Association between adenosine triphosphate luminometry of feeding equipment and environmental and health parameters of preweaning calves on dairy farms.

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of different environmental factors on ATP luminometry measurements of feeding equipment and to investigate associations with health of preweaning calves and the levels of ATP identified through luminometry. On 50 commercial dairy farms in Quebec, Canada, ATP luminometry measurements (in relative light units, RLU) were obtained using the direct swabbing technique with Hygiena UltraSnap swabs and a liquid rinsing technique with the same swab for automatic milk feeders (AMF), bottles, buckets, esophageal tube feeders (ET), milk replacer, nipples, and water. During this visit, environmental factors (including temperature, air draft, humidity, ammonia, and bacterial count) were collected, and a clinical examination (including respiratory score and fecal score) was performed for all preweaning calves present at the farm. This process was repeated 4 times in a year, leading to collection of luminometer results, environmental parameters, and overall health of calves for each season per farm. Overall, a difference in luminometer results was seen between the different periods sampled for all feeding equipment (except the ET), milk replacer, and water, showing higher RLU values in spring and summer and lower values in autumn and winter. When comparing RLU measurements with environmental factors, only a low to negligible correlation could be found. When feeding equipment was classified as not contaminated or contaminated based on previously described cutoff values, a good agreement within a farm for the different seasons was noticed only for nipples (Gwet's agreement AC1 = 0.64), with a poor to moderate agreement for other feeding equipment. Regarding the different models of nipples, Peach Teat nipples showed higher RLU values compared with Merrick's nipples. An association was seen between the proportion of preweaning calves suffering from diarrhea on the farm and the contamination of AMF based on ATP luminometry (logistic regression estimate = 0.52). For other feeding equipment, milk replacer, and water, no significant associations were found. This study showed that ATP luminometry measurements of feeding equipment from preweaning calves are susceptible to seasonality and type of nipple. Thus, these factors should be taken into consideration when interpreting results. Additionally, an association could be made between diarrhea in preweaning calves and the contamination of AMF based on ATP luminometry, showing the potential clinical importance of this on-farm hygiene assessment tool.

Hygiene management practices and adenosine triphosphate luminometry of feeding equipment in preweaning calves on dairy farms in Quebec, Canada.

The objective of this study was to describe the cleaning practices currently used for preweaning calves on dairy farms in Quebec, Canada. In addition, contamination of feeding equipment for preweaning calves was described using ATP (expressed as relative light units, RLU), visual assessment, and bacteriological analysis. A questionnaire was administered on 50 commercial dairy farms in Quebec, Canada, regarding the self-reported cleaning protocol used for feeding equipment of preweaning calves. During the visit, a visual score was given to the feeding equipment available at the farm. Afterward, ATP luminometry measurements were obtained using Hygiene UltraSnap and MicroSnap swabs (Hygiene, Camarillo, CA), and the liquid rinsing technique for buckets, nipples, bottles, esophageal tube feeders (ET), the tube of automatic milk feeders (AMF), water samples, and milk replacer. An additional direct swabbing technique was performed on buckets and nipples. The fluid retrieved from the liquid rinsing technique was also used to determine the total bacterial count (TBC) and total coliform count. Based on the bacteriological analysis, optimal RLU cutoff values to determine contamination were obtained. The median (interquartile range) luminometer measurements using the UltraSnap and direct technique for buckets and nipples were 2,082 (348-7,410) and 3,462 (462-7,518) RLU, respectively; and, using the liquid technique for bottles, ET, AMF, water, and milk replacer were 43 (4-974), 15 (4-121), 301 (137-1,323), 190 (71-358), and 94 (38-218) RLU, respectively. Overall, for all equipment and both techniques used, higher RLU values were seen in UltraSnap samples compared with MicroSnap samples. Additionally, for buckets and nipples, higher RLU values were obtained for the direct swabbing method compared with the liquid sampling method for both swabs used. No differences in the level of contamination were seen between the different feeding equipment used within a farm. Overall, a higher correlation with bacteriological results was noticed for ATP luminometry compared with the visual score, with a high correlation for nipples and bottles using the UltraSnap and liquid technique. Based on the classification of "contaminated" (TBC ≥100,000 cfu/mL) or "not contaminated" (TBC <100,000 cfu/mL), optimal ATP luminometer cutoff values for buckets, nipples, bottles, AMF, water, and milk replacer were 798, 388, 469, 282, 1,432, and 93 RLU, respectively. No clear association was found between ATP measurements and the self-reported cleaning protocol. This study gave new insights into the current cleaning procedures and contamination of feeding equipment for preweaning calves on dairy farms in Quebec. In addition, ATP luminometry cutoff values could help benchmark farms regarding cleaning practices and provide customized advice, improving the overall hygiene management, and thus the health, of preweaning calves on dairy farms.

Standardization and validation of ATP luminometry as a diagnostic tool to assess the cleanliness of feeding equipment in preweaning calves.

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to standardize a reliable and repeatable swabbing technique using ATP luminometry (light emission proportional to the amount of ATP with result provided in relative light units [RLU]) to describe the cleanliness of various feeding equipment used for preweaning calves in dairy farms. A total of 7 Québec commercial dairy herds were selected conveniently. Following visual hygiene scoring, the cleanliness of every available piece of feeding equipment was assessed using direct surface swabbing for buckets and nipples with Hygiena UltraSnap swabs. A liquid rinsing technique was used for esophageal feeders, bottles, and automatic milk feeders (AMF) with UltraSnap, AquaSnap, and MicroSnap swabs. To validate direct swabbing technique of buckets, a stage within and between operators was realized, as well as a conventional bacterial culture. A total of 519 swab samples were obtained from 201 pieces of equipment. The median (interquartile range) contamination in RLU for a bottle, esophageal feeder, AMF, bucket and nipple was 2 (1;6), 2 (0;12), 52 (19;269), 886 (128;7,230) and 899 (142;6,928), respectively. The direct swabbing technique, which consists in swabbing directly the surface of an equipment, showed excellent correlation for intrarater reliability (intraclass correlation (ICC) = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88-0.96). The interoperator (2 sessions with 3 different operators) reliability also showed high correlation (ICC = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78-0.94 for the first session, and ICC = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.79-0.95 for the second session). Luminometer values were positively associated with the visual score of esophageal feeders, AMF and buckets. A positive correlation between bacterial culture and direct swabbing of buckets was also found for the UltraSnap (rs = 0.653; 95% CI: 0.283-0.873; P = 0.0003) and MicroSnap (rs = 0.569, 95% CI: 0.309-0.765; P = 0.002). This study describes a standardized and practical on-farm swabbing technique for assessing the hygienic status of feeding equipment by luminometry, which can be integrated in the investigation of preweaning dairy calves problems.

Coxofemoral joint kinematics using video fluoroscopic images of treadmill-walking cats: development of a technique to assess osteoarthritis-associated disability.

The objectives of this pilot study were to develop a video fluoroscopy kinematics method for the assessment of the coxofemoral joint in cats with and without osteoarthritis (OA)-associated disability. Two non-OA cats and four cats affected by coxofemoral OA were evaluated by video fluoroscopy. Video fluoroscopic images of the coxofemoral joints were captured at 120 frames/s using a customized C-arm X-ray system while cats walked freely on a treadmill at 0.4 m/s. The angle patterns over time of the coxofemoral joints were extracted using a graphic user interface following four steps: (i) correction for image distortion; (ii) image denoising and contrast enhancement; (iii) frame-to-frame anatomical marker identification; and (iv) statistical gait analysis. Reliability analysis was performed. The cats with OA presented greater intra-subject stride and gait cycle variability. Three cats with OA presented a left-right asymmetry in the range of movement of the coxofemoral joint angle in the sagittal plane (two with no overlap of the 95% confidence interval, and one with only a slight overlap) consistent with their painful OA joint, and a longer gait cycle duration. Reliability analysis revealed an absolute variation in the coxofemoral joint angle of 2º-6º, indicating that the two-dimensional video fluoroscopy technique provided reliable data. Improvement of this method is recommended: variability would likely be reduced if a larger field of view could be recorded, allowing the identification and tracking of each femoral axis, rather than the trochanter landmarks. The range of movement of the coxofemoral joint has the potential to be an objective marker of OA-associated disability.