5 and 3.7 months, median duration of response was 7.8 and 6.9 months and median overall survival was 17.5 and 11.4 months, respectively. Safety was consistent with previous reports. The most common any-grade treatment-emergent adverse events were hyperphosphatemia (84%) and stomatitis (53%). TP53 co-mutations were associated with lack of response and BAP1 alterations with higher response rates. FGFR1-FGFR3 gatekeeper and molecular brake mutations led to acquired resistance. New therapeutic areas for FGFR inhibition and drug failure mechanisms were identified across tumor types. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03822117 .

Proteomic profiles of peritoneal fluid-derived small extracellular vesicles correlate with patient outcome in ovarian cancer.

Cancer-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are capable of modifying the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor progression. Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is a lethal malignancy that preferentially spreads through the abdominal cavity. Thus, the secretion of such vesicles into the peritoneal fluid could be a determinant factor in the dissemination and behavior of this disease. We designed a prospective observational study to assess the impact of peritoneal fluid-derived sEVs (PFD-sEVs) in OvCa clinical outcome. For this purpose, 2 patient cohorts were enrolled: patients with OvCa who underwent a diagnostic or cytoreductive surgery and nononcological patients, who underwent abdominal surgery for benign gynecological conditions and acted as the control group. Systematic extraction of PFD-sEVs from surgical samples enabled us to observe significant quantitative and qualitative differences associated with cancer diagnosis, disease stage, and platinum chemosensitivity. Proteomic profiling of PFD-sEVs led to the identification of molecular pathways and proteins of interest and to the biological validation of S100A4 and STX5. In addition, unsupervised analysis of PFD-sEV proteomic profiles in high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas (HGSOCs) revealed 2 clusters with different outcomes in terms of overall survival. In conclusion, comprehensive characterization of PFD-sEV content provided a prognostic value with potential implications in HGSOC clinical management.

Case-control study assessing the impact of COVID19 in advanced kidney cancer patients treated with antiangiogenics or immunotherapy: the COVID-REN study.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a risk factor for developing severe COVID19. Additionally, SARS-CoV2 has a special tropism for renal cells and complications like thrombosis or cytokine storm could be enhanced by standard treatments in kidney cancer (i.e., antiangiogenics or immunotherapy). Thus, understanding the impact of COVID19 in patients with this tumor is key for their correct management. METHODS: We designed a retrospective case-control study comparing the outcome of three groups of advanced kidney cancer patients on systemic treatment: cohort A (developed COVID19 while on antiangiogenics), cohort B (developed COVID19 while on immunotherapy) and cohort C (non-infected). Matching factors were age, gender, and treatment. RESULTS: 95 patients were recruited in 16 centers in Spain from September 2020 to May 2021. Finally, 85 were deemed as eligible (23 cohort A, 21 cohort B, 41 cohort C). Patients with COVID required more dose interruptions (25 vs. six) and hospitalizations (10 vs. none) than those without COVID (both p = 0.001). No difference between cohorts A and B was observed regarding hospitalization or length of stay. No ICU admission was registered and one patient in cohort B died due to COVID19. Regarding cancer evolution, three patients in cohort A presented progressive disease after COVID19 compared to two in cohort B. One case in cohort B, initially deemed as stable disease, achieved a partial response after COVID19. CONCLUSIONS: Kidney cancer patients who developed COVID19 while on systemic therapy required more treatment interruptions and hospitalizations than those non-infected. However, no significant impact on cancer outcome was observed. Also, no difference was seen between cases on antiangiogenics or immunotherapy.

Impact of the Identification of Nonhuman Genetic Signatures in the Diagnosis and Management of Carcinoma of Unknown Primary.

This report presents the case of a 62-year-old woman who was diagnosed in 1999 with stage I cervical carcinoma treated by surgical resection. In 2021, she presented to the emergency department with a complaint of predominantly right-sided lower back pain. A CT scan of the lumbosacral region revealed a bone lesion in the L5 vertebra and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathies suggestive of malignancy. Histology of the L5 vertebra biopsy showed a poorly differentiated carcinoma with an inconclusive immunophenotypic profile. Treatment for carcinoma of unknown primary was started with a combination of carboplatin and paclitaxel every 21 days. A genomic study of the biopsy specimen performed on the FoundationOne CDx platform identified a nonhuman genetic signature compatible with HPV. The presence of HPV 18 DNA in the specimen was confirmed by PCR-reverse dot blot, and the immunophenotypic profile was expanded, revealing strong and diffuse p16 expression, thus corroborating the molecular findings. In view of these findings, the case was reclassified as a recurrence of the cervical adenocarcinoma that had been diagnosed and treated 23 years earlier. Based on the new results, and according to first-line cervical carcinoma protocols, bevacizumab at 15 mg/kg every 21 days was added to her chemotherapy regimen. The identification of HPV DNA sequences by next-generation sequencing facilitated the correct diagnosis and led to a modification of the first-line therapeutic approach.

PBRM1 and KDM5C cooperate to define high-angiogenesis tumors and increased antiangiogenic response in renal cancer.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) are key antiangiogenic drugs for renal cancer treatment. While Von Hippel-Lindau dysfunction constitutes the base for VEGFR-TKIs sensitivity, the role for individual and concurrent mutations in the genes encoding for the chromatin remodelers Polybromo-1 (PBRM1) and Lysine Demethylase 5C (KDM5C) is poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the tumor mutational and expression profiles of 155 unselected clear cell RCC (ccRCC) cases treated with first-line VEGFR-TKIs and the ccRCC cases of IMmotion151 trial were used for validation. We found that concurrent PBRM1 and KDM5C (PBRM1&KDM5C) mutations occurred in 4-9% of cases and were enriched in Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center favorable-risk patients. In our cohort, tumors only mutated in PBRM1 or concurrently mutated in PBRM1 and KDM5C had increased angiogenesis (P=0.0068 and 0.039; respectively), and tumors only mutated in KDM5C showed a similar trend. Best response to VEGFR-TKIs corresponded to PBRM1&KDM5C mutated cases, followed by those mutated only in KDM5C or only in PBRM1 (P=0.050, 0.040 and 0.027 versus non-mutated cases, respectively), with a trend for longer progression free survival (PFS) in the group with only PBRM1 mutated (HR=0.64; P=0.059). Validation in the IMmotion151 trial revealed a similar correlation with increased angiogenesis and the PFS of patients in the VEGFR-TKI-arm was the longest in PBRM1&KDM5C mutated cases, intermediate for only PBRM1 or only KDM5C mutated patients and the shortest in non-mutated cases (P=0.009 and 0.025, for PBRM1&KDM5C and PBRM1 versus non-mutated cases). In conclusion, somatic PBRM1 and KDM5C mutations are common in patients with metastatic ccRCC and likely cooperate increasing tumor angiogenesis and VEGFR-TKI-based antiangiogenic therapy benefit.

Management of Fibroblast Growth Factor Inhibitor Treatment-emergent Adverse Events of Interest in Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma.

Background: Erdafitinib is indicated for the treatment of adults with locally advanced/metastatic urothelial carcinoma and susceptible FGFR3/2 alterations progressing on/after one or more lines of prior platinum-based chemotherapy. Objective: To better understand the frequency and management of select treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) to enable optimal fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor (FGFRi) treatment. Design setting and participants: Longer-term efficacy and safety results of the BLC2001 (NCT02365597) trial in patients with locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma were studied. Intervention: Erdafitinib schedule of 8 mg/d continuous in 28-d cycles, with uptitration to 9 mg/d if serum phosphate level was <5.5 mg/dl and no significant TEAEs occurred. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Adverse events were graded using National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The Kaplan-Meier methodology was used for the cumulative incidence of the first onset of TEAEs by grade. Time to resolution of TEAEs was summarized descriptively. Results and limitations: At data cutoff, the median treatment duration was 5.4 mo among 101 patients receiving erdafitinib. Select TEAEs (total; grade 3) were hyperphosphatemia (78%; 2.0%), stomatitis (59%; 14%), nail events (59%; 15%), non-central serous retinopathy (non-CSR) eye disorders (56%; 5.0%), skin events (55%; 7.9%), diarrhea (55%; 4.0%), and CSR (27%; 4.0%). Select TEAEs were mostly of grade 1 or 2, and were managed effectively with dose modifications, including dose reductions or interruptions, and/or supportive concomitant therapies, resulting in few events leading to treatment discontinuation. Further work is needed to determine whether management is generalizable to the nonprotocol/general population. Conclusions: Identification of select TEAEs and appropriate management with dose modification and/or concomitant therapies resulted in improvement or resolution of most TEAEs in patients, allowing for continuation of FGFRi treatment to ensure maximum benefit. Patient summary: Early identification and proactive management are warranted to mitigate or possibly prevent erdafitinib side effects to allow for maximum drug benefit in patients with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer.

