Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of the Procedure-specific Risks of Thrombosis and Bleeding in General Abdominal, Colorectal, Upper Gastrointestinal, and Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To provide procedure-specific estimates of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding after abdominal surgery. BACKGROUND: The use of pharmacological thromboprophylaxis represents a trade-off that depends on VTE and bleeding risks that vary between procedures; their magnitude remains uncertain. METHODS: We identified observational studies reporting procedure-specific risks of symptomatic VTE or major bleeding after abdominal surgery, adjusted the reported estimates for thromboprophylaxis and length of follow-up, and estimated cumulative incidence at 4 weeks postsurgery, stratified by VTE risk groups, and rated evidence certainty. RESULTS: After eligibility screening, 285 studies (8,048,635 patients) reporting on 40 general abdominal, 36 colorectal, 15 upper gastrointestinal, and 24 hepatopancreatobiliary surgery procedures proved eligible. Evidence certainty proved generally moderate or low for VTE and low or very low for bleeding requiring reintervention. The risk of VTE varied substantially among procedures: in general abdominal surgery from a median of <0.1% in laparoscopic cholecystectomy to a median of 3.7% in open small bowel resection, in colorectal from 0.3% in minimally invasive sigmoid colectomy to 10.0% in emergency open total proctocolectomy, and in upper gastrointestinal/hepatopancreatobiliary from 0.2% in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy to 6.8% in open distal pancreatectomy for cancer. CONCLUSIONS: VTE thromboprophylaxis provides net benefit through VTE reduction with a small increase in bleeding in some procedures (eg, open colectomy and open pancreaticoduodenectomy), whereas the opposite is true in others (eg, laparoscopic cholecystectomy and elective groin hernia repairs). In many procedures, thromboembolism and bleeding risks are similar, and decisions depend on individual risk prediction and values and preferences regarding VTE and bleeding.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Minimally Invasive Procedures for Surgical Inguinal Nodal Staging in Penile Carcinoma.

CONTEXT: There are several procedures for surgical nodal staging in clinically node-negative (cN0) penile carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, perioperative outcomes, and complications of minimally invasive surgical procedures for nodal staging in penile carcinoma. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review of the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane controlled trials databases and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted. Published and ongoing studies reporting on the management of cN0 penile cancer were included without any design restriction. Outcomes included the false negative (FN) rate, the number of nodes removed, surgical time, and postoperative complications. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Forty-one studies were eligible for inclusion. Four studies comparing robot-assisted (RA-VEIL) and video-endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VEIL) to open inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) were suitable for meta-analysis. A descriptive synthesis was performed for single-arm studies on modified open ILND, dynamic sentinel node biopsy (DSNB) with and without preoperative inguinal ultrasound (US), and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). DSNB with US + FNAC had lower FN rates (3.5-22% vs 0-42.9%) and complication rates (Clavien Dindo grade I-II: 1.1-20% vs 2.9-11.9%; grade III-V: 0-6.8% vs 0-9.4%) in comparison to DSNB alone. Favourable results were observed for VEIL/RA-VEIL over open ILND in terms of major complications (2-10.6% vs 6.9-40.6%; odds ratio [OR] 0.18; p < 0.01). Overall, VEIL/RA-VEIL had lower wound-related complication rates (OR 0.14; p < 0.01), including wound infections (OR 0.229; p < 0.01) and skin necrosis (OR 0.16; p < 0.01). The incidence of lymphatic complications varied between 20.6% and 49%. CONCLUSIONS: Of all the surgical staging options, DSNB with inguinal US + FNAC had the lowest complication rates and high diagnostic accuracy, especially when performed in high-volume centres. If DSNB is not available, favourable results were also found for VEIL/RA-VEIL over open ILND. Lymphatic-related complications were comparable across open and video-endoscopic ILND. PATIENT SUMMARY: We reviewed studies on different surgical approaches for assessing lymph node involvement in cases with penile cancer. The results show that a technique called dynamic sentinel node biopsy with ultrasound guidance and fine-needle sampling has high diagnostic accuracy and low complication rates. For lymph node dissection in penile cancer cases, a minimally invasive approach may offer favourable postoperative outcomes.

