Updated Overall Survival of Ribociclib plus Endocrine Therapy versus Endocrine Therapy Alone in Pre- and Perimenopausal Patients with HR+/HER2- Advanced Breast Cancer in MONALEESA-7: A Phase III Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: Ribociclib plus endocrine therapy (ET) demonstrated a statistically significant progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) benefit in the phase III MONALEESA-7 trial of pre-/perimenopausal patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive (HR+), HER2-negative (HER2-) advanced breast cancer (ABC). The median OS was not reached in the ribociclib arm in the protocol-specified final analysis; we hence performed an exploratory OS and additional outcomes analysis with an extended follow-up (median, 53.5 months). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were randomized to receive ET [goserelin plus nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor (NSAI) or tamoxifen] with ribociclib or placebo. OS was evaluated with a stratified Cox proportional hazard model and summarized with Kaplan-Meier methods. RESULTS: The intent-to-treat population included 672 patients. Median OS was 58.7 months with ribociclib versus 48.0 months with placebo [hazard ratio = 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.61-0.96]. Kaplan-Meier estimated OS at 48 months was 60% and 50% with ribociclib and placebo, respectively. Subgroup analyses were generally consistent with the OS benefit, including patients who received NSAI and patients aged less than 40 years. Subsequent antineoplastic therapies following discontinuation were balanced between the ribociclib (77%) and placebo (78%) groups. Use of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors after discontinuation was higher with placebo (26%) versus ribociclib (13%). Time to first chemotherapy was significantly delayed with ribociclib versus placebo. No drug-drug interactions were observed between ribociclib and either NSAI. CONCLUSIONS: Ribociclib plus ET continued to show significantly longer OS than ET alone in pre-/perimenopausal patients, including patients aged less than 40 years, with HR+/HER2- ABC with 53.5 months of median follow-up (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02278120).

Mutations in TP53 or DNA damage repair genes define poor prognostic subgroups in primary prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in DNA damage repair genes, in particular genes involved in homology-directed repair, define a subgroup of men with prostate cancer with a more unfavorable prognosis but a therapeutic vulnerability to PARP inhibition. In current practice, mutational testing of prostate cancer patients is commonly done late i.e., when the tumor is castration resistant. In addition, most sequencing panels do not include TP53, one of the most crucial tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. In this proof-of-concept study, we sought to extend the clinical use of these molecular markers by exploring the early prognostic impact of mutations in TP53 and DNA damage repair genes in men with primary, nonmetastatic prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy (RPX). METHODS: Tumor specimens from a cohort of 68 RPX patients with intermediate (n = 11, 16.2%) or high-risk (n = 57, 83.8%) disease were analyzed by targeted next generation sequencing using a 37 DNA damage repair and checkpoint gene panel including TP53. Sequencing results were correlated to clinicopathologic variables as well as PSA persistence or time to PSA failure. In addition, the distribution of TP53 and DNA damage repair gene mutations was analyzed in three large publicly available datasets (TCGA, MSKCC and SU2C). RESULTS: Of 68 primary prostate cancers analyzed, 23 (33.8%) were found to harbor a mutation in either TP53 (n = 12, 17.6%) or a DNA damage repair gene (n = 11, 16.2%). The vast majority of these mutations (22 of 23, 95.7%) were detected in primary tumors from patients with high-risk features. These mutations were mutually exclusive in our cohort and additional data mining suggests an enrichment of DNA damage repair gene mutations in TP53 wild-type tumors. Mutations in either TP53 or a DNA damage repair gene were associated with a significantly worse prognosis after RPX. Importantly, the presence of TP53/DNA damage repair gene mutations was an independent risk factor for PSA failure or PSA persistence in multivariate Cox regression models. CONCLUSION: TP53 or DNA damage repair gene mutations are frequently detected in primary prostate cancer with high-risk features and define a subgroup of patients with an increased risk for PSA failure or persistence after RPX. The significant adverse impact of these alterations on patient prognosis may be exploited to identify men with prostate cancer who may benefit from a more intensified treatment.

MicroRNA expression profiling and biomarker validation in treatment-naïve and drug resistant non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: In the absence of targetable mutations or immune checkpoints, cisplatin-doublet chemotherapy remains the standard of care in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Drug resistance has however become a significant clinical challenge. Exploring a role for small non-coding microRNAs (miRNA) as biomarker candidates in cisplatin resistant (CisR) lung cancer is lacking and warrants further investigation. METHODS: miRNA expression profiling was assessed in a panel of cisplatin sensitive and resistant NSCLC cell lines and validated by qPCR. Modulation of altered miRNAs was studied using antagomiRs and pre-miRs while functional assays were used to assess cisplatin response. The translational relevance of these miRNAs as potential biomarkers was assessed in serum and matched normal and tumour lung tissues from chemo-naïve NSCLC patients, in addition to xenograft formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumours derived from cisplatin sensitive and resistant cell lines. RESULTS: Differential expression of a 5-miR signature (miR-30a-3p, miR-30b-5p, miR-30c-5p, miR-34a-5p, miR-4286) demonstrated their ability to distinguish between normal and tumour lung tissue and between NSCLC histologies. In squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), tissue miRNA expression was associated with poor survival. miR-4286 showed promise as a blood-based diagnostic biomarker that could distinguish between adenocarcinoma and SqCC histologies. In a xenograft model of cisplatin resistance, using 7-9 week old female NOD/SCID mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/NCrCrl), a 5-miRNA panel showed altered expression between sensitive and resistant tumours. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a panel of miRNAs which may have diagnostic and prognostic potential as novel biomarkers in lung cancer and furthermore, may have a predictive role in monitoring the emergence of resistance to cisplatin.

Standardized Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reporting Using the Prostate Cancer Radiological Estimation of Change in Sequential Evaluation Criteria and Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Transrectal Ultrasound Fusion with Transperineal Saturation Biopsy to Select Men on Active Surveillance.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary selection criteria for men with prostate cancer (PC) suitable for active surveillance (AS) are unsatisfactory, leading to high disqualification rates based on tumor misclassification. Conventional biopsy protocols are based on standard 12-core transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsy. OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/TRUS fusion biopsy over 4-yr follow-up in men on AS for low-risk PC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Between 2010 and 2018, a total of 273 men were included. Of them, 157 men with initial 12-core TRUS biopsy and 116 with initial MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy were followed by systematic and targeted transperineal MRI/TRUS fusion biopsies based on Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance criteria. MRI from follow-up MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy was assessed using the Prostate Cancer Radiological Estimation of Change in Sequential Evaluation (PRECISE) scoring system. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: AS-disqualification rates for patients on AS initially diagnosed by either 12-core TRUS biopsy or by MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy were compared using Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank tests, and regression analyses. We also analyzed the influence of negative primary MRI and PRECISE scoring to predict AS disqualification using Kaplan-Meier estimates, log-rank tests, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of men diagnosed by 12-core TRUS biopsy, 59% were disqualified from AS based on the results of subsequent MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy. In the initial MRI fusion biopsy cohort, upgrading occurred significantly less frequently (19%, p<0.001). ROC curve analyses demonstrated good discrimination for the PRECISE score with an area under the curve of 0.83. No men with a PRECISE score of 1 or 2 (demonstrating absence or downgrading of lesions in follow-up MRI) were disqualified from AS. In our cohort, a negative baseline MRI scan was not a predictor of nondisqualification from AS. Limitations include transperineal approach and extended systematic biopsies used with MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy, which may not be representative of other centers. CONCLUSIONS: MRI/TRUS fusion biopsies allow a reliable risk classification for patients who are candidates for AS. The application of the PRECISE scoring system demonstrated good discrimination. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this study, we investigated the value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI/transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) fusion biopsies for the assessment of active surveillance (AS) reliability using the Prostate Cancer Radiological Estimation of Change in Sequential Evaluation criteria. Standard TRUS biopsies lead to significant underestimation of prostate cancer. In contrast, MRI/TRUS fusion biopsies allowed for a more reliable risk classification. For appropriate inclusion into AS, men should receive either an initial or a confirmatory MRI/TRUS fusion biopsy.

Evaluation of new motorized articulating laparoscopic instruments by laparoscopic novices using a standardized laparoscopic skills curriculum.

BACKGROUND: Motorized articulating laparoscopic instruments (ALI) offer more degrees of freedom than conventional laparoscopic instruments (CLI). However, a difficult learning curve and complex instrument handling are still a problem of ALI. We compared the performance of new prototypes of motorized ALI with CLI in a series of standardized laparoscopic tasks performed by laparoscopic novices. Further, usability of the new ALI was assessed. METHODS: A randomized cross-over study with 50 laparoscopic novices who either started with CLI and then changed to ALI (CA) or vice versa (AC) was conducted. All participants performed the European training in basic laparoscopic urological skills (E-BLUS) with each instrument in given order. Time and errors were measured for each exercise. Instrument usability was assessed. RESULTS: Overall, using CLI was significantly faster (CLI 4:27 min vs. ALI 4:50 min; p-value 0.005) and associated with fewer exercise failures in needle guidance (CLI 0 vs. ALI 12; p-value 0.0005) than ALI. Median amount of errors was similar for both instruments. Instrument sequence did not matter, as CA and AC showed comparable completion times. Regarding the learning effect, participants were significantly faster in the second attempt of exercises than in the first. In the needle guidance task, participants using CLI last demonstrated a significant speed improvement, whereas ALI were significantly slower in the second run. Regarding usability, CLI were preferred over ALI due to lighter weight and easier handling. Nevertheless, participants valued ALI's additional degrees of freedom. CONCLUSION: Using new motorized ALI in the E-BLUS examination by laparoscopic novices led to a worse performance compared to CLI. An explanation could be that participants felt overwhelmed by ALI and that ALI have an own distinct learning curve. As participants valued ALI's additional degrees of freedom, however, a future application of ALI could be for training purposes, ideally in combination with CLI.

High prevalence of DNA damage repair gene defects and TP53 alterations in men with treatment-naïve metastatic prostate cancer -Results from a prospective pilot study using a 37 gene panel.

BACKGROUND: Defects in DNA damage repair genes characterize a subset of men with prostate cancer and provide an attractive opportunity for precision oncology approaches. The prevalence of such perturbations in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with a high risk for lethal disease outcome, however, has not been sufficiently explored. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Prostate cancer specimens from 67 men with newly diagnosed early onset, localized high-risk/locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer were included in this prospective pilot study. Tumor samples, including 30 prostate biopsies, were analyzed by targeted next generation sequencing using a formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue-optimized 37 DNA damage repair and checkpoint gene panel. RESULTS: The drop-out rate due to an insufficient quantity of DNA was 4.5% (3 of 67 patients). In the remaining 64 patients, the rate of pathogenic DNA damage repair gene mutations was 26.6%. The highest rate of pathogenic DNA damage repair and checkpoint gene mutations was found in men with treatment-naïve metastatic prostate cancer (38.9%). In addition, a high number of likely pathogenic mutations and gene deletions were detected. Altogether, one or more pathogenic mutation, likely pathogenic mutation or gene deletion affected 43 of 64 patients (67.2%) including 29 of 36 patients (80.6%) with treatment-naïve metastatic prostate cancer. Men with metastatic prostate cancer showed a high prevalence of alterations in TP53 (36.1%). CONCLUSIONS: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility, performance and clinical relevance of somatic targeted next generation sequencing using a unique 37 DNA damage repair and checkpoint gene panel under routine conditions. Our results indicate that this approach can detect actionable DNA repair gene alterations, uncommon mutations as well as mutations associated with therapy resistance in a high number of patients, in particular patients with treatment-naïve metastatic prostate cancer.

Retzius-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: functional and early oncologic results in aggressive and locally advanced prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Retzius-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (rsRARP) allows entire prostatectomy procedure via the pouch of Douglas. In low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa) there is level 1 evidence that the Retzius-sparing approach impacts early continence recovery. Since specific data on aggressive and locally advanced cancer is lacking and avoiding rsRARP is presently suggested, we investigated urinary and sexual recovery, perioperative complications and early oncologic outcomes after rsRARP in this particular cohort. METHODS: Prospectively collected data of 50 consecutive men (median age 66 years) with high-risk PCa who underwent rsRARP in a single institution was analysed retrospectively. The follow-up for all patients was 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: 3 vs. 12 months after surgery, 82% vs. 98% of men used no pad or one safety pad and 50% vs. 72% used no pad. 89% of patients did not observe a decline of continence if postoperative radiotherapy was carried out. Considering the 17 preoperatively potent patients who underwent bi- or unilateral nerve-sparing surgery, 41% reported their first sexual intercourse within 1 year after rsRARP. 84% of patients had ≥pT3a disease and 42% positive surgical margins. A lymphadenectomy was done in 94% of patients with a median lymph node removal of 15 and lymph node metastasis in 13%. 34% underwent adjuvant radiotherapy and 22% adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). 1-year recurrence-free survival was 96%, including 25% of patients on adjuvant or salvage ADT. CONCLUSIONS: RsRARP in high-risk PCa is feasible and results in excellent continence rates, even after postoperative radiotherapy. The potency rates are promising but need further clarification in larger cohorts. Reliable oncologic outcomes require longterm follow-up and are awaited.

Association of an organ transplant-based approach with a dramatic reduction in postoperative complications following radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy in renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to determine whether using an organ transplant-based(TB) approach reduces postoperative complications(PCs) following radical nephrectomy(RN) and tumor thrombectomy(TT) in renal cell carcinoma(RCC) patients with level II-IV thrombi. METHODS: A total of 390(292 non-TB/98 TB) IRCC-VT Consortium patients who received no preoperative embolization/IVC filter were included. Stepwise linear/logistic regression analyses were performed to determine significant multivariable predictors of intraoperative estimated blood loss(IEBL), number blood transfusions received, and overall/major PC development within 30days following surgery. Propensity to receive the TB approach was controlled. RESULTS: The TB approach was clearly superior in limiting IEBL, blood transfusions, and PC development, even after controlling for other significant prognosticators/propensity score(P < .000001 in each case). Median IEBL for non-TB/TB approaches was 1000 cc/300 cc and 1500 cc/500 cc for tumor thrombus Level II-III patients, respectively, with no notable differences for Level IV patients(2000 cc each). In comparing PC outcomes between non-TB/TB patients with a non-Right-Atrium Cranial Limit, the observed percentage developing a: i) PC was 65.8%(133/202) vs. 4.3%(3/69) for ECOG Performance Status(ECOG-PS) 0-1, and 84.8%(28/33) vs. 25.0%(4/16) for ECOG-PS 2-4, and ii) major PC was 16.8%(34/202) vs. 1.4%(1/69) for ECOG-PS 0-1, and 27.3%(9/33) vs. 12.5%(2/16) for ECOG-PS 2-4. Major study limitation was the fact that all TB patients were treated by a single, experienced, high volume surgeon from one center (non-TB patients were treated by various surgeons at 13 other centers). CONCLUSIONS: Despite this major study limitation, the observed dramatic differences in PC outcomes suggest that the TB approach offers a major breakthrough in limiting operative morbidity in RCC patients receiving RN and TT.

Correlation between genomic index lesions and mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT imaging features in primary prostate cancer.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)- positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT)-imaging of prostate cancer (PCa) are emerging techniques to assess the presence of significant disease and tumor progression. It is not known, however, whether and to what extent lesions detected by these imaging techniques correlate with genomic features of PCa. The aim of this study was therefore to define a genomic index lesion based on chromosomal copy number alterations (CNAs) as marker for tumor aggressiveness in prostate biopsies in direct correlation to multiparametric (mp) MRI and 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT imaging features. CNA profiles of 46 biopsies from five consecutive patients with clinically high-risk PCa were obtained from radiologically suspicious and unsuspicious areas. All patients underwent mpMRI, MRI/TRUS-fusion biopsy, 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT and a radical prostatectomy. CNAs were directly correlated to imaging features and radiogenomic analyses were performed. Highly significant CNAs (≥10 Mbp) were found in 22 of 46 biopsies. Chromosome 8p, 13q and 5q losses were the most common findings. There was an strong correspondence between the radiologic and the genomic index lesions. The radiogenomic analyses suggest the feasibility of developing radiologic signatures that can distinguish between genomically more or less aggressive lesions. In conclusion, imaging features of mpMRI and 68Ga-PSMA-PET/CT can guide to the genomically most aggressive lesion of a PCa. Radiogenomics may help to better differentiate between indolent and aggressive PCa in the future.

Genomic features of renal cell carcinoma with venous tumor thrombus.

A venous tumor thrombus (VTT) is a potentially lethal complication of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) but virtually nothing is known about the underlying natural history. Based on our observation that venous thrombi contain significant numbers of viable tumor cells, we applied multiregion whole exome sequencing to a total of 37 primary tumor and VTT samples including normal tissue specimens from five consecutive patients. Our findings demonstrate mutational heterogeneity between primary tumor and VTT with 106 of 483 genes (22%) harboring functional SNVs and/or indels altered in either primary tumor or thrombus. Reconstruction of the clonal phylogeny showed clustering of tumor samples and VTT samples, respectively, in the majority of tumors. However, no new subclones were detected suggesting that pre-existing subclones of the primary tumor drive VTT formation. Importantly, we found several lines of evidence for "BRCAness" in a subset of tumors. These included mutations in genes that confer "BRCAness", a mutational signature and an increase of small indels. Re-analysis of SNV calls from the TCGA KIRC-US cohort confirmed a high frequency of the "BRCAness" mutational signature AC3 in clear cell RCC. Our findings warrant further pre-clinical experiments and may lead to novel personalized therapies for RCC patients.

CD10-/ALDH- cells are the sole cisplatin-resistant component of a novel ovarian cancer stem cell hierarchy.

It is long established that tumour-initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs) possess chemoresistant properties. However, little is known of the mechanisms involved, particularly with respect to the organisation of CSCs as stem-progenitor-differentiated cell hierarchies. Here we aimed to elucidate the relationship between CSC hierarchies and chemoresistance in an ovarian cancer model. Using a single cell-based approach to CSC discovery and validation, we report a novel, four-component CSC hierarchy based around the markers cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). In a change to our understanding of CSC biology, resistance to chemotherapy drug cisplatin was found to be the sole property of CD10-/ALDH- CSCs, while all four CSC types were sensitive to chemotherapy drug paclitaxel. Cisplatin treatment quickly altered the hierarchy, resulting in a three-component hierarchy dominated by the cisplatin-resistant CD10-/ALDH- CSC. This organisation was found to be hard-wired in a long-term cisplatin-adapted model, where again CD10-/ALDH- CSCs were the sole cisplatin-resistant component, and all CSC types remained paclitaxel-sensitive. Molecular analysis indicated that cisplatin resistance is associated with inherent- and adaptive-specific drug efflux and DNA-damage repair mechanisms. Clinically, low CD10 expression was consistent with a specific set of ovarian cancer patient samples. Collectively, these data advance our understanding of the relationship between CSC hierarchies and chemoresistance, which was shown to be CSC- and drug-type specific, and facilitated by specific and synergistic inherent and adaptive mechanisms. Furthermore, our data indicate that primary stage targeting of CD10-/ALDH- CSCs in specific ovarian cancer patients in future may facilitate targeting of recurrent disease, before it ever develops.

Targeting the cancer stem cell marker, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1, to circumvent cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for a large proportion of cancer deaths and is characterized by low treatment response rates and poor overall prognosis. In the absence of specific treatable mutations, cisplatin-based chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of this disease. Unfortunately, the development of resistance has become a major therapeutic challenge in the use of this cytotoxic drug. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying this resistance phenotype, may result in the development of novel agents that enhance sensitivity to cisplatin in lung cancer patients. In this study, targeting the cancer stem cell activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) was investigated as a strategy to overcome chemoresistance in NSCLC. Tumors from NSCLC patients showed an increase in their profile of pluripotent stemness genes. Cisplatin exposure induced the emergence or expansion of an ALDH1-positive subpopulation in cisplatin sensitive and resistant NSCLC cell lines, respectively, further enhancing cisplatin resistance. Using the Aldefluor assay and FACS analysis, ALDH1 subpopulations were isolated and evaluated in terms of stem cell characteristics. Only ALDH1-positive cells exhibited asymmetric division, cisplatin resistance and increased expression of stem cell factors in vitro. Xenograft studies in NOD/SCID mice demonstrated efficient tumorigenesis from low cell numbers of ALDH1-positive and ALDH1-negative subpopulations. Targeting ALDH1 with Diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) and Disulfiram, significantly re-sensitized resistant lung cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin. Our data demonstrate the existence of a lung CSC population and suggest a role for targeting ALDH1 as a potential therapeutic strategy in re-sensitizing NSCLC cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin.

MyD88 is an essential component of retinoic acid-induced differentiation in human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells.

We have previously reported that myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is downregulated during all-trans retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of pluripotent NTera2 human embryonal carcinoma cells (hECCs), whereas its maintained expression is associated with RA differentiation resistance in nullipotent 2102Ep hECCs. MyD88 is the main adapter for toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling, where it determines the secretion of chemokines and cytokines in response to pathogens. In this study, we report that loss of MyD88 is essential for RA-facilitated differentiation of hECCs. Functional analysis using a specific MyD88 peptide inhibitor (PepInh) demonstrated that high MyD88 expression in the self-renewal state inhibits the expression of a specific set of HOX genes. In NTera2 cells, MyD88 is downregulated during RA-induced differentiation, a mechanism that could be broadly replicated by MyD88 PepInh treatment of 2102Ep cells. Notably, MyD88 inhibition transitioned 2102Ep cells into a stable, self-renewing state that appears to be primed for differentiation upon addition of RA. At a molecular level, MyD88 inhibition combined with RA treatment upregulated HOX, RA signalling and TLR signalling genes. These events permit differentiation through a standard downregulation of Oct4-Sox2-Nanog mechanism. In line with its role in regulating secretion of specific proteins, conditioned media experiments demonstrated that differentiated (MyD88 low) NTera2 cell media was sufficient to differentiate NTera2 cells. Protein array analysis indicated that this was owing to secretion of factors known to regulate angiogenesis, neurogenesis and all three branches of TGF-ß Superfamily signalling. Collectively, these data offer new insights into RA controlled differentiation of pluripotent cells, with notable parallels to the ground state model of embryonic stem cell self-renewal. These data may provide insights to facilitate improved differentiation protocols for regenerative medicine and differentiation-therapies in cancer treatment.

[Significance and Value of PSMA Ligands in Prostate Cancer]. / Bedeutung und Nutzen von PSMA-Liganden beim Prostatakarzinom.

In recent years, PSMA-targeting PET tracers such as 68Ga-PSMA-11 have shown promising results, thus contributing to a better management of prostate cancer patients. At the present time, 68Ga-PSMA-11 is most frequently used for diagnostic evaluation in the setting of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. In this context, the 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT delivers superior detection rates compared to conventional imaging, especially for the detection of small, unsuspicious lesions or lesions in the presence of low PSA values. Furthermore, 68Ga-PSMA PET imaging seems to be an encouraging alternative for the staging of high-risk patients, particularly in combination with multiparametric MRI. In addition to the increasing use of PSMA ligands in clinical diagnostics, some variants have also been successfully applied in therapy. Advanced metastasized prostate cancer patients showed a good response to PSMA radioligand therapy with tolerable side-effects after failure of guideline-compliant treatment.Due to recent developments, PSMA ligands will continue to play an important role in the management of prostate cancer patients and will be more widely used in the future.

TOP: Prospective Evaluation of a Volume Based, Computer Assisted Method for Transperineal Optimized Prostate Biopsy.

OBJECTIVE: This study is a prospective evaluation of a volume-based, computer-assisted method for transperineal optimized prostate (TOP) biopsy. The TOP algorithm automates core planning for systematic prostate biopsies using the 3-dimensional organ contour and an alterable volume for tumors to be excluded. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: MRI-transrectal ultrasound fusion biopsy with MRI-targeted biopsies (TBs) and systematic-TOP biopsies were performed on 172 men between October 2013 and March 2014. Systematic biopsies were placed according to TOP for detection of tumor volumes >0.5 mL with a minimum of 80% organ coverage in prostates up to 50 mL (70% in larger organs). RESULTS: Median 24 TOP cores and 3 MRI-TBs have been placed. Prostate cancer (PCa) was detected in 112 of 172 (65%) of men; TOP detected 109 (97%) and TB 62 (55%). Significant cancer (Gleason score ≥7) was detected in 75 (44%) of men and of these TOP detected 73 of 75 (97%) and TB 51 of 75 (68%). Overall, systematic-TOP sampling significantly outperformed TB for the detection of both, all PCa as well as significant PCa (p < 0.0001, p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: The TOP method is innovative by integrating the individual prostate volume and PCa volume detection thresholds. In the present cohort, it diagnosed more significant tumors than TB alone. However, at the same time, more low-risk tumors are detected.

Catching moving targets: cancer stem cell hierarchies, therapy-resistance & considerations for clinical intervention.

It is widely believed that targeting the tumour-initiating cancer stem cell (CSC) component of malignancy has great therapeutic potential, particularly in therapy-resistant disease. However, despite concerted efforts, CSC-targeting strategies have not been efficiently translated to the clinic. This is partly due to our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms underlying CSC therapy-resistance. In particular, the relationship between therapy-resistance and the organisation of CSCs as Stem-Progenitor-Differentiated cell hierarchies has not been widely studied. In this review we argue that modern clinical strategies should appreciate that the CSC hierarchy is a dynamic target that contains sensitive and resistant components and expresses a collection of therapy-resisting mechanisms. We propose that the CSC hierarchy at primary presentation changes in response to clinical intervention, resulting in a recurrent malignancy that should be targeted differently. As such, addressing the hierarchical organisation of CSCs into our bench-side theory should expedite translation of CSC-targeting to bed-side practice. In conclusion, we discuss strategies through which we can catch these moving clinical targets to specifically compromise therapy-resistant disease.

MicroRNA-17 is downregulated in esophageal adenocarcinoma cancer stem-like cells and promotes a radioresistant phenotype.

Resistance to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) remains a critical barrier to the effective treatment of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a distinct subpopulation of cells implicated in the resistance of tumors to anti-cancer therapy. However, their role in the resistance of EAC to CRT is largely unknown. In this study, using a novel in vitro isogenic model of radioresistant EAC, we demonstrate that radioresistant EAC cells have enhanced tumorigenicity in vivo, increased expression of CSC-associated markers and enhanced holoclone forming ability. Further investigation identified a subpopulation of cells that are characterised by high aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, enhanced radioresistance and decreased expression of miR-17-5p. In vitro, miR-17-5p was demonstrated to significantly sensitise radioresistant cells to X-ray radiation and promoted the repression of genes with miR-17-5p binding sites, such as C6orf120. In vivo, miR-17-5p was significantly decreased, whilst C6orf120 was significantly increased, in pre-treatment EAC tumour samples from patients who demonstrated a poor response to neoadjuvant CRT. This study sheds novel insights into the role of CSCs in the resistance of EAC to CRT and highlights miR-17-5p as a potential biomarker of CRT sensitivity and novel therapeutic target in treatment resistant EAC.

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Preoperative Imaging Improves Surgical Success in Laparoscopy.

PURPOSE: To show the benefit of three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of preoperative imaging for surgical performance. METHODS: A laparoscopic training environment with 15 hidden lymph nodes was designed. Three of them were marked with radiographic contrast agent and were only distinguishable from unmarked nodes via CT imaging. Thirty-six surgeons were divided into two groups. To group 1 the unprocessed CT data were shown. Group 2 was additionally shown a 3D reconstruction of the anatomy. Time of studying the imaging was recorded. All surgeons had to find the three target lymph nodes laparoscopically. Time to fulfill this task and errors was measured. Afterward, the 3D reconstruction was also shown to group 1. Then, all participants completed a questionnaire. Furthermore, 3D reconstructions were used in 15 clinical cases of partial nephrectomy or lymphadenectomy, and surgeons' opinion was evaluated with an additional questionnaire. The imaging and 3D reconstructions were available on a mobile device. RESULTS: The time of studying the imaging to gain confidence was significantly shorter with the 3D reconstruction. Laparoscopic intervention time was shortened and errors were reduced significantly within group 2. The clinical application of 3D reconstructions in difficult cases was believed to be helpful. CONCLUSIONS: 3D reconstructions of preoperative imaging lead to better surgical performance in a difficult laparoscopic training environment. Surgeons gain a 3D impression of patients' individual anatomy easier, faster, and more reliable. Providing 3D reconstructions previous to surgery should be routinely implemented for patients with complex anatomical situations.