Open-label phase II clinical trial of ketoconazole as CYP17 inhibitor in metastatic or advanced non-resectable granulosa cell ovarian tumors: the GREKO (GRanulosa Et KetOconazole) trial, GETHI 2011-03.

BACKGROUND: Granulosa cell ovarian tumor (GCT) is characterized by a pathognomonic mutation in the FOXL2 gene (402 C > G) that leads to an overactivation of steroidogenesis. CYP17 is a key enzyme in such process and can be inhibited by ketoconazole. METHODS: We designed a phase II clinical trial to assess the efficacy of ketoconazole in advanced GCT and conducted several in vitro studies to support the clinical findings. RESULTS: From October 1st 2012 to January 31st 2014, six evaluable patients were recruited in ten hospitals of the Spanish Group for Transversal Oncology and Research in Orphan and Infrequent Tumors" (GETTHI). FOXL2 (402C > G) mutation was confirmed in three; two cases were wild type and it could not be assessed in one. No objective response by RECIST was observed, but five cases achieved stable disease longer than 12 months. Median progression-free survival was 14.06 months (CI 95% 5.43-22.69) for the whole study population (3.38 and 13.47 months for wild-type cases and 14.06, 20.67 and 26.51 for those with confirmed FOXL2 mutation). Median overall survival was 22·99 months (CI 95% 8.99-36.99). In vitro assays confirmed the activity of ketoconazole in this tumor and suggested potential synergisms with other hormone therapies. CONCLUSION: Ketoconazole has shown activity in advanced GCT in clinical and in vitro studies. Based on these data, an orphan designation was granted by the European Medicines Agency for ketoconazole in GCT (EU/3/17/1857). GOV IDENTIFIER: NCT01584297.

MEK inhibitor sensitivity in BRAF fusion-driven prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: The identification of subpopulations harboring druggable targets has become a major step forward in the subclassification of solid tumors into small groups suitable for specific therapies. BRAF fusions represent a paradigm of uncommon and targetable oncogenic events and have been widely correlated to the development of specific malignancies. However, they are only present in a limited frequency across most common tumor types. At this regard, we performed a genomic screening aimed to identifying rare variants associated to advanced prostate cancer development. METHODS: Tumoral tissue genomic screening of 41 patients developing advanced prostate cancer was performed at our center as part of the GETHI XX study. The project, sponsored by the Spanish Collaborative Group in Rare Cancers (GETHI), aims to analyze the molecular background of rare tumors and to discover unfrequent molecular variants in common tumors. RESULTS: Here we present the clinical outcome and an in-deep molecular analysis performed in a case harboring a SND1-BRAF fusion gene. The identification of such rearrangement in a patient refractory to standard therapies led to the administration of trametinib (MEK inhibitor). Despite unsensitive to standard therapies, the patient achieved a dramatic response to trametinib. A comprehensive study of the tumor demonstrated this event to be a trunk alteration with higher expression of MEK in areas of tumor invasion. CONCLUSIONS: Our study describes the patient-driven discovery of the first BRAF fusion-driven prostate cancer effectively treated with trametinib. Consequently, MAPK pathway activation could define a new subtype of prostate cancer susceptible to a tailored management.

Molecular Biomarkers of Prognosis in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated With Pazopanib Plus Interferon Alpha (INF-2A) in a Phase I/II Study by the Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group.

INTRODUCTION: The therapeutic repertoire available for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and immunotherapy, required for molecular biomarkers for response. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a phase I to II trial on the combination of pazopanib with interferon-alpha (INF-2A) as first-line treatment for advanced RCC. The primary endpoint was recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and efficacy in terms of objective response rate (ORR, RECIST 1.1 criteria). Secondary endpoints included safety and a translational study of molecular biomarkers in serum and exosomes from peripheral blood samples at three-time points: baseline, 8 weeks of treatment, and progression of the disease. RESULTS: Between July 2011 and July 2017, 53 eligible patients were treated and followed up (I, n = 20; II, n = 33). Pazopanib 800 mg + INF-2A 3 MIUs showed a manageable safety profile; therefore, it was selected for dose expansion. Overall, grade 3/4 toxicities were reported in 24 (72.7%) patients. The ORR was 27.2%. The 12-month OS rate was 83.6% (median not reached), and after 30.9 months of follow-up, 24 (72.7%) patients were still alive. CCL2, IL8, TNF-α, and PD-L1 were significantly overexpressed after treatment initiation, while TGF-ß1 and CCL5 were significantly decreased. TNF-α, endoglin, and PD-L1 expression are correlated with the response after treatment initiation. CONCLUSION: The trial did not reach its pre-specified target ORR. However, OS was longer than expected with pazopanib monotherapy. Changes in the molecular profile suggest a crucial role of vascular remodeling and inflammatory-mediated immune cell infiltration in optimal response to pazopanib plus INF-2A.