European Association of Urology-American Society of Clinical Oncology Collaborative Guideline on Penile Cancer: 2023 Update.

CONTEXT: Penile cancer is a rare disease but has a significant impact on quality of life. Its incidence is increasing, so it is important to include new and relevant evidence in clinical practice guidelines. OBJECTIVE: To provide a collaborative guideline that offers worldwide physician and patient guidance for the management of penile cancer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Comprehensive literature searches were performed for each section topic. In addition, three systematic reviews were conducted. Levels of evidence were assessed, and a strength rating for each recommendation was assigned according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) methodology. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Penile cancer is a rare disease but its global incidence is increasing. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main risk factor for penile cancer and pathology should include an assessment of HPV status. The main aim of primary tumour treatment is complete tumour eradication, which has to be balanced against optimal organ preservation without compromising oncological control. Early detection and treatment of lymph node (LN) metastasis is the main determinant of survival. Surgical LN staging with sentinel node biopsy is recommended for patients with a high-risk (≥pT1b) tumour with cN0 status. While (inguinal) LN dissection remains the standard for node-positive disease, multimodal treatment is needed in patients with advanced disease. Owing to a lack of controlled trials and large series, the levels of evidence and grades of recommendation are low in comparison to those for more common diseases. CONCLUSIONS: This collaborative penile cancer guideline provides updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of penile cancer for use in clinical practice. Organ-preserving surgery should be offered for treatment of the primary tumour when feasible. Adequate and timely LN management remains a challenge, especially in advanced disease stages. Referral to centres of expertise is recommended. PATIENT SUMMARY: Penile cancer is a rare disease that significantly impacts quality of life. While the disease can be cured in most cases without lymph node involvement, management of advanced disease remains challenging. Many unmet needs and unanswered questions remain, underlining the importance of research collaborations and centralisation of penile cancer services.

Manejo del cáncer de vejiga invasor de músculo con enfoque preservador de órgano: terapia trimodal / Management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with an organ-sparing approach: trimodal therapy

El cáncer de vejiga es una patología frecuente del tracto genitourinario, cuyo tratamiento acarrea morbilidad y alteración de la calidad de vida y en particular en el subgrupo de pacientes con tumores vesicales clasificados como invasores de músculo. En los últimos años se han venido buscando alternativas terapéuticas para la cistectomía radical + linfadenectomía pélvica extendida, que es en la actualidad el estándar de manejo para los pacientes con carcinoma de vejiga invasor de músculo. Con el advenimiento de perfiles de manejo oncológico menos ablativos pero sin sacrificar resultados oncológicos y con las nuevas técnicas de radioterapia y quimioterapia, las modalidades terapéuticas preservadoras de órgano como la terapia trimodal (resección transuretral de tumor vesical + quimioterapia + radioterapia) se convierte en una alternativa terapéutica viable y con resultados oncológicos satisfactorios a largo plazo. Objetivo y metodología: Con esta revisión se pretende mostrar la actualidad de la terapia trimodal en el manejo de los tumores vesicales con invasión muscular, definir los mejores pacientes a considerar para recibir esta terapia, exponer los resultados oncológicos comparados con el estándar de manejo y los resultados en calidad de vida. También se propone un algoritmo de manejo y se presentar las recomendaciones al respecto en guías de práctica clínica. Conclusiones: La terapia trimodal es una alternativa al estándar de manejo que conduce a resultados oncológicos aceptables y puede considerarse una opción de tratamiento en pacientes bien seleccionados.

Introduction: Bladder cancer is a frequent pathology of the genitourinary tract, whose treatment causes morbidity and impaired quality of life, particularly in the subgroup of patients with bladder tumors classified as muscle invaders. In recent years, therapeutic alternatives have been sought for radical cystectomy + extended pelvic lymphadenectomy, which is currently the standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma. With the advent of less ablative oncological management profiles but without sacrificing oncological results and with new radiotherapy and chemotherapy techniques, organ-sparing therapeutic modalities such as trimodal therapy (transurethral resection of bladder tumor + chemotherapy + radiotherapy) becomes a viable therapeutic alternative with satisfactory long-term oncological results. Objective and methodology: This review aims to show the current status of trimodal therapy in the management of muscle-invasive bladder tumors, define the best patients to consider for receiving this therapy, present the oncological results compared with the management standard and the results in quality of life. A management algorithm is also proposed and recommendations in this regard are presented in clinical practice guidelines. Conclusions: Trimodal therapy is an alternative to standard management that leads to acceptable oncological outcomes and can be considered a treatment option in well-selected patients.

Trauma renal cerrado de alto grado: el rol de la angioembolización en el manejo secuencial / High-grade blunt renal trauma: the role of angioembolization in the sequential management

El trauma renal corresponde a un 10% de todos los traumas abdominales; de ellos, un 90% comprende el trauma cerrado. Con respecto a las intervenciones asociadas, el manejo secuencial conservador o «paso a paso¼ ha logrado disminuir las tasas de nefrectomía innecesarias, ubicándose en un 28% en la actualidad. Una de las herramientas disponibles en la actualidad como parte del tratamiento del paciente con trauma renal cerrado de alto grado es la angioembolización. Consecuentemente, vale la pena conocer cuáles son los factores predictores para realizar una intervención temprana con fines de detener el sangrado, las tasas de éxito de la primera o segunda angioembolización y los predictores de falla.

Renal trauma accounts for 10% of all abdominal traumas; of these, 90% comprise blunt trauma. With respect to associated interventions, sequential conservative or "step-by-step" management has managed to reduce unnecessary nephrectomy rates, currently standing at 28%. One of the tools currently available as part of the treatment of patients with high-grade blunt renal trauma is angioembolization. 2 Consequently, it is worth knowing the predictors of early intervention to stop bleeding, the success rates of the first or second angioembolization and the predictors of failure.

Conceptos básicos para aprender a llevar una vida con cáncer / Basic concepts for learning to live a life with cancer

El cáncer es una enfermedad altamente prevalente que afecta a millones de personas de todas las edades y más allá de comprometer la parte física del paciente, juega un papel muy importante en la salud no solo del enfermo, sino incluso de todo su núcleo familiar. Es bien conocido que los pacientes oncológicos tienen una mayor susceptibilidad y una mayor prevalencia a padecer trastornos clínicos psiquiátricos como ansiedad y depresión, y otros síntomas subclínicos que se pueden presentar en etapas tan tempranas como el diagnóstico, entre los que se encuentran: baja autoestima (debido a los cambios corporales producto del tratamiento: calvicie, cicatrices, amputaciones, etc.), miedo al tratamiento, culpa, enfado hacia sí mismo, negación, fatiga y preocupación por los otros, entre otros. En conjunto y sin una intervención adecuada, el gran distrés psicológico al que se enfrenta un paciente con cáncer en sus diferentes etapas puede afectar de forma muy negativa su calidad de vida, la adherencia al tratamiento, las relaciones familiares y sociales, e incluso aumentar la mortalidad de las personas diagnosticadas, como muestra un estudio de cohortes con 9.138 hombres diagnosticados con cáncer en el cual una baja resiliencia a estos estresores psicológicos anteriormente descritos aumentaron la tasa de mortalidad en un 61% en todos los tipos de cáncer.

Cancer is a highly prevalent disease that affects millions of people of all ages and beyond compromising the physical part of the patient, it plays a very important role in the health not only of the patient, but also of the entire family. It is well known that cancer patients have a greater susceptibility and a higher prevalence of clinical psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression, and other subclinical symptoms that can present themselves in stages as early as the diagnosis, among which are: low self-esteem (due to body changes resulting from the treatment: baldness, scars, amputations, etc.), fear of treatment, guilt, anger towards oneself, denial, fatigue and concern for others, among others. Taken together and without adequate intervention, the great psychological distress faced by a cancer patient in its different stages can negatively affect quality of life, adherence to treatment, family and social relationships, and even increase the mortality of those diagnosed, as shown in a cohort study of 9,138 men diagnosed with cancer in which low resilience to these psychological stressors described above increased the mortality rate by 61% in all types of cancer.

Enhancing the importance of value-based urology and uro-oncology / Realzar la importancia de la urología y la uro-oncología basadas en valores

With the ongoing advances and evolution in healthcare, we have witnessed new breakpoints in patient management. As a result, there have been tireless efforts to identify and eradicate barriers to care and minimize their impact on patients.

Con los continuos avances y la evolución de la asistencia sanitaria, hemos sido testigos de nuevos puntos de inflexión en la gestión de los pacientes. Como resultado, se han realizado incansables esfuerzos para identificar y erradicar las barreras a la atención y minimizar su impacto en los pacientes.

Abordaje quirúrgico de la aorta para urólogos / Surgical approach to the aorta for urologists

A propósito de un caso clínico surgió la pregunta, ¿los urólogos estamos familiarizados con el abordaje de las lesiones de la aorta abdominal o una de sus ramas? Teniendo en cuenta que dentro de nuestro accionar quirúrgico podríamos llegar a estar inmersos en una complicación de tipo vascular, es fundamental que conozcamos con detalle estas maniobras.

A clinical case raised the question: are urologists familiar with the approach to lesions of the abdominal aorta or one of its branches? Bearing in mind that in our surgical actions we could be involved in a vascular complication, it is essential that we know these maneuvers in detail.

Systematic reviews of observational studies of Risk of Thrombosis and Bleeding in General and Gynecologic Surgery (ROTBIGGS): introduction and methodology.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and bleeding are serious and potentially fatal complications of surgical procedures. Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis decreases the risk of VTE but increases the risk of major post-operative bleeding. The decision to use pharmacologic prophylaxis therefore represents a trade-off that critically depends on the incidence of VTE and bleeding in the absence of prophylaxis. These baseline risks vary widely between procedures, but their magnitude is uncertain. Systematic reviews addressing baseline risks are scarce, needed, and require innovations in methodology. Indeed, systematic summaries of these baseline risk estimates exist neither in general nor gynecologic surgery. We will fill this knowledge gap by performing a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of the procedure-specific and patient risk factor stratified risk estimates in general and gynecologic surgeries. METHODS: We will perform comprehensive literature searches for observational studies in general and gynecologic surgery reporting symptomatic VTE or bleeding estimates. Pairs of methodologically trained reviewers will independently assess the studies for eligibility, evaluate the risk of bias by using an instrument developed for this review, and extract data. We will perform meta-analyses and modeling studies to adjust the reported risk estimates for the use of thromboprophylaxis and length of follow up. We will derive the estimates of risk from the median estimates of studies rated at the lowest risk of bias. The primary outcomes are the risk estimates of symptomatic VTE and major bleeding at 4 weeks post-operatively for each procedure stratified by patient risk factors. We will apply the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to rate evidence certainty. DISCUSSION: This series of systematic reviews, modeling studies, and meta-analyses will inform clinicians and patients regarding the trade-off between VTE prevention and bleeding in general and gynecologic surgeries. Our work advances the standards in systematic reviews of surgical complications, including assessment of risk of bias, criteria for arriving at the best estimates of risk (including modeling of the timing of events and dealing with suboptimal data reporting), dealing with subgroups at higher and lower risk of bias, and use of the GRADE approach. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42021234119.

A meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of chest ultrasound for the diagnosis of occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating thoracic trauma.

BACKGROUND: We performed a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) to determine the diagnostic accuracy of chest ultrasound (US) compared with a pericardial window (PW) for the diagnosis of occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating thoracic trauma. METHODS: A literature search in five databases identified relevant articles for inclusion in this SR and MA. Studies were eligible if they evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of chest US, compared with a PW, for the diagnosis of occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients presenting with penetrating thoracic trauma. Two investigators independently assessed articles for inclusion and exclusion criteria and selected studies for final analysis. Methodological quality was evaluated using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2. We performed a MA of binary diagnostic test accuracy within the bivariate mixed-effects logistic regression modeling framework. RESULTS: We included five studies in our SR and MA. These studies included a total of 556 trauma patients. The MA found that, compared with PW, the US was 79% sensitive and 92% specific for detecting occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients. The presence of a concomitant left hemothorax was frequent in patients with false-negative results. CONCLUSION: This SR and MA found that, compared with PW, US was 79% sensitive and 92% specific for detecting occult penetrating cardiac injuries in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating thoracic trauma. Caution interpretation of pericardial US results is suggested in the presence of left hemothorax. In these cases, a second diagnostic test should be performed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, level II.

Salud intercultural y el modelo de salud propio indígena / Intercultural health and the indigenous health model

RESUMEN La población indígena tiene condiciones de vida inferiores al resto, reflejadas en mayor morbilidad y mortalidad a pesar de la cobertura del Sistema de Salud. Por ello, es importante conocer las causas de estas diferencias. Para esto, se hace uso de la interculturalidad como puente entre la cultura occidental y la cultura indígena. En este encuentro de saberes se identifica el modelo de salud indígena como respuesta cultural a la necesidad de mantener la salud y tratar la enfermedad, un modelo organizado jerárquicamente en el que la salud del individuo depende además de sus hábitos, de la armonía con la naturaleza, el espíritu, los dioses y su comunidad. Este modelo había sido menospreciado hasta hace poco tiempo por la comunidad científica; pero, gracias a los estudios en interculturalidad, se sabe que la salud también debe ser intercultural y que las políticas públicas deben incluirla para poder obtener los resultados esperados en la comunidad objetivo. Para hacer realidad estas políticas públicas debe haber voluntad y agenda política, una adecuada estructura en los servicios de salud y formación de los profesionales de la salud en interculturalidad desde sus estudios técnicos, tecnológicos, profesionales y de posgrado. Esas políticas públicas deben contener: capacitación, empleo de la lengua indígena local, alimentación y equipamiento con elementos tradicionales, diálogo respetuoso con los médicos tradicionales, atención humanizada, entre otros. Así se brinda una atención en salud de calidad que respeta las diferencias culturales de toda la población.(AU)

ABSTRACT The indigenous population has lower living conditions reflected in higher morbidity and mortality despite the coverage of the Health System, so it is important to know the causes of these differences. For this, Interculturality is used as a bridge between western culture and indigenous culture. In this meeting of knowledge, the indigenous health model is identified as a cultural response to the need to maintain health and treat disease, a hierarchically organized model in which the health of the individual also depends on their habits, on harmony with nature, the spirit, the gods and their community. Until recently, this model had been undervalued by the scientific community, but thanks to studies in Interculturality, it is known that health must also be intercultural and that public policies must include it in order to obtain the expected results in the target community. To make these public policies a reality, there must be a will and a political agenda, an adequate structure in the health services and training of health professionals in interculturality from their technical, technological, professional and postgraduate studies. These public policies must contain training, use of the local indigenous language, food and equipment with traditional elements, respectful dialogue with traditional doctors, humanized care, among others. This provides quality health care that is respectful of cultural differences to the entire population.(AU)

