Evaluation of facial pleasantness in patients with complete and unilateral cleft lip and palate rehabilitated and submitted to orofacial harmonization.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present prospective case control study was to evaluate the facial pleasantness of patients with complete and unilateral cleft lip and palate at the end of interdisciplinary rehabilitation, submitted to facial fillers based on hyaluronic acid. METHODS: The study group consisted of 18 individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, aged between 18 and 40 years (mean age 29 years) of both sexes. The patients presented a concave profile with mild to moderate maxillary deficiency, with completed orthodontic treatment and conducted by means of dentoalveolar compensations without orthognathic surgery. Participants underwent facial filling procedures with hyaluronic acid (HA) in the midface, inserted by a single operator. Standard photographs in frontal norm at rest, right profile at rest, and left profile at rest were obtained from each patient at the following operative times: (T1) pre-filler and (T2) and one-month post-filler. The photographs in T1 and T2 were randomly placed on a page of a virtual album. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess facial pleasantness. The photographs were evaluated by two groups of evaluators consisting of 18 individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLPG=18) and 18 orthodontists with experience in the treatment of clefts (OG=18). For comparison between phases T1 and T2, and between evaluators with orofacial clefts and orthodontists, the Wilcoxon test was used (p<0,05). RESULTS: People with cleft lip and palate rated their face as more pleasant after the midface filling procedure. In the perception of the orthodontists, on the other hand, the facial pleasantness remained similar after the facial filling procedure. CONCLUSIONS: The filling of the middle third of the face in patients with cleft lip and palate treated without orthognathic surgery increased the pleasantness of the face in the opinion of laypeople with cleft lip and palate.

Robin Sequence Facial Profile After Conservative Treatment: A Long-Term Follow-Up.

INTRODUCTION: Robin sequence (RS) is a congenital clinical condition characterized by micrognathia, glossoptosis, and respiratory distress. Conservative methods could be responsible for releasing feeding and respiratory impairment but little information about mandibular growth is known in long-term follow-up. OBJECTIVE: Assessing the longitudinal behavior of the facial profile of individuals with isolated RS who underwent conservative micrognathia treatment using photographs during the whole craniofacial growth. METHODS: Photographs of the right facial profile of 100 patients were used (50 individuals with isolated RS and 50 individuals without craniofacial anomaly). The individuals with RS were evaluated at 3 different times (T1: infant, T2: mixed dentition, T3: permanent dentition) by measuring the facial convexity angle (FCA; G.Sn.Pog´). A comparison between T3 and control group (C), individuals without craniofacial anomalies and in permanent dentition, was also performed, checking the FCA, nasolabial angle (Ls.Sn.Cm), mentolabial fold (Li.Si.Pog´), facial inferior third (Sn.Gn´.C) angles and the ratio between middle anterior facial height and lower anterior facial height. RESULTS: The T3 group showed an increased angle of facial convexity and increased facial inferior third angle and middle anterior facial height/lower anterior facial height ratio compared with the control group. In the longitudinal evaluation of individuals with isolated RS, significant differences were identified between T1 and T2 groups and T1 and T3 groups showing that the increased facial convexity was higher in the infants and that did not change significantly between the phases of mixed and permanent dentition. CONCLUSIONS: RS showed increased facial convexity in all phases evaluated, but their convexity decreased with growth. When compared with individuals without craniofacial anomalies, the individuals continue to exhibit retrognathism in the permanent dentition. The lack of a mandible projection has led to a considerable number of orthognathic surgeries for the correction of discrepancies.

Evaluation of facial pleasantness in patients with complete and unilateral cleft lip and palate rehabilitated and submitted to orofacial harmonization

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of the present prospective case control study was to evaluate the facial pleasantness of patients with complete and unilateral cleft lip and palate at the end of interdisciplinary rehabilitation, submitted to facial fillers based on hyaluronic acid. Methods: The study group consisted of 18 individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, aged between 18 and 40 years (mean age 29 years) of both sexes. The patients presented a concave profile with mild to moderate maxillary deficiency, with completed orthodontic treatment and conducted by means of dentoalveolar compensations without orthognathic surgery. Participants underwent facial filling procedures with hyaluronic acid (HA) in the midface, inserted by a single operator. Standard photographs in frontal norm at rest, right profile at rest, and left profile at rest were obtained from each patient at the following operative times: (T1) pre-filler and (T2) and one-month post-filler. The photographs in T1 and T2 were randomly placed on a page of a virtual album. A 5-point Likert scale was used to assess facial pleasantness. The photographs were evaluated by two groups of evaluators consisting of 18 individuals with cleft lip and palate (CLPG=18) and 18 orthodontists with experience in the treatment of clefts (OG=18). For comparison between phases T1 and T2, and between evaluators with orofacial clefts and orthodontists, the Wilcoxon test was used (p<0,05). Results: People with cleft lip and palate rated their face as more pleasant after the midface filling procedure. In the perception of the orthodontists, on the other hand, the facial pleasantness remained similar after the facial filling procedure. Conclusions: The filling of the middle third of the face in patients with cleft lip and palate treated without orthognathic surgery increased the pleasantness of the face in the opinion of laypeople with cleft lip and palate.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo caso-controle prospectivo foi avaliar a agradabilidade facial de pacientes com fissura labiopalatina completa e unilateral ao final da reabilitação interdisciplinar, submetidos a preenchimentos faciais à base de ácido hialurônico. Métodos: O grupo de estudo foi composto por 18 indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina unilateral completa, com idade entre 18 e 40 anos (média de 29 anos), de ambos os sexos. Os pacientes apresentavam perfil côncavo com deficiência maxilar leve a moderada, com tratamento ortodôntico concluído e realizado por meio de compensações dentoalveolares sem cirurgia ortognática. Os participantes foram submetidos a procedimentos de preenchimento facial com ácido hialurônico (AH) no terço médio da face, implantado por um único operador. Fotografias padrão em norma frontal em repouso, perfil direito em repouso e perfil esquerdo em repouso foram obtidas de cada paciente nos seguintes tempos operatórios: (T1) pré-preenchimento e (T2) um mês pós-preenchimento. As fotografias em T1 e T2 foram inseridas aleatoriamente em uma página de um álbum virtual. Uma escala Likert de 5 pontos foi utilizada para avaliar a agradabilidade facial. As fotografias foram avaliadas por dois grupos de avaliadores formados por 18 indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina (GFLP=18) e 18 ortodontistas com experiência no tratamento de fissuras (GO=18). Para comparação entre as fases T1 e T2, e entre avaliadores com fissura labiopalatina e ortodontistas, foi utilizado o teste de Wilcoxon (p<0,05). Resultados: As pessoas com fissura labiopalatina avaliaram seu rosto como mais agradável após o preenchimento do terço médio da face. Já na percepção do ortodontista, a agradabilidade facial permaneceu semelhante após o procedimento de preenchimento facial. Conclusões: O preenchimento do terço médio da face em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina tratados sem cirurgia ortognática aumentou a agradabilidade da face na opinião dos leigos com fissura labiopalatina.

Early orthognathic surgery with postsurgical bone-anchored retention in unilateral cleft lip and palate: A case report.

We present a case report of early Le Fort I osteotomy with maxillary advancement retained postoperatively by Class III elastics anchored on miniplates in a growing patient with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). A 14-year-old boy who underwent orthognathic surgery at the pubertal growth spurt was presented. During surgery, Bollard miniplates were installed in the posterior region of the maxilla and in the anterior region of the mandible. Class III elastics anchored on miniplates were used at night (8-10 h) starting 60 days after surgery. The force of the elastics progressively increased from 100 g to 250 g. The elastics were replaced daily. The positive overjet remained stable over 15 months of postoperative follow-up. Maxillary advancement was adequately retained using Bollard miniplates and the facial profile remained stable until the end of facial growth.

Intercenter comparison of slow and rapid maxillary expansion in unilateral complete cleft lip and palate

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the occlusal changes of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and slow maxillary expansion (SME) in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (UCLP), by means of digital dental models. Methods: Group RME was composed by 22 patients (13 males and 9 females), with mean age of 9.9 years, treated with rapid maxillary expansion with Hyrax appliance in Center 1. Group SME was composed by 29 patients (14 females and 15 males), with mean age of 10.7 years, treated with slow maxillary expansion with quad-helix appliance in Center 2. Digital dental models of the maxillary dental arch were obtained immediately pre-expansion (T1) and 6-month post-expansion (T2). Transversal distances, arch perimeter, arch length, palatal depth, palatal volume and posterior tooth inclination were digitally measured. Interphase and intergroup comparisons were performed with paired t-test and independent t-test, respectively. Results: Intercanine expansion was 4 to 5mm in both groups, and increase in the intercanine distance was similar for both groups. RME group showed a greater increase in arch distances at the region of permanent premolar and molars, compared to SME group. Arch perimeter increase was greater for RME group, compared to SME. No differences were found for arch length, palatal depth, palatal volume and posterior tooth buccal tipping. Conclusion: RME and SME produced similar dentoalveolar outcomes, with greater amount of expansion on RME group.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar, por meio de modelos digitais, as alterações oclusais após a expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) e após a expansão lenta da maxila (ELM) em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina completa unilateral (FLPU). Métodos: O grupo ERM foi composto por 22 pacientes (13 homens e 9 mulheres), com idade média de 9,9 anos, tratados com expansão rápida da maxila com aparelho Hyrax no Centro 1. O grupo ELM foi composto por 29 pacientes (14 mulheres e 15 homens), com idade média de 10,7 anos, tratados com expansão lenta da maxila com aparelho quadri-hélice no Centro 2. Modelos digitais da arcada dentária superior foram obtidos imediatamente pré-expansão (T1) e seis meses pós-expansão (T2). Distâncias transversais, perímetro da arcada, comprimento da arcada, profundidade do palato, volume do palato e inclinação dos dentes posteriores foram medidos digitalmente. As comparações interfases e intergrupos foram realizadas com teste t pareado e teste t independente, respectivamente. Resultados: A expansão da arcada na região dos caninos foi de 4 a 5 mm em ambos os grupos, e o aumento na distância intercaninos foi semelhante nos dois grupos. O grupo ERM apresentou maior aumento nas distâncias entre pré-molares e molares permanentes, em comparação ao grupo ELM. O aumento do perímetro da arcada foi maior para o grupo ERM, em relação ao ELM. Não foram encontradas diferenças para comprimento da arcada, profundidade do palato, volume do palato e inclinação vestibular dos dentes posteriores. Conclusão: ERM e ELM produziram resultados dentoalveolares semelhantes, com maior quantidade de expansão no grupo ERM.

Upper airways after mandibular advancement orthognathic surgery: A 4-year follow-up.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to assess the stability of changes in the upper airways 4 years after orthognathic surgery in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion. METHODS: A retrospective clinical study was conducted including 33 cone-beam computed tomography images from 11 patients (average age of 35.91 years) followed up longitudinally for 4 years. The airways were measured with the help of the Dolphin Imaging software (Dolphin Imaging and Management Systems, Chatsworth, Calif) at 3 points: T1 (preoperative), T2 (6 months after surgery), and T3 (4 years after surgery). The parameters assessed were surface area (SA), minimum axial area, and volume (VOL) of the pharyngeal airway space. The times were compared using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Pearson's analysis was performed to assess the correlation with surgical changes and age (P <0.05). RESULTS: Four years after operating on the airway spaces, the means of SA and VOL were significantly higher than those observed before the surgery (P <0.05). The means at 6 months were intermediate, with no significant difference before the surgery and 4 years after it (P >0.05). There was no significant correlation of the changes in SA, VOL, and minimum axial area with the amount of mandibular advancement, counterclockwise rotation of the occlusal plane, and age of the patient (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Four years after mandibular advancement surgery in patients with skeletal Class II malocclusion, the increases in the airways remained stable.

Dental anomalies frequency in submucous cleft palate versus complete cleft palate.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study evaluated the prevalence of dental anomalies of number in different subphenotypes of isolated cleft palate. MATERIALS/METHODS: The sample comprised 26 individuals with submucous cleft palate (group S) and 68 individuals with complete cleft palate (group C) aged between 9 and 12 years from a single centre. Panoramic radiographs were evaluated regarding the presence of dental anomalies of number in permanent teeth. Intergroup comparison was performed using chi-square tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Tooth agenesis was found in 34.61 and 36.76 per cent of group S and group C, respectively. The most commonly missing teeth were the maxillary second premolar, maxillary lateral incisor, and mandibular second premolar. Supernumerary teeth were found in none and 1.47 per cent of the individuals with submucous and complete cleft palate, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between groups for the frequency of tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. LIMITATIONS: Only dental anomalies of number were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Individuals with submucous and complete cleft palate showed similar prevalence for tooth agenesis and supernumerary teeth. Dental anomalies frequency seems not to be a discriminator for subphenotypes of cleft palate.

The association of self-reported awake bruxism with anxiety, depression, pain threshold at pressure, pain vigilance, and quality of life in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate whether the presence of awake bruxism was associated with temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms, pain threshold at pressure, pain vigilance, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and anxiety and depression symptoms in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methodology This observational study followed patients who had started receiving orthodontic treatment for six months. The following variables were measured three times (at baseline, one month, and six months): pressure pain threshold (PPT) in the right and left masseter, anterior temporalis, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ), and right forearm; pain vigilance and awareness questionnaire; and shortened form of the oral health impact profile (OHIP-14). Anxiety and depression symptoms were measured using the Beck anxiety inventory and the Beck depression inventory, respectively. The patients were divided into two main groups according to the presence (n=56) and absence (n=58) of possible awake bruxism. The multi-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied on the date (p=0.050). Results TMJ and/or muscle pain were not observed in both groups. Time, sex, age group, and awake bruxism did not affect the PPT in the masticatory muscles and pain vigilance (p>0.050). However, the primary effect of awake bruxism was observed when anxiety (ANOVA: F=8.61, p=0.004) and depression (ANOVA: F=6.48, p=0.012) levels were higher and the OHRQoL was lower (ANOVA: F=8.61, p=0.004). Conclusion The patients with self-reported awake bruxism undergoing an orthodontic treatment did not develop TMJ/masticatory muscle pain. The self-reported awake bruxism is associated with higher anxiety and depression levels and a poorer OHRQoL in patients during the orthodontic treatment.

Outcomes of Alveolar Graft With Rhbmp-2 in CLP: Influence of Cleft Type and Width, Canine Eruption, and Surgeon.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of cleft type and width, canine eruption stage, and surgeon on the outcomes of alveolar graft with rhBMP-2. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Tertiary craniofacial center. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety individuals submitted to alveolar graft in late mixed or early permanent dentition. INTERVENTIONS: The 90 individuals (mean age: 16.8 years) were submitted to alveolar graft with rhBMP-2. Periapical radiographs were obtained before and 6 months after surgery. Surgeries were performed by 4 experienced maxillofacial surgeons. The alveolar grafts were assigned as success or failure by 3 blinded raters based on the modified Bergland and Chelsea scales. Permanent canines adjacent to the defect were assigned as erupted and not erupted. The greatest cleft width was measured on preoperative periapical radiographs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The influence of 4 independent variables (cleft type, cleft width, canine eruption phase, and surgeon) on the outcome of alveolar graft was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression ( P < .05). RESULTS: All independent variables presented significant influence on alveolar graft outcome. The subgroup of unerupted maxillary canines demonstrated better outcomes than erupted canines ( P = .001). The group with cleft lip and alveolus (CL/A) demonstrated better outcomes than complete cleft lip and palate (CLP; P < .001). The greater the alveolar cleft width, the less favorable were the graft outcomes ( P = .027). The surgeon also had a significant influence on the surgery success ( P = .003 and .001). CONCLUSION: The type and width of CLP, the eruption of permanent canines, and the surgeon influenced the outcome of alveolar graft surgeries performed with rhBMP-2.

Nonsurgical treatment and stability of an adult with a severe anterior open-bite malocclusion.

OBJECTIVES: A skeletal anterior open-bite is a challenging malocclusion for the orthodontist due to the difficulty and instability of correction. Treatment options for the adult patient include extractions, anterior extrusion with intermaxillary elastics, posterior intrusion using skeletal anchorage, occlusal adjustment, and orthognathic surgery. Patient compliance plays a key role in posttreatment stability. The present case report demonstrates the orthodontic treatment of an adult patient who presented with a complex open-bite malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Treatment involved the placement of four miniscrews to assist intrusion of maxillary molars by applying posterior vertical maxillary elastics and extrusion of the anterior segments using anterior vertical interarch elastics. RESULTS: Ideal intercuspation was successfully achieved and good stability was maintained during 3 years following treatment. CONCLUSION: The intrusion of the maxillary molars with miniscrews is an interesting option in selected cases of skeletal anterior open bite. The retention protocol should be specific in these cases.

Facial profile esthetics in operated children with bilateral cleft lip and palate

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the facial profile esthetics of rehabilitated children with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), comparing the judgment of professionals related and not related to cleft rehabilitation and laypersons. Methods: Thirty children in the mixed dentition (24 male; 6 female) with a mean age of 7.8 years were evaluated using facial profile photographs by 25 examiners: 5 orthodontists and 5 plastic surgeons with experience in cleft care, 5 orthodontists and 5 plastic surgeons without experience in oral cleft rehabilitation and 5 graduated laymen. Their facial profiles were classified into esthetically unpleasant (grade 1 to 3), esthetically acceptable (grade 4 to 6), and esthetically pleasant (grade 7 to 9). Intraexaminer and interexaminer errors were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficient and Kendall's test, respectively. Inter-rater differences were analyzed using Friedman test and Student-Newman-Keuls test for multiple comparisons. Results: Orthodontists dealing with oral clefts rehabilitation considered the majority of the sample as esthetically pleasant. Plastic surgeons of the cleft team and laypersons classified most of the sample as esthetically acceptable. Most of the orthodontists and plastic surgeons not related to cleft care evaluated the facial profile as esthetically unpleasant. The structures associated to unpleasant profiles were the nose, the midface and the upper lip. Conclusions: The facial profile of children with BCLP was classified as esthetically acceptable by laypersons. Professionals related to cleft rehabilitation were more lenient and those not related to cleft care were stricter to facial esthetics than laypersons.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a estética do perfil facial de crianças com fissura labiopalatina completa bilateral (FLCB) operadas, comparando o julgamento de leigos e de profissionais relacionados e não relacionados à reabilitação de fissuras. Métodos: fotografias do perfil facial de trinta crianças na dentadura mista (24 do sexo masculino e 6 do sexo feminino), com idade média de 7,8 anos, foram avaliadas por 25 examinadores: 5 ortodontistas e 5 cirurgiões plásticos com experiência em fissuras, 5 ortodontistas e 5 cirurgiões plásticos sem experiência na reabilitação de fissuras, e 5 leigos com formação superior. Os perfis faciais foram classificados como esteticamente desagradável (grau 1 a 3), esteticamente aceitável (grau 4 a 6) e esteticamente agradável (grau 7 a 9). Para verificar a concordância intraexaminadores e interexaminadores, foram utilizados o Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman e o Coeficiente de Concordância de Kendall, respectivamente. Para comparação entre as categorias de acordo com os escores atribuídos, foram aplicados o teste de Friedman e o teste de Student-Newman-Keuls, para comparações múltiplas. Resultados: os ortodontistas que lidam com reabilitação de fissuras labiopalatinas consideraram a maioria da amostra como esteticamente agradável. Cirurgiões plásticos com experiência em fissuras e leigos classificaram a maioria da amostra como esteticamente aceitável. Grande parte dos ortodontistas e cirurgiões plásticos sem experiência na reabilitação de fissuras classificou o perfil facial como esteticamente desagradável. As estruturas associadas aos perfis desagradáveis foram o nariz, o terço médio da face e o lábio superior. Conclusões: o perfil facial de crianças com FLCB foi classificado como esteticamente aceitável pelos leigos; já os profissionais relacionados à reabilitação de fissuras foram mais complacentes, em comparação aos profissionais sem experiência na reabilitação de fissuras, que, por sua vez, foram mais rigorosos quanto à estética facial do que os leigos.

Mandibular dental arch short and long-term spontaneous dentoalveolar changes after slow or rapid maxillary expansion: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the short and long-term spontaneous dentoalveolar changes of the mandibular dental arch after slow (SME) or rapid (RME) maxillary expansion in the mixed and early permanent dentitions. Methods: An electronic search was performed in the following databases: PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science. Eligibility criteria for article selection included randomized controlled trials and prospective studies written in English, with no restriction of year of publication, involving patients who underwent SME or RME during the mixed or early permanent dentitions. A double-blind search of articles was performed by two reviewers. Initially, the title and the abstract of the studies were read, and their references were also hand-searched for possible missing studies. A methodological quality scoring scale was used to analyze the selected articles. Results: The search retrieved 373 articles, but only 6 were selected for review after application of the eligibility and exclusion criteria. Non-clinically significant spontaneous dentoalveolar changes of approximately 1mm were found in the mandibular dental arch in the short and long-term, after slow or rapid maxillary expansions. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between treated and control groups. Conclusions: There is enough evidence to conclude that negligible short and long-term spontaneous dentoalveolar changes tend to occur in the mandibular dental arch after SME or RME in the mixed and early permanent dentitions. More randomized studies with appropriate control group are required to better evaluate this issue.

RESUMO Objetivo: o objetivo da presente revisão sistemática foi analisar as alterações dentoalveolares espontâneas, em curto e longo prazos, após a expansão lenta (ELM) ou rápida (ERM) da maxila, durante a dentição mista e permanente jovem. Métodos: uma busca eletrônica foi executada nas seguintes bases de dados: PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase e Web of Science. Os critérios de elegibilidade para a seleção dos artigos incluíram ensaios clínicos randomizados controlados e estudos prospectivos escritos em língua inglesa, sem restrição do ano de publicação, envolvendo pacientes que foram submetidos a ELM ou ERM durante a dentição mista ou permanente jovem. Dois revisores realizaram, de forma independente, uma busca por artigos. Inicialmente, o título e o resumo dos artigos foram lidos, e uma busca manual foi realizada nas referências dos artigos selecionados, a fim de se avaliar possíveis estudos não encontrados. Resultados: trezentos e setenta e três artigos foram encontrados com a busca, porém apenas seis foram selecionados para a revisão após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e de exclusão. Alterações dentoalveolares espontâneas sem significância clínica de aproximadamente 1 mm foram encontradas na arcada dentária inferior em curto e longo prazos, após a expansão lenta ou rápida da maxila. Além disso, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos tratados e os controles. Conclusão: existe evidência suficiente para se concluir que alterações dentoalveolares espontâneas sem significância clínica tendem a ocorrer na arcada dentária inferior em curto e longo prazos após a ELM e ERM na dentição mista e permanente jovem. Mais ensaios clínicos randomizados com grupos controles adequados são necessários para melhor avaliar essa questão.

Risk of developing palatally displaced canines in patients with early detectable dental anomalies: a retrospective cohort study

ABSTRACT The early recognition of risk factors for the occurrence of palatally displaced canines (PDC) can increase the possibility of impaction prevention. Objective To estimate the risk of PDC occurrence in children with dental anomalies identified early during mixed dentition. Material and Methods The sample comprised 730 longitudinal orthodontic records from children (448 females and 282 males) with an initial mean age of 8.3 years (SD=1.36). The dental anomaly group (DA) included 263 records of patients with at least one dental anomaly identified in the initial or middle mixed dentition. The non-dental anomaly group (NDA) was composed of 467 records of patients with no dental anomalies. The occurrence of PDC in both groups was diagnosed using panoramic and periapical radiographs taken in the late mixed dentition or early permanent dentition. The prevalence of PDC in patients with and without early diagnosed dental anomalies was compared using the chi-square test (p<0.01), relative risk assessments (RR), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). Results PDC frequency was 16.35% and 6.2% in DA and NDA groups, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups (p<0.01), with greater risk of PDC development in the DA group (RR=2.63). The PPV and NPV was 16% and 93%, respectively. Small maxillary lateral incisors, deciduous molar infraocclusion, and mandibular second premolar distoangulation were associated with PDC. Conclusion Children with dental anomalies diagnosed during early mixed dentition have an approximately two and a half fold increased risk of developing PDC during late mixed dentition compared with children without dental anomalies.

Risk of developing palatally displaced canines in patients with early detectable dental anomalies: a retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of PDC occurrence in children with dental anomalies identified early during mixed dentition. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised 730 longitudinal orthodontic records from children (448 females and 282 males) with an initial mean age of 8.3 years (SD=1.36). The dental anomaly group (DA) included 263 records of patients with at least one dental anomaly identified in the initial or middle mixed dentition. The non-dental anomaly group (NDA) was composed of 467 records of patients with no dental anomalies. The occurrence of PDC in both groups was diagnosed using panoramic and periapical radiographs taken in the late mixed dentition or early permanent dentition. The prevalence of PDC in patients with and without early diagnosed dental anomalies was compared using the chi-square test (p<0.01), relative risk assessments (RR), and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV). RESULTS: PDC frequency was 16.35% and 6.2% in DA and NDA groups, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups (p<0.01), with greater risk of PDC development in the DA group (RR=2.63). The PPV and NPV was 16% and 93%, respectively. Small maxillary lateral incisors, deciduous molar infraocclusion, and mandibular second premolar distoangulation were associated with PDC. CONCLUSION: Children with dental anomalies diagnosed during early mixed dentition have an approximately two and a half fold increased risk of developing PDC during late mixed dentition compared with children without dental anomalies.

Estabilidade do tratamento não-cirúrgico da Classe III / Stability of nonsurgical treatment of Class III malocclusion

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi avaliar a literatura disponível no que diz respeito à estabilidade a longo prazo do tratamento não cirúrgico e sem extrações da má oclusão de Classe III, ao final do crescimento craniofacial ativo. Foi conduzida uma busca na literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Central Cochrane de Cadastro de Ensaios Controlados, Scopus e Google Scholar até a primeira semana de Outubro de 2015. Os critérios de inclusão foram aplicados com o propósito de avaliar a estabilidade do tratamento da Classe III em pacientes acompanhados até o término do crescimento. Uma avaliação qualitativa dos estudos foi realizada. A busca identificou 220 artigos, dos quais 11 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Após a análise qualitativa, 10 estudos foram classificados como de valor moderado de evidência científica e serviram de base para as conclusões do presente estudo e 1 estudo foi classificado como de baixo valor de evidência. Com base nos estudos avaliados, quando pacientes Classe III foram acompanhados até o final do crescimento craniofacial ativo, o tratamento obteve resultados positivos em cerca de 54% a 88,5% dos indivíduos estudados. O fator de maior influência sobre o sucesso a longo prazo do tratamento da Classe III foi a quantidade e direção de crescimento mandibular durante e após a adolescência. A contenção ativa deve ser utilizada em pacientes em crescimento para evitar a recidiva da Classe III devido à tendência de crescimento anterior mandibular pós-tratamento.

The aim of this systematic review was to assess the available literature about long-term stability of nonsurgical and nonextraction Class III malocclusion treatment at the end of active craniofacial growth. A literature survey was performed until October of 2015 on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The inclusion criteria were applied for the purpose of assessing the stability of Class III treatment in subjects followed-up until the end of growth. Qualitative assessment of the studies was performed. The search returned 220 articles from which 11 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. After qualitative assessment, 10 studies were classified as of moderate value of scientific evidence and served as a basis for the conclusions of the present study and one was graded as of low value of scientific evidence. Based on the studies assessed, when Class III subjects follow-up was performed until the end of active facial growth, the treatment presented successful outcomes in about 54% to 88.5% of subjects studied. The major factor that determined longterm success of Class III treatment was the amount and direction of mandibular growth during and after adolescence. The active retention should be used in subjects growing up to avoid Class III relapse, due to the tendency of anterior mandibular growth post-treatment.

Dual embryonic origin of maxillary lateral incisors: clinical implications in patients with cleft lip and palate.

INTRODUCTION: Cleft lip and palate are craniofacial anomalies highly prevalent in the overall population. In oral clefts involving the alveolar ridge, variations of number, shape, size and position are observed in maxillary lateral incisors. The objective of this manuscript is to elucidate the embryonic origin of maxillary lateral incisors in order to understand the etiology of these variations.Contextualization: The hypothesis that orofacial clefts would split maxillary lateral incisor buds has been previously reported. However, recent studies showed that maxillary lateral incisors have dual embryonic origin, being partially formed by both the medial nasal process and the maxillary process. In other words, the mesial half of the lateral incisor seems to come from the medial nasal process while the distal half of the lateral incisor originates from the maxillary process. In cleft patients, these processes do not fuse, which results in different numerical and positional patterns for lateral incisors relating to the alveolar cleft. In addition to these considerations, this study proposes a nomenclature for maxillary lateral incisors in patients with cleft lip and palate, based on embryology and lateral incisors position in relation to the alveolar cleft. CONCLUSION: Embryological knowledge on the dual origin of maxillary lateral incisors and the use of a proper nomenclature for their numerical and positional variations renders appropriate communication among professionals and treatment planning easier, in addition to standardizing research analysis.

Dual embryonic origin of maxillary lateral incisors: clinical implications in patients with cleft lip and palate

Introduction:Cleft lip and palate are craniofacial anomalies highly prevalent in the overall population. In oral clefts involving the alveolar ridge, variations of number, shape, size and position are observed in maxillary lateral incisors. The objective of this manuscript is to elucidate the embryonic origin of maxillary lateral incisors in order to understand the etiology of these variations.Contextualization: The hypothesis that orofacial clefts would split maxillary lateral incisor buds has been previously reported. However, recent studies showed that maxillary lateral incisors have dual embryonic origin, being partially formed by both the medial nasal process and the maxillary process. In other words, the mesial half of the lateral incisor seems to come from the medial nasal process while the distal half of the lateral incisor originates from the maxillary process. In cleft patients, these processes do not fuse, which results in different numerical and positional patterns for lateral incisors relating to the alveolar cleft. In addition to these considerations, this study proposes a nomenclature for maxillary lateral incisors in patients with cleft lip and palate, based on embryology and lateral incisors position in relation to the alveolar cleft.Conclusion:Embryological knowledge on the dual origin of maxillary lateral incisors and the use of a proper nomenclature for their numerical and positional variations renders appropriate communication among professionals and treatment planning easier, in addition to standardizing research analysis.

Introdução:as fissuras de lábio e palato são malformações de alta prevalência na população. Nas fissuras que envolvem o rebordo alveolar, o incisivo lateral superior mostra variações de número, forma, tamanho e posição, o que o torna objeto de estudo, na tentativa de elucidar sua origem embrionária para compreender a etiologia dessas alterações.Contextualização:existia a hipótese de que a fissura orofacial seria capaz de segmentar o botão embrionário do incisivo lateral. No entanto, estudos recentes evidenciaram que o incisivo lateral superior possui dupla origem embrionária, sendo formado parcialmente pelo processo nasal medial e pelo processo maxilar. Em outras palavras, a metade mesial do incisivo lateral provém do processo nasal medial, enquanto a metade distal do incisivo lateral origina-se do processo maxilar. No paciente com fissura, não há fusão desses processos, o que resulta nos diferentes padrões numéricos e posicionais do incisivo lateral em relação à fissura. Além dessas considerações, propõe-se também uma nomenclatura para o incisivo lateral em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina, com embasamento na Embriologia, considerando-se sua posição em relação à fissura alveolar.Conclusão:o conhecimento embriológico da dupla origem do incisivo lateral superior e o emprego de uma nomenclatura adequada para as suas variações numéricas e posicionais facilita a comunicação entre profissionais, o planejamento dos casos e possibilita a realização de estudos clínicos comparativos.

Efeito transversal da placa labioativa aberta associada à extensão lingual – estudo em modelos digitais / Transverse effect of the expanded lip bumper associated to the lingual extension – a digital model study

O objetivo do presente estudo clínico foi avaliar as dimensões transversais do arco dentário inferior com o uso da placa labioativa aberta e fixa associada à extensão lingual de canino decíduo a primeiro molar permanente. Material e métodos: a amostra constou de 14 pacientes no estágio de dentadura mista e com idade média de oito anos e seis meses. Todos os pacientes realizaram expansão rápida da maxila e expansão lenta do arco inferior com a placa labioativa. Modelos de gesso foram obtidos nas fases de pré-tratamento e pós-tratamento, e digitalizados com o auxílio do scanner 3Shape R700 3D (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Dinamarca). Medições transversais foram realizadas para as distâncias entre as pontas de cúspide dos caninos decíduos, pontas de cúspide mesiovestibulares dos molares decíduos e primeiro molar permanente, e ponto médio cervical da face vestibular. O teste t foi utilizado para determinar se o aumento nas larguras transversais foi significativo. Resultados: observou-se um aumento transversal estatisticamente signifi cativo (p < 0,05), que variou de 4,11 mm a 4,51 mm nos referenciais utilizados no nível das pontas de cúspide. Conclusão: a placa labioativa aberta e fixa apresentou um efeito transversal significativo em aproximadamente seis meses de tratamento...

The aim of the current clinical study was to evaluate the transverse dimensions of the lower dental arch with the use of the fixed and expanded lip bumper associated to the lingual extension from the deciduous canine to the permanent first molar. Methods: the sample was comprised of 14 patients in the mixed dentition with a mean age of 8 years and 6 months. All patients were submitted to rapid palatal expansion and dentoalveolar expansion of the lower dental arch with a lip bumper. Pre-treatment and post-treatment cast models were obtained and digitized with the 3Shape R700 3D (3Shape A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) scanner. Transverse distances between the cusp tips of the canines, the mesial buccal cusps of the deciduous molars and of the permanent first molars and between the cervical middle points of the buccal aspects of these teeth were measured. The t tests were performed to determine whether an increase in transverse distances was signifi cant. Results: a statistically significant transverse increase (p < 0,05) ranging from 4.11 mm to 4.51 mm was observed in the cusp tips. Conclusion: the fixed and expanded lip bumper presented a significant transverse effect within approximately 6 months of treatment...

Comparison between full face and hemifacial CBCT cephalograms in clinically symmetrical patients: a pilot study

INTRODUCTION: One of the advantages of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is the possibility of obtaining images of conventional lateral cephalograms derived from partial or complete reconstruction of facial images. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at comparing full face, right and left hemifacial CBCT cephalograms of orthodontic patients without clinical facial asymmetry. METHODS: The sample comprised nine clinically symmetrical patients who had pretreament full face CBCT. The CBCTs were reconstructed so as to obtain full face, right and left hemifacial cephalograms. Two observers, at two different times, obtained linear and angular measurements for the images using Dolphin 3D software. Dependent and independent t-tests were used to assess the reproducibility of measurements. Analysis of Variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare the variables obtained in the CBCT derived cephalometric views. RESULTS: There was good reproducibility for CBCT scans and no statistically significant differences between measurements of full face, right and left hemifacial CBCT scans. CONCLUSIONS: Cephalometric measurements in full face, right and left hemifacial CBCT scans in clinically symmetrical patients are similar. .

INTRODUÇÃO: uma das vantagens da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) é a possibilidade de obtenção da imagem da telerradiografia em norma lateral convencional, por reconstruir parcial ou totalmente a face em uma visão sagital. OBJETIVO: o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar as imagens de cefalogramas obtidas da face total e das hemifaces direita e esquerda por meio de TCFC, em pacientes sem assimetria clinica. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi composta por nove pacientes, clinicamente simétricos, que tinham em seus prontuários TCFC de face total. Os exames tomográficos foram reformatados para a obtenção de cefalogramas de face total e hemifaces direita e esquerda. Dois observadores, em dois momentos diferentes, obtiveram medidas lineares e angulares dessas imagens, utilizando o software Dolphin 3D. Testes t dependentes e independentes foram utilizados para verificar a reprodutibilidade das medidas nas imagens. Análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para comparar as variáveis obtidas nas análises cefalométricas. RESULTADOS: houve boa reprodutibilidade para as imagens de TCFC e não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as medidas cefalométricas obtidas de cefalogramas de face total, hemifaces direita e esquerda. CONCLUSÕES: medidas cefalométricas obtidas de cefalogramas de face total, hemifaces direita e esquerda em pacientes clinicamente simétricos são semelhantes. .

Comparison between 3D volumetric rendering and multiplanar slices on the reliability of linear measurements on CBCT images: an in vitro study

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and reliability of two methods of measurements of linear distances (multiplanar 2D and tridimensional reconstruction 3D) obtained from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) with different voxel sizes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten dry human mandibles were scanned at voxel sizes of 0.2 and 0.4 mm. Craniometric anatomical landmarks were identified twice by two independent operators on the multiplanar reconstructed and on volume rendering images that were generated by the software Dolphin®. Subsequently, physical measurements were performed using a digital caliper. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman were used for evaluating accuracy and reliability (p<0.05). RESULTS: Excellent intraobserver reliability and good to high precision interobserver reliability values were found for linear measurements from CBCT 3D and multiplanar images. Measurements performed on multiplanar reconstructed images were more accurate than measurements in volume rendering compared with the gold standard. No statistically significant difference was found between voxel protocols, independently of the measurement method. CONCLUSIONS: Linear measurements on multiplanar images of 0.2 and 0.4 voxel are reliable and accurate when compared with direct caliper measurements. Caution should be taken in the volume rendering measurements, because the measurements were reliable, but not accurate for all variables. An increased voxel resolution did not result in greater accuracy of mandible measurements and would potentially provide increased patient radiation exposure. .