Efficacy and safety of erdafitinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study.

BACKGROUND: Erdafitinib, a pan-fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was shown to be clinically active and tolerable in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma and prespecified FGFR alterations in the primary analysis of the BLC2001 study at median 11 months of follow-up. We aimed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of the selected regimen of erdafitinib determined in the initial part of the study. METHODS: The open-label, non-comparator, phase 2, BLC2001 study was done at 126 medical centres in 14 countries across Asia, Europe, and North America. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older with locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, at least one prespecified FGFR alteration, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2, and progressive disease after receiving at least one systemic chemotherapy or within 12 months of neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy or were ineligible for cisplatin. The selected regimen determined in the initial part of the study was continuous once daily 8 mg/day oral erdafitinib in 28-day cycles, with provision for pharmacodynamically guided uptitration to 9 mg/day (8 mg/day UpT). The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed confirmed objective response rate according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors version 1.1. Efficacy and safety were analysed in all treated patients who received at least one dose of erdafitinib. This is the final analysis of this study. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02365597. FINDINGS: Between May 25, 2015, and Aug 9, 2018, 2328 patients were screened, of whom 212 were enrolled and 101 were treated with the selected erdafitinib 8 mg/day UpT regimen. The data cutoff date for this analysis was Aug 9, 2019. Median efficacy follow-up was 24·0 months (IQR 22·7-26·6). The investigator-assessed objective response rate for patients treated with the selected erdafitinib regimen was 40 (40%; 95% CI 30-49) of 101 patients. The safety profile remained similar to that in the primary analysis, with no new safety signals reported with longer follow-up. Grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events of any causality occurred in 72 (71%) of 101 patients. The most common grade 3-4 treatment-emergent adverse events of any cause were stomatitis (in 14 [14%] of 101 patients) and hyponatraemia (in 11 [11%]). There were no treatment-related deaths. INTERPRETATION: With longer follow-up, treatment with the selected regimen of erdafitinib showed consistent activity and a manageable safety profile in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma and prespecified FGFR alterations. FUNDING: Janssen Research & Development.

MCM3 is a novel proliferation marker associated with longer survival for patients with tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma.

Tubo-ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSC) are highly proliferative neoplasms that generally respond well to platinum/taxane chemotherapy. We recently identified minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 (MCM3), which is involved in the initiation of DNA replication and proliferation, as a favorable prognostic marker in HGSC. Our objective was to further validate whether MCM3 mRNA expression and possibly MCM3 protein levels are associated with survival in patients with HGSC. MCM3 mRNA expression was measured using NanoString expression profiling on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue (N = 2355 HGSC) and MCM3 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry (N = 522 HGSC) and compared with Ki-67. Kaplan-Meier curves and the Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate associations with survival. Among chemotherapy-naïve HGSC, higher MCM3 mRNA expression (one standard deviation increase in the score) was associated with longer overall survival (HR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.81-0.92, p < 0.0001, N = 1840) in multivariable analysis. MCM3 mRNA expression was highest in the HGSC C5.PRO molecular subtype, although no interaction was observed between MCM3, survival and molecular subtypes. MCM3 and Ki-67 protein levels were significantly lower after exposure to neoadjuvant chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy-naïve tumors: 37.0% versus 46.4% and 22.9% versus 34.2%, respectively. Among chemotherapy-naïve HGSC, high MCM3 protein levels were also associated with significantly longer disease-specific survival (HR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.36-0.74, p = 0.0003, N = 392) compared to cases with low MCM3 protein levels in multivariable analysis. MCM3 immunohistochemistry is a promising surrogate marker of proliferation in HGSC.

Clinical Factors Associated With Long-Term Benefit in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Axitinib: Real-World AXILONG Study.

