RESUMO
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common and aggressive malignancies. Immune check point blockade (ICB) therapy using PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies has been approved in several types of advanced SCCs. However, low response rate and treatment resistance are common. Improving the efficacy of ICB therapy requires better understanding of the mechanism of immune evasion. Here, we identify that the SCC-master transcription factor TP63 suppresses interferon-γ (IFNγ) signaling. TP63 inhibition leads to increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and heighten tumor killing in in vivo syngeneic mouse model and ex vivo co-culture system, respectively. Moreover, expression of TP63 is negatively correlated with CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation in patients with SCC. Silencing of TP63 enhances the anti-tumor efficacy of PD-1 blockade by promoting CD8+ T cell infiltration and functionality. Mechanistically, TP63 and STAT1 mutually suppress each other to regulate the IFNγ signaling by co-occupying and co-regulating their own promoters and enhancers. Together, our findings elucidate a tumor-extrinsic function of TP63 in promoting immune evasion of SCC cells. Over-expression of TP63 may serve as a biomarker predicting the outcome of SCC patients treated with ICB therapy, and targeting TP63/STAT/IFNγ axis may enhance the efficacy of ICB therapy for this deadly cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Interferon gama , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Imunidade , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT1/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Standard platinum-based therapy for ovarian cancer is inefficient against ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). OCCC is a distinct subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. OCCC constitutes 25% of ovarian cancers in East Asia (Japan, Korea, China, Singapore) and 6-10% in Europe and North America. The cancer is characterized by frequent inactivation of ARID1A and 10% of cases of endometriosis progression to OCCC. The aim of this study was to identify drugs that are either FDA-approved or in clinical trials for the treatment of OCCC. RESULTS: High throughput screening of 166 compounds that are either FDA-approved, in clinical trials or are in pre-clinical studies identified several cytotoxic compounds against OCCC. ARID1A knockdown cells were more sensitive to inhibitors of either mTOR (PP242), dual mTOR/PI3K (GDC0941), ATR (AZD6738) or MDM2 (RG7388) compared to control cells. Also, compounds targeting BH3 domain (AZD4320) and SRC (AZD0530) displayed preferential cytotoxicity against ARID1A mutant cell lines. In addition, WEE1 inhibitor (AZD1775) showed broad cytotoxicity toward OCCC cell lines, irrespective of ARID1A status. CONCLUSIONS: In a selection of 166 compounds we showed that inhibitors of ATR and WEE1 were cytotoxic against a panel of OCCC cell lines. These two drugs are already in other clinical trials, making them ideal candidates for treatment of OCCC.
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Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases , Feminino , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/patologia , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/antagonistas & inibidores , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , China , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a deadly disease with limited treatment options. Selinexor is a selective inhibitor of nuclear export that binds covalently to exportin 1 thereby reactivating tumor suppressor proteins and downregulating expression of oncogenes and DNA damage repair (DDR) proteins. Olaparib is a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients with breast cancer harboring BRCA mutations. We examined the effects of co-treatment with selinexor and olaparib in TNBC cell lines. BRCA1 wildtype (BRCA1-wt) and BRCA1 mutant (BRCA1-mut) TNBC cell lines were treated with selinexor and/or olaparib and effects on cell viability and cell cycle were evaluated. The effects of treatment were also evaluated in mouse xenograft models generated with BRCA1-wt and BRCA1-mut TNBC cell lines. Treatment with selinexor inhibited cell proliferation and survival of all TNBC cell lines tested in vitro. This effect was enhanced following treatment of the cells with the combination of selinexor and olaparib, which showed synergistic effects on tumor growth inhibition in MDA-MB-468-derived (BRCA1-wt) and MDA-MB-436-derived (BRCA1-mut) xenografts. As co-treatment with selinexor and olaparib exhibits anti-tumor activity regardless of BRCA1 mutation status, the clinical implications of the combination warrant further investigation.
RESUMO
Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) comprise one of the most common histologic types of human cancer. Transcriptional dysregulation of SCC cells is orchestrated by tumor protein p63 (TP63), a master transcription factor (TF) and a well-researched SCC-specific oncogene. In the present study, both Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of SCC patient samples and in vitro loss-of-function assays establish fatty-acid metabolism as a key pathway downstream of TP63. Further studies identify sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) as a central mediator linking TP63 with fatty-acid metabolism, which regulates the biosynthesis of fatty-acids, sphingolipids (SL), and glycerophospholipids (GPL), as revealed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based lipidomics. Moreover, a feedback co-regulatory loop consisting of SREBF1/TP63/Kruppel like factor 5 (KLF5) is identified, which promotes overexpression of all three TFs in SCCs. Downstream of SREBF1, a non-canonical, SCC-specific function is elucidated: SREBF1 cooperates with TP63/KLF5 to regulate hundreds of cis-regulatory elements across the SCC epigenome, which converge on activating cancer-promoting pathways. Indeed, SREBF1 is essential for SCC viability and migration, and its overexpression is associated with poor survival in SCC patients. Taken together, these data shed light on mechanisms of transcriptional dysregulation in cancer, identify specific epigenetic regulators of lipid metabolism, and uncover SREBF1 as a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker in SCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Esofágicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Acetilação , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Sequenciamento de Cromatina por Imunoprecipitação , Cromatografia Líquida , Epigenômica , Receptores ErbB/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Ácidos Graxos/biossíntese , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Elementos Reguladores de Transcrição , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Esfingolipídeos/biossíntese , Esfingolipídeos/metabolismo , Proteína de Ligação a Elemento Regulador de Esterol 1/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcriptoma/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genéticaRESUMO
Molecular profiling of the most aggressive brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM) on the basis of gene expression, DNA methylation, and genomic variations advances both cancer research and clinical diagnosis. The enhancer architectures and regulatory circuitries governing tumor-intrinsic transcriptional diversity and subtype identity are still elusive. Here, by mapping H3K27ac deposition, we analyze the active regulatory landscapes across 95 GBM biopsies, 12 normal brain tissues, and 38 cell line counterparts. Analyses of differentially regulated enhancers and super-enhancers uncovered previously unrecognized layers of intertumor heterogeneity. Integrative analysis of variant enhancer loci and transcriptome identified topographies of transcriptional enhancers and core regulatory circuitries in four molecular subtypes of primary tumors: AC1-mesenchymal, AC1-classical, AC2-proneural, and AC3-proneural. Moreover, this study reveals core oncogenic dependency on super-enhancer-driven transcriptional factors, long noncoding RNAs, and druggable targets in GBM. Through profiling of transcriptional enhancers, we provide clinically relevant insights into molecular classification, pathogenesis, and therapeutic intervention of GBM.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Cromatina/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patologia , HumanosRESUMO
Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is a heterogeneous disease that arises from connective tissues. Clinical outcome of patients with advanced tumors especially de-differentiated liposarcoma and uterine leiomyosarcoma remains unsatisfactory, despite intensive treatment regimens including maximal surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. MAP kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 and 2 (MNK1/2) have been shown to contribute to oncogenic translation via phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). However, little is known about the role of MNK1/2 and their downstream targets in STS. In this study, we show that depletion of either MNK1 or MNK2 suppresses cell viability, anchorage-independent growth, and tumorigenicity of STS cells. We also identify a compelling antiproliferative efficacy of a novel, selective MNK inhibitor ETC-168. Cellular responsiveness of STS cells to ETC-168 correlates positively with that of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6). Mirroring MNK1/2 silencing, ETC-168 treatment strongly blocks eIF4E phosphorylation and represses expression of sarcoma-driving onco-proteins including E2F1, FOXM1, and WEE1. Moreover, combination of ETC-168 and MCL1 inhibitor S63845 exerts a synergistic antiproliferative activity against STS cells. In summary, our study reveals crucial roles of MNK1/2 and their downstream targets in STS tumorigenesis. Our data encourage further clinical translation of MNK inhibitors for STS treatment.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Fator de Transcrição E2F1/genética , Proteína Forkhead Box M1/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/genética , Sarcoma/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/antagonistas & inibidores , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Sarcoma/genética , Sarcoma/patologia , Tiofenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Core regulatory circuitry (CRC)-dependent transcriptional network is critical for developmental tumors in children and adolescents carrying few gene mutations. However, whether and how CRC contributes to transcription regulation in Ewing sarcoma is unknown. Here, we identify and functionally validate a CRC 'trio' constituted by three transcription factors (TFs): KLF15, TCF4 and NKX2-2, in Ewing sarcoma cells. Epigenomic analyses demonstrate that EWS-FLI1, the primary fusion driver for this cancer, directly establishes super-enhancers of each of these three TFs to activate their transcription. In turn, KLF15, TCF4 and NKX2-2 co-bind to their own and each other's super-enhancers and promoters, forming an inter-connected auto-regulatory loop. Functionally, CRC factors contribute significantly to cell proliferation of Ewing sarcoma both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CRC factors exhibit prominent capacity of co-regulating the epigenome in cooperation with EWS-FLI1, occupying 77.2% of promoters and 55.6% of enhancers genome-wide. Downstream, CRC TFs coordinately regulate gene expression networks in Ewing sarcoma, controlling important signaling pathways for cancer, such as lipid metabolism pathway, PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. Together, molecular characterization of the oncogenic CRC model advances our understanding of the biology of Ewing sarcoma. Moreover, CRC-downstream genes and signaling pathways may contain potential therapeutic targets for this malignancy.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-fli-1/metabolismo , Proteína EWS de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Sarcoma de Ewing/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Proteína Homeobox Nkx-2.2 , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/metabolismo , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/genética , Camundongos Nus , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/fisiologia , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-fli-1/fisiologia , Proteína EWS de Ligação a RNA/fisiologia , Sarcoma de Ewing/metabolismo , Sarcoma de Ewing/patologia , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Transcrição 4/genética , Fator de Transcrição 4/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/genética , Proteínas de Peixe-Zebra/metabolismoRESUMO
Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas (GIAC) of the tubular gastrointestinal (GI) tract including esophagus, stomach, colon, and rectum comprise most GI cancers and share a spectrum of genomic features. However, the unified epigenomic changes specific to GIAC are poorly characterized. Using 907 GIAC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we applied mathematical algorithms to large-scale DNA methylome and transcriptome profiles to reconstruct transcription factor (TF) networks and identify a list of functionally hyperactive master regulator (MR) TF shared across different GIAC. The top candidate HNF4A exhibited prominent genomic and epigenomic activation in a GIAC-specific manner. A complex interplay between the HNF4A promoter and three distal enhancer elements was coordinated by GIAC-specific MRTF including ELF3, GATA4, GATA6, and KLF5. HNF4A also self-regulated its own promoter and enhancers. Functionally, HNF4A promoted cancer proliferation and survival by transcriptional activation of many downstream targets, including HNF1A and factors of interleukin signaling, