The Utility of Artificial Intelligence in the Diagnosis and Management of Pancreatic Cancer.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advancements in the medical domain in recent years. AI, an expansive field comprising Machine Learning (ML) and, within it, Deep Learning (DL), seeks to emulate the intricate operations of the human brain. It examines vast amounts of data and plays a crucial role in decision-making, overcoming limitations related to human evaluation. DL utilizes complex algorithms to analyze data. ML and DL are subsets of AI that utilize hard statistical techniques that help machines consistently improve at tasks with experience. Pancreatic cancer is more common in developed countries and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Managing pancreatic cancer remains a challenge despite significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment. AI has secured an almost ubiquitous presence in the field of oncological workup and management, especially in gastroenterology malignancies. AI is particularly useful for various investigations of pancreatic carcinoma because it has specific radiological features that enable diagnostic procedures without the requirement of a histological study. However, interpreting and evaluating resulting images is not always simple since images vary as the disease progresses. Secondly, a number of factors may impact prognosis and response to the treatment process. Currently, AI models have been created for diagnosing, grading, staging, and predicting prognosis and treatment response. This review presents the most up-to-date knowledge on the use of AI in the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic carcinoma.

Intestinal Reactive Amyloid A (AA) Amyloidosis in a Patient With Multiple Myeloma: A Case Report and Literature Review.

Amyloidosis is a rare group of disorders characterized by the extracellular deposition of misfolded protein aggregates that interfere with the function of the tissue affected. In some patients, the presenting symptom of monoclonal gammopathies, such as multiple myeloma, can be a gastrointestinal bleed with a further report of amyloidosis in gastrointestinal samples. In all the cases the pathology report is read as AL (light chain) amyloidosis. We present a case of a 57-year-old male patient with no medical history who debuted with gastrointestinal bleeding. A colonoscopy revealed a colonic ulcer with a pathologic diagnosis of amyloid A (AA) amyloidosis. Further investigation led to the finding of multiple myeloma (MM) with no evidence of systemic amyloidosis. Although there is little evidence in the literature of the association or even causative relationship between multiple myeloma and AA amyloidosis, our case highlights the importance of searching for an underlying monoclonal gammopathy like MM in a patient with a confirmed diagnosis of AA amyloidosis.

Chicken Bone Ingestion Leads to Aortoesophageal Fistula With Catastrophic Bleeding.

Aortoesophageal fistula (AEF) is an uncommon, but potentially fatal cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Aortoesophageal fistulas caused by foreign body ingestion are rare but devastating. The classic clinical triad of AEF consists of mid-thoracic pain or dysphagia, a herald episode of hematemesis, followed by fatal exsanguination after a symptom-free period (Chiari's triad). Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is the preferred diagnostic tool for identifying AEF and is substantially more sensitive than upper endoscopy for detecting AEF. Endoscopy can detect AEF as it might show pulsatile blood, pulsatile mass, hematoma, or adherent blood clot in the esophagus, or a deep esophageal tear. However, endoscopy has a low sensitivity and may delay definitive treatment. Several management options for AEF have been suggested; however, the definitive treatment is surgery performed on the thoracic aorta and esophagus, including esophagectomy, surgical replacement of the thoracic aorta, thoracic endovascular aortic repair, or omental flap. We report a case of a 63-year-old man who presented with hematemesis 2 weeks after chicken bone ingestion.

Liver Segment Disposition of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Predicts Microvascular Invasion.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Findings of microvascular invasion (MVI) in patients with HCC have emerged as an important prognostic factor for poor survival after tumor resection. Aim: This study evaluated the relation between MVI and HCC within various anatomical Couinaud's segments of the liver. Method: A multicenter retrospective review of HCC records was conducted from 2012 to 2017. HCC cases were identified using ICD-9 and 10 codes 155, C22.0, and C22.8. HCC patients who underwent liver transplants were included in this study. Liver segment of the location of HCC was obtained from radiographic records, and MVI information was obtained from pathology reports. Segmental distributions of HCC in MVI versus non-MVI groups were compared using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. p value was set at <0.05. Results: We analyzed 120 HCC patients who underwent liver transplantation. The mean age of our cohort was 57 years, and the most common etiology of liver disease was hepatitis C at 58.3%. The median HCC size was 3.1 cm, and MVI was present in 23.3% of the explanted specimens. MVI was 2 to 3 times significantly higher in patients with HCC affecting segments 2 and 3 and segments 4b and 5 (p = 0.01). Moreover, median survival was significantly lower in patients with MVI versus those without MVI (50 vs. 137 months, p < 0.05). Conclusion: MVI was significantly higher in HCC tumors located in liver segments 2 and 3 and 4b and 5, and survival was lower in patients with MVI compared with those without.

Outcomes of Portal Vein Thrombosis in Smokers With and Without Cirrhosis and Predictors of Mortality: A Nationwide Assessment.

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a rare condition that can lead to numerous complications, like variceal bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy, and chronic liver disease. PVT has various etiologies, including liver disease, infections, and hyper-coagulable disorders. Cirrhosis, a chronic progressive liver condition characterized by liver fibrosis, is one of the risk factors for the development of PVT. Secondly, smoking also increases the risk of PVT. The aim of this study is to identify outcomes in patients with PVT who smoked with and without cirrhosis. This study was performed using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for the years 2016, 2017, and 2018. The study identified 33,314 patients diagnosed with PVT who smoked, of which 14,991 had cirrhosis, and 18,323 did not have cirrhosis. Patients with PVT and cirrhosis had significantly higher in-hospital mortality, upper gastrointestinal bleeds, acute kidney injury, and peritonitis compared to patients without cirrhosis. The results of the study show that patients with PVT and cirrhosis who smoke have a higher risk of unfavorable outcomes.

Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia associated with Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: Case report and review of the literature.

Non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia is an uncommon paraneoplastic phenomenon commonly associated with tumors of mesenchymal origin like gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). It causes the release of insulin-like growth factor type II. GIST are frequently asymptomatic but can present with vague symptoms such as gastrointestinal bleeding, gastric pain, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. We present an interesting case of A 62-year-old male with GIST tumor admitted for refractory hypoglycemia found to have non-islet cell tumor hypoglycemia which is a relatively uncommon cause of hypoglycemia.

Pancreatic Heterotopia at the Gastroesophageal Junction: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Pancreatic heterotopia is characterized by the presence of pancreatic tissue in a location outside of its typical anatomical position. Symptoms of pancreatic heterotopia vary based on the location of the ectopic tissue. It is commonly asymptomatic and often diagnosed incidentally during routine endoscopy. Clinically significant pancreatic heterotopia is often secondary to inflammation, bleeding, obstruction, and malignant transformation. The most common location of heterotopic pancreas is within 5 cm of the pylorus usually on the greater curvature. Involvement of the gastroesophageal junction is extremely rare. In this report, we describe the case of a 57-year-old woman who was diagnosed with ectopic pancreatic tissue at the gastroesophageal junction by esophagogastroduodenoscopy after presenting with symptoms of dyspepsia.

Hepatic Dystrophic Calcification Secondary to Transarterial Chemoembolization: Case Report and Review of Literature.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy usually treated with surgery. Patients who are not suitable for surgery undergo transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) which involves injecting anti-cancer drugs and embolizing agents into the hepatic artery. Although it is a relatively safe procedure with minor side effects, TACE can rarely cause dystrophic calcification in the liver. We report a case of a 58-year-old female who presented with right-sided chest pain. The patient had been previously treated for HCC with a TACE procedure. A chest x-ray revealed hepatic calcification which was likely secondary to the prior TACE. This case study emphasizes the significance of considering TACE as a potential cause of hepatic dystrophic calcification.

Thromboembolic Events in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Overview.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory disorders of the intestines. The underlying inflammation activates the coagulation cascade leading to an increased risk of developing arterial and venous thromboembolic events such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Patients with IBD are at a 2-3-fold increased risk of developing thromboembolism. This risk increases in patients with active IBD disease, flare-ups, surgery, steroid treatment, and hospitalization. These complications are associated with significant morbidity and mortality making them important in clinical practice. Clinicians should consider the increased risk of thromboembolic events in patients with IBD and manage them with appropriate prophylaxis based on the risk. In this review, we discuss the literature associated with the pathophysiology of thromboembolism in patients with IBD, summarize the studies describing the various thromboembolic events, and the management of thromboembolism in patients with IBD.

Symptomatic, clinical and biomarker associations for mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients enriched for African Americans.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Initial reports on US COVID-19 showed different outcomes in different races. In this study we use a diverse large cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients to determine predictors of mortality. METHODS: We analyzed data from hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 5852) between March 2020- August 2020 from 8 hospitals across the US. Demographics, comorbidities, symptoms and laboratory data were collected. RESULTS: The cohort contained 3,662 (61.7%) African Americans (AA), 286 (5%) American Latinx (LAT), 1,407 (23.9%), European Americans (EA), and 93 (1.5%) American Asians (AS). Survivors and non-survivors mean ages in years were 58 and 68 for AA, 58 and 77 for EA, 44 and 61 for LAT, and 51 and 63 for AS. Mortality rates for AA, LAT, EA and AS were 14.8, 7.3, 16.3 and 2.2%. Mortality increased among patients with the following characteristics: age, male gender, New York region, cardiac disease, COPD, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, history of cancer, immunosuppression, elevated lymphocytes, CRP, ferritin, D-Dimer, creatinine, troponin, and procalcitonin. Use of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.001), shortness of breath (SOB) (p < 0.01), fatigue (p = 0.04), diarrhea (p = 0.02), and increased AST (p < 0.01), significantly correlated with death in multivariate analysis. Male sex and EA and AA race/ethnicity had higher frequency of death. Diarrhea was among the most common GI symptom amongst AAs (6.8%). When adjusting for comorbidities, significant variables among the demographics of study population were age (over 45 years old), male sex, EA, and patients hospitalized in New York. When adjusting for disease severity, significant variables were age over 65 years old, male sex, EA as well as having SOB, elevated CRP and D-dimer. Glucocorticoid usage was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19 death in our cohort. CONCLUSION: Among this large cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients enriched for African Americans, our study findings may reflect the extent of systemic organ involvement by SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent progression to multi-system organ failure. High mortality in AA in comparison with LAT is likely related to high frequency of comorbidities and older age among AA. Glucocorticoids should be used carefully considering the poor outcomes associated with it. Special focus in treating patients with elevated liver enzymes and other inflammatory biomarkers such as CRP, troponin, ferritin, procalcitonin, and D-dimer are required to prevent poor outcomes.

Hyponatremia and Fever in a Patient on Ipilimumab and Nivolumab (Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors): A Case Report.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are novel anticancer therapy approved in multiple tumors and their use is rapidly increasing. They are associated with various systemic side effects that are immune-mediated and clinically coined as "immune-related adverse effects" (irAE). Hyponatremia is a possible side effect in patients receiving ICIs. Fever is another side effect that is mostly non-infectious. There are different mechanisms leading to hyponatremia in patients on ICIs, which could be (1) hypovolemic hyponatremia due to hemodynamic disturbance secondary to volume depletion (eg, from irAE like colitis and enteritis) or hypervolemia due to congestive heart failure, cirrhosis, or nephrosis; (2) syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion (especially from underlying lung cancer or neurological irAE like encephalitis and meningitis) with elevated urine sodium and urine osmolarity; and (3) irAE-related endocrinopathies such as hypophysitis, adrenal insufficiency, and hypothyroidism leading to euvolemic hyponatremia. We describe an interesting case of hyponatremia and fever in a patient receiving Ipilimumab and Nivolumab. The possible etiology of hyponatremia, in this case, was hypovolemia and volume depletion secondary to fever.

The Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): A Retrospective Nationwide Study.

BACKGROUND: The "remission theory" is an emerging concept that suggests the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in decreased disease severity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. This theory is based upon evidence that implicates CD4 T-lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. This study sought to elucidate the legitimacy of this theory. METHODS: A retrospective cohort analysis of all adult inpatient hospitalizations for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the 2016 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was conducted. Our study population included patients admitted with IBD who were infected with HIV. We compared our study group to patients who also had IBD but were not infected with HIV. Baseline demographic characteristics, resource utilization, and in-hospital mortality rates were extracted for both groups. RESULTS: A total of 58,979 patients were admitted for IBD in 2016. Of those patients, we identified 145 who also had the presence of HIV. We found that patients with ulcerative colitis and HIV had a shorter length of hospital stay (4.1 vs. 5.9 days, p-value < 0.01), lower hospital charge ($35,716 vs $52,893, p-value < 0.01), and lower hospital cost ($7,814 vs. $13,395, p-value < 0.01) than those who did not have HIV. In patients with Crohn's disease, the presence of HIV resulted in decreased colonoscopy rates (0% vs. 17.4%, p-value < 0.01); however, the rate of esophagogastroduodenoscopies was not statistically significant (7.1% vs. 14.7%, p-value 0.106). CONCLUSION: In this retrospective population-based study, we found that patients with ulcerative colitis and concurrent HIV had a milder course of the disease when compared to ulcerative colitis patients that were not infected with HIV. These findings support the remission theory in that HIV may play a role in inflammatory bowel disease.

Fat Embolism Syndrome in Sickle Cell ß-Thalassemia Patient With Osteonecrosis: An Uncommon Presentation in a Young Adult.

Fat embolism syndrome is a relatively infrequent presentation in sickle cell thalassemia patients. It most commonly occurs in long bone fractures in the setting of trauma. However, nonorthopedic trauma and nontraumatic cases have been reported to contribute to fat embolism. The fat embolic syndrome is an underdiagnosed, life-threatening, and debilitating complication of sickle-ß-thalassemia-related hemoglobinopathies. It is primarily seen in milder versions of sickle cell disease, including HbSC and sickle cell ß-thalassemia, with the mild prior clinical course without complications; hence, diagnosis can be easily missed. Pathogenesis of fat embolic syndrome is a combination of mechanical obstruction from fat globules released into systemic circulation at the time of bone marrow necrosis and direct tissue toxicity from fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines released from fat globules. Prompt diagnosis and early initiation of treatment can reduce morbidity and mortality and result in better outcomes and prognosis. Red cell exchange transfusion is the mainstay of therapy with mortality benefits. Overall mortality and neurological sequelae continue to be high despite increased red cell exchange transfusion in the last few years. In this article, we discussed a case of a 34-year-old male patient with a history of sickle cell thalassemia and avascular necrosis of the hip, who presented with fever, hypoxia, encephalopathy, and generalized body aches, found to have thrombocytopenia and punctate lesions on magnetic resonance imaging brain, which led to the diagnosis of the fat embolism syndrome. Only a few sickle cell ß-thalassemia with fat embolic syndrome cases have been reported.

Paget-Schroetter Syndrome in a Young Female.

Paget-Schroetter syndrome or effort thrombosis is a relatively rare primary spontaneous thrombosis of upper extremity deep veins secondary to entrapment of axillary subclavian veins from an abnormality of the thoracic outlet. It is commonly seen in young adults who lift heavy weights or strenuous use of the upper extremities during athletic activities. Repetitive microtrauma to the subclavian vein secondary to narrow costoclavicular space and strenuous activities leads to intimal layer inflammation, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and coagulation cascade activation. Management of Paget-Schroetter syndrome differs from the venous thrombosis of the lower extremity as treatment includes anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and surgical decompression. Early recognition and timely management are required to prevent significant disability from post-thrombotic syndrome and long-term morbidity from recurrent thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism. Internists and emergency physicians should be aware of the disease's presentation, treatment options, and early referral to vascular surgeons since prompt initiation of appropriate treatment will have better outcomes than delayed treatment. We discussed a case of a 31-year-old female who lifts heavyweight at work, presented with right arm swelling and pain for 2 weeks, and diagnosed with axillary subclavian vein thrombosis secondary to thoracic outlet obstruction. She received a high-dose heparin drip followed by catheter-directed thrombolysis and underwent surgical decompression of axillary subclavian vein via resection of the first rib, subclavius muscle resection, partial anterior scalenectomy, and venolysis. In our review of the literature, randomized controlled studies lack the efficacy and safety of surgical decompression. However, the results are promising based on accumulated experience from vascular surgery experts and small case series. Extensive studies are needed further to delineate the protocol for the management of Paget-Schroetter syndrome.

Prevalence and association of iron deficiency with anemia among patients with heart failure in the USA: NHANES 2017-2018.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a major debilitating disease. HF patients with iron deficiency(ID) have poorer outcomes and treatment significantly improves outcomes. We set out to update the national prevalence of ID in the USA and its association with anemia using data from NHANES 2017-2018. Methods: Diagnosis of HF was self-reported. ID was defined as serum ferritin levels <100 ng/mL or a ferritin level between 100 and 299 ng/mL with transferrin saturation <20%. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level of <13 g/dl and <12 g/dl for men and women, respectively. Differences in prevalence of ID across various groups were assessed using Chi-squared test for categorical variables and equality of means for continuous variables with p-values <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 187 persons ≥20 years, corresponding to a 5.57million had HF. The prevalence of ID was 48.17% (95% CI 36.84-59.69) and the prevalence of anemia was 12.08%(95% CI 8.16-17.53). Diabetics (61.03%) were more likely to have ID compared to nondiabetics (35.38%), p 0.022. The prevalence of ID was similar in persons with anemia (47.45%) and persons without anemia (48.27%), p-value 0.983. The prevalence of ID has been constant for at least the past 20 years, making ID in HF an underdiagnose and/or undertreated condition among patients with HF and should be addressed. Conclusions: One in every two persons with HF has ID. Also, prevalence of ID was similar in patients with anemia and without anemia. Anemia should not be considered a prerequisite for screening for ID in patients with HF.

The clinical course and management of cervical cancer with splenic metastasis: Case report and review of the literature.

Adenovirus-mediated herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene therapy (ADV-TK) in combination with interventional treatment could relieve the symptoms in patients with widespread splenic metastasis.

Outcomes of diverticulitis in patients with tobacco smoking: a propensity-matched analysis of nationwide inpatient sample.

BACKGROUND: Recent data shows a significantly increased risk of diverticulosis among smokers. There is limited data on the association between tobacco smoking and diverticulitis. We aim to determine in-hospital outcomes, length of hospital stay, and resource utilization in a contemporary cohort of diverticulitis patients based on tobacco smoking status. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed by utilizing the National Inpatient Sample database (2016 and 2017) and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes to identify the patients with the principal diagnosis of diverticulitis and smoking. We assessed all-cause in-hospital mortality, morbidity, length of hospital stay (LOS), and total costs between propensity-matched groups of tobacco smokers vs. nonsmokers with diverticulitis. RESULTS: We identified 442,273 diverticulitis patients, of whom 96,864 were tobacco smokers, and 345,409 were nonsmokers. Between the two groups, in-hospital mortality was not significant (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.38-2.6; P = 0.98). Tobacco smokers with diverticulitis have higher odds of lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-3.8; P = 0.01), peritonitis (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.9-3.3; P = 0.00), intestinal obstruction (OR 1.6, 95% CI 2.8-7.6; P = 0.00), sepsis (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.05-4.4; P = 0.03), and shock requiring vasopressor (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-2.2; P = 0.00). In tobacco smokers with complicated diverticulitis, there were higher odds of LGIB (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.6; P = 0.00), sepsis (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.05-4.4; P = 0.03), and colectomy (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.2; P = 0.00). In-hospital mortality was not significant in smokers with complicated diverticulitis (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.78-1.9; P = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS: In this propensity-matched analysis, there was no difference in in-hospital mortality between tobacco smokers vs. nonsmokers with diverticulitis. Smoking has been associated with an increased incidence of complications in diverticulitis with a higher length of hospital stay and resource utilization.

Comparison of Characteristics and Inpatient Outcomes of Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colon Cancer: A Propensity-Based Nationwide Inpatient Sample Study.

Introduction Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) frequently develop colon cancer. Previous studies have identified the association between IBD and colon cancer. In this study, we explored the characteristics and outcomes of IBD patients with colon cancer admitted to the hospitals of the United States. Methods Patients who were hospitalized patients with diagnoses of IBD and colon cancer were compared with patients with IBD without colon cancer. The data were extracted from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from January 2016 to December 2017. Comparisons were made with regards to mortality, complications, in-hospital stay, and cost of treatment between the two groups. Results We identified 1,82,025 hospitalizations from January 2016 to December 2017 admitted with a diagnosis of IBD. Of these, 181,560 patients had IBD without colon cancer, and 465 patients had IBD with colon cancer. No statistically significant difference was observed with regards to the in-hospital mortality between the two groups. There were higher odds of acute kidney injury (AKI) (OR 1.54, 95% CI 6.6-9.8; p=0.00), colectomy (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.3-2.5; p=0.0) and lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.8-3.7; p=0.04) in patients with IBD and colon cancer. A longer length of stay (7.1±6.9 vs.5.0±5.6, p=0.00) and higher mean total charge ($20,283 vs. $12,166, p=0.00) were observed in patients with IBD with colon cancer. Conclusions Patients with IBD-associated colon cancer appear to have higher complication rates, higher costs, and more extended hospital stays. Therefore, early identification and management of complications related to IBD among patients with colon cancer are particularly crucial to reduce morbidity as well as the cost of hospitalization and treatment.

Bacteremia Secondary to Uncommon Gram-Negative Bacilli Transmitted From the Canine in a Patient With Multiple Myeloma.

Sphingobacterium multivorum is a gram-negative rod found in the environment and rarely associated with human infections. Sphingobacterium is the causative agent of infections in an immunocompromised host in most cases. We report a rare case of cellulitis in an immunocompromised host by Sphingobacterium multivorum.

Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Following LAMS (Lumen-Apposing Metal Stent) Placement.

Pancreatic pseudocyst is a common complication of pancreatitis. Pseudocysts may require decompression when they become painful, infected, or start compressing surrounding organs. Decompression is achieved by endoscopic cystogastrostomy. Recently, the use of lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) for cystogastrostomy has gained popularity due to ease of use and high technical success. LAMS has a wider lumen, which allows for direct endoscopic necrosectomy in the cases of walled-off necrosis. Our patient is a 30-year-old male who presented with massive hematemesis and dizziness. He had a history of chronic alcohol-induced pancreatitis. Three weeks before the presentation, he underwent a cystogastrostomy with LAMS placement to treat a 10-cm walled-off necrosis. Urgent computed tomography (CT) scan did not reveal any acute finding suggestive of bleeding. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed blood protruding from the LAMS with a large clot formation. Attempts to stop bleeding were unsuccessful. He underwent CT angiography of the abdomen. CT angiography showed a bleeding pseudoaneurysm (PA) believed to be a complication of the LAMS. Subsequently, multiple coils were placed in the splenic artery near the PA. The patient continued to improve without a further drop in hemoglobin and was eventually discharged. PA formation and subsequent rupture is a rare delayed complication of LAMS. It may lead to massive gastrointestinal bleeding with a high mortality rate. Diagnostic delays have resulted in increased mortality by 60%. In this article, we present a case of massive gastrointestinal bleeding due to a ruptured splenic artery PA presenting as a delayed complication of LAMS.