BACKGROUND: Axitinib monotherapy obtained approval in pre-treated mRCC patients and recently in combination with pembrolizumab or avelumab in the first-line setting. However, patient profiles that may obtain increased benefit from this drug and its combinations still need to be identified. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective multicentre analysis describing clinical characteristics associated with axitinib long-responder (LR) population by comparing two extreme-response sub-groups (progression-free survival [PFS] ≥9 months vs. disease progression/refractory patients [RP]). A multivariate logistic-regression model was used to analyse clinical factors. Efficacy and safety were also analysed. RESULTS: In total, 157 patients who received axitinib in second or subsequent line were evaluated (91 LR and 66 RP). Older age at start of axitinib and haemoglobin levels > LLN were independent predictive factors for LR in multivariate analyses. In LR patients, median (m) PFS was 18.1 months, median overall survival was 36.0 months and objective response rate (ORR) was 45.5%. In 59 LR patients receiving axitinib in second-line, mPFS was 18.7 months, mOS was 44.8 months and ORR was 43.9%. mOS was significantly longer in second line compared to subsequent lines (44.8 vs. 26.5 months; P = .009). In LR vs. RP, mPFS with sunitinib in first-line was correlated with mPFS with axitinib in second-line (27.2 vs. 10.9 months P < .001). The safety profile was manageable and consistent with known data. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the long-term benefits of axitinib in a selected population, helping clinicians to select the best sequential approach and patients who could obtain a greater benefit from axitinib.

Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Mediates Resistance to Maintenance Therapy with Vinflunine in Advanced Urothelial Cell Carcinoma.

In the phase II MAJA trial, maintenance therapy with vinflunine resulted in longer progression-free survival compared to best supportive care in advanced urothelial cell carcinoma (aUCC) patients who did not progress after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. However, despite an initial benefit observed in some patients, unequivocal resistance appears which underlying mechanisms are presently unknown. We have performed gene expression and functional enrichment analyses to shed light on the discovery of these underlying resistance mechanisms. Differential gene expression profile of eight patients with poor outcome and nine with good outcome to vinflunine administered in the MAJA trial were analyzed. RNA was isolated from tumor tissue and gene expression was assessed by microarray. Differential expression was determined with linear models for microarray data. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was used for the functional classification of the genes. In vitro functional studies were performed using UCC cell lines. Hierarchical clustering showed a differential gene expression pattern between patients with good and poor outcome to vinflunine treatment. GSEA identified epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the top negatively enriched hallmark in patients with good outcome. In vitro analyses showed that the polyphenol curcumin downregulated EMT markers and sensitized UCC cells to vinflunine. We conclude that EMT mediates resistance to vinflunine and suggest that the reversion of this process could enhance the effect of vinflunine in aUCC patients.

Safety and efficacy of the tumor-selective adenovirus enadenotucirev with or without paclitaxel in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer: a phase 1 clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Treatment outcomes remain poor in recurrent platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Enadenotucirev, a tumor-selective and blood stable adenoviral vector, has demonstrated a manageable safety profile in phase 1 studies in epithelial solid tumors. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, open-label, phase 1 dose-escalation and dose-expansion study (OCTAVE) to assess enadenotucirev plus paclitaxel in patients with platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer. During phase 1a, the maximum tolerated dose of intraperitoneally administered enadenotucirev monotherapy (three doses; days 1, 8 and 15) was assessed using a 3+3 dose-escalation model. Phase 1b included a dose-escalation and an intravenous dosing dose-expansion phase assessing enadenotucirev plus paclitaxel. For phase 1a/b, the primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose of enadenotucirev (with paclitaxel in phase 1b). In the dose-expansion phase, the primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Additional endpoints included response rate and T-cell infiltration. RESULTS: Overall, 38 heavily pretreated patients were enrolled and treated. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed at any doses. However, frequent catheter complications led to the discontinuation of intraperitoneal dosing during phase 1b. Intravenous enadenotucirev (1×1012 viral particles; days 1, 3 and 5 every 28-days for two cycles) plus paclitaxel (80 mg/m2; days 9, 16 and 23 of each cycle) was thus selected for dose-expansion. Overall, 24/38 (63%) patients experienced at least 1 Grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE); most frequently neutropenia (21%). Six patients discontinued treatment due to TEAEs, including one patient due to a grade 2 treatment-emergent serious AE of catheter site infection (intraperitoneal enadenotucirev monotherapy). Among the 20 patients who received intravenous enadenotucirev plus paclitaxel, 4-month PFS rate was 64% (median 6.2 months), objective response rate was 10%, 35% of patients achieved stable disease and 65% of patients had a reduction in target lesion burden at ≥1 time point. Five out of six patients with matched pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies treated with intravenous enadenotucirev plus paclitaxel had increased (mean 3.1-fold) infiltration of CD8 +T cells in post-treatment biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Intravenously dosed enadenotucirev plus paclitaxel demonstrated manageable tolerability, an encouraging median PFS and increased tumor immune-cell infiltration in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02028117.

Maintenance treatment with rucaparib for recurrent ovarian carcinoma in ARIEL3, a randomized phase 3 trial: The effects of best response to last platinum-based regimen and disease at baseline on efficacy and safety.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of rucaparib maintenance treatment in ARIEL3 were evaluated in subgroups based on best response to most recent platinum-based chemotherapy and baseline disease. METHODS: Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either oral rucaparib at a dosage of 600 mg twice daily or placebo. Investigator-assessed PFS was assessed in prespecified, nested cohorts: BRCA-mutated, homologous recombination deficient (HRD; BRCA mutated or wild-type BRCA/high loss of heterozygosity), and the intent-to-treat (ITT) population. RESULTS: Median PFS for patients in the ITT population with a complete response to most recent platinum-based chemotherapy was 11.1 months in the rucaparib arm (126 patients) versus 5.6 months in the placebo arm (64 patients) (HR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.23-0.48]), and in patients with a partial response (249 vs. 125), it was 9.0 versus 5.3 months (HR, 0.38 [0.30-0.49]). In subgroups of the ITT population based on baseline disease, median PFS was 8.2 versus 5.3 months (HR, 0.40 [0.28-0.57]) in patients with measurable disease (141 rucaparib vs. 66 placebo), 10.4 versus 4.5 months (HR, 0.31 [0.20-0.48]) in those with nonmeasurable but evaluable disease (104 vs. 56), and 14.1 versus 7.3 months (HR, 0.35 [0.24-0.51]) in those with no residual disease (130 vs. 67). Across subgroups, significantly longer median PFS was observed with rucaparib versus placebo in the BRCA-mutated and HRD cohorts. Objective responses were reported in patients with measurable disease and in patients with nonmeasurable but evaluable baseline disease. Safety was consistent across subgroups. CONCLUSION: Rucaparib maintenance treatment provided clinically meaningful efficacy benefits across subgroups based on response to last platinum-based chemotherapy or baseline disease.

Rucaparib maintenance treatment for recurrent ovarian carcinoma: the effects of progression-free interval and prior therapies on efficacy and safety in the randomized phase III trial ARIEL3.

INTRODUCTION: In ARIEL3 (NCT01968213), the poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitor rucaparib significantly improved progression-free survival versus placebo regardless of biomarker status when used as maintenance treatment for recurrent ovarian cancer. The aim of the current analyses was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rucaparib in subgroups based on progression-free interval following penultimate platinum, number of prior chemotherapies, and prior use of bevacizumab. METHODS: Patients were randomized 2:1 to rucaparib 600 mg twice daily or placebo. Within subgroups, progression-free survival was assessed in prespecified, nested cohorts: BRCA-mutant, homologous recombination deficient (BRCA-mutant or wild-type BRCA/high genomic loss of heterozygosity), and the intent-to-treat population. RESULTS: In the intent-to-treat population, median investigator-assessed progression-free survival was 8.2 months with rucaparib versus 4.1 months with placebo (n=151 vs n=76; HR 0.33, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.46, p<0.0001) for patients with progression-free interval 6 to ≤12 months, and 13.6 versus 5.6 months (n=224 vs n=113; HR 0.39, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.52, p<0.0001) for those with progression-free interval >12 months. Median progression-free survival was 10.4 versus 5.4 months (n=231 vs n=124; HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.54, p<0.0001) for patients who had received two prior chemotherapies, and 11.1 versus 5.3 months (n=144 vs n=65; HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.41, p<0.0001) for those who had received ≥3 prior chemotherapies. Median progression-free survival was 10.3 versus 5.4 months (n=83 vs n=43; HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.68, p=0.0004) for patients who had received prior bevacizumab, and 10.9 versus 5.4 months (n=292 vs n=146; HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.45, p<0.0001) for those who had not. Across subgroups, median progression-free survival was also significantly longer with rucaparib versus placebo in the BRCA-mutant and homologous recombination deficient cohorts. Safety was consistent across subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Rucaparib maintenance treatment significantly improved progression-free survival versus placebo irrespective of progression-free interval following penultimate platinum, number of lines of prior chemotherapy, and previous use of bevacizumab.