Role of cytoreductive nephrectomy in the targeted therapy era: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness and harm of cytoreductive nephrectomy versus no intervention in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma who undergo targeted therapy to improve overall survival. Materials and Methods: A search strategy was conducted in the MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase, HTA, DARE, NHS, and LILACS databases. Searches were also conducted for unpublished literature through references from relevant articles identified through the search, conferences, thesis databases, OpenGrey, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov, among others. Studies were included without language restrictions. The risk of bias assessment was made by using a modified Cochrane Collaboration tool. A meta-analysis of fixed effects was conducted. The expected outcomes were overall survival, quality of life, adverse effects, mortality, and progression- free survival. The measure of the effect was the hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). The planned comparison was cytoreductive nephrectomy versus no intervention. Results: A total of 22,507 patients were found among seven studies. Seven studies were included in the qualitative analysis (eight publications) and five in the quantitative analysis for overall survival. One study reported progression-free survival and one reported targeted therapy toxicities. A low risk of bias was shown for most of the study items. The HR for overall survival was 0.58 (95% CI, 0.50 to 0.65) favoring cytoreductive nephrectomy compared with no intervention. Conclusions: Cytoreductive nephrectomy is effective for improving overall survival in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma who undergo targeted therapy compared with no intervention.

Dengue perinatal: Reporte de caso / Perinatal Dengue: A case Report

Resumen Introducción: El dengue perinatal es una patología de la que poco se sabe, los reportes disponibles describen riesgo de resultados perinatales adversos. Objetivo: Reportar un caso de dengue perinatal, como diagnóstico diferencial de sepsis neonatal, que debe tenerse en cuenta en zonas endémicas. Caso clínico: Recién nacido de una mujer de 23 años quien a las 36 semanas de gestación presentó cuadro de dengue con antígeno Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) positivo y anticuerpos anti-dengue negativos. Al sexto día de enfermedad dio a luz a un recién nacido sano, quien, al segundo día de vida, presentó fiebre sin otros hallazgos patológicos al examen físico, asociado a trombocitopenia severa (17.900 plaquetas/uL) y aumento de la proteína C reactiva, antígeno viral NS1 positivo e in-munoglobulina G (IgG) anti dengue positiva. Fue manejado con antibióticoterpia con ampicilina y gentamicina por protocolo de la institución para sepsis neonatal probable. El neonato mostró me joría clínica, con estabilidad hemodinámica y aumento significativo de plaquetas, siendo dado de alta. Conclusiones: El dengue en el embarazo trae consigo el riesgo de resultados perinatales adver sos, particularmente bajo peso al nacer y parto pre-término. Los hijos de madres diagnosticadas con dengue al final del embarazo deberían ser observados estrechamente con realización de hemograma seriado en los primeros días de vida, debido al riesgo de transmisión vertical.

Abstract Introduction: Few reports are available about perinatal dengue, with controversial results in regards the risk of perinatal outcome. Objective: To report a case of perinatal dengue as a differential diagno sis with neonatal sepsis, which must be considered in endemic areas. Clinical case: Male newborn of a 23 year-old female, who presented a Non-Structural Protein 1 (NS1) antigen positive to dengue at 36 weeks of gestation and negative anti-dengue antibodies. At day six of the illness a healthy newborn was born. On the second day of life the neonate presented fever with no other pathological findings on the physical exam, associated with severe thrombocytopenia (17,900 platelets/uL), increased C-reactive protein, a positive NS1 antigen, and positive anti-dengue immunoglobulin G (IgG). He was treated with ampicillin and gentamicin according the Institution protocol of neonatal sepsis. The newborn showed clinical improvement, with hemodynamic stability and significant increase of platelets, receiving the medical discharge. Conclusions: Dengue in pregnancy produces the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes, particularly low birth weight and preterm delivery. Children of mothers diagnosed with dengue at the end of pregnancy should be observed closely with serial hemograms during child's first days of life, due to the high risk of vertical transmission.