Intraoperative Computed Tomography Imaging for Navigated Laparoscopic Renal Surgery: First Clinical Experience.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) remains challenging in endophytic and complex kidney tumors as the clear understanding of tumor location and spreading depends on a precise analysis of available imaging. The purpose of this study was to investigate navigated kidney surgery using intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in conjunction with a previously proposed method for augmented reality (AR) guidance for safe LPN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The concept proposed is based on using an intraoperative CBCT scan for (1) marker-based AR guidance for fast and reliable tumor access and (2) enhancement of real-time fluoroscopy images for accurate tumor resection. Workflow and accuracy of the system were assessed using a porcine kidney model. Ten patients with complex or endophytic tumor localization and R.E.N.A.L. Nephrometry Score of at least nine scheduled for LPN were included in this study. Patients received an intraoperative CBCT after marker placement. Defining the resection line was assisted by AR. In addition, fluoroscopy imaging for depth perception was used for assistance during dissection. Feasibility and performance were assessed by histopathological results, peri- and postoperative data. RESULTS: Surgery was performed successfully and negative margins were found in all cases. Segmental branches of the renal artery shifted as much as 10 mm in the vertical and 11 mm in the sagittal axis intraoperatively compared to preoperative imaging. Fluoroscopy to intraoperative computed tomography image fusion enabled enhanced depth perception during dissection in all cases. Radiation dose area product was 4.8 mGym2. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the navigation system is feasible and allows for safe and direct access to complex or endophytic renal masses. Radiation limits the application to selected indications.

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and MRI-Transrectal Ultrasound Fusion Biopsy for Index Tumor Detection: Correlation with Radical Prostatectomy Specimen.

BACKGROUND: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and MRI fusion targeted biopsy (FTB) detect significant prostate cancer (sPCa) more accurately than conventional biopsies alone. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the detection accuracy of mpMRI and FTB on radical prostatectomy (RP) specimen. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: From a cohort of 755 men who underwent transperineal MRI and transrectal ultrasound fusion biopsy under general anesthesia between 2012 and 2014, we retrospectively analyzed 120 consecutive patients who had subsequent RP. All received saturation biopsy (SB) in addition to FTB of lesions with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score ≥2. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The index lesion was defined as the lesion with extraprostatic extension, the highest Gleason score (GS), or the largest tumor volume (TV) if GS were the same, in order of priority. GS 3+3 and TV ≥1.3ml or GS ≥3+4 and TV ≥0.55ml were considered sPCa. We assessed the detection accuracy by mpMRI and different biopsy approaches and analyzed lesion agreement between mpMRI and RP specimen. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall, 120 index and 71 nonindex lesions were detected. Overall, 107 (89%) index and 51 (72%) nonindex lesions harbored sPCa. MpMRI detected 110 of 120 (92%) index lesions, FTB (two cores per lesion) alone diagnosed 96 of 120 (80%) index lesions, and SB alone diagnosed 110 of 120 (92%) index lesions. Combined SB and FTB detected 115 of 120 (96%) index foci. FTB performed significantly less accurately compared with mpMRI (p=0.02) and the combination for index lesion detection (p=0.002). Combined FTB and SB detected 97% of all sPCa lesions and was superior to mpMRI (85%), FTB (79%), and SB (88%) alone (p<0.001 each). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient for index lesion agreement between mpMRI and RP was 0.87 (p<0.001). Limitations included the retrospective design, multiple operators, and nonblinding of radiologists. CONCLUSIONS: MpMRI identified 92% of index lesions compared with RP histopathology. The combination of FTB and SB was superior to both approaches alone, reliably detecting 97% of sPCa lesions. PATIENT SUMMARY: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging detects the index lesion accurately in 9 of 10 patients; however, the combined biopsy approach, while missing less significant cancer, comes at the cost of detecting more insignificant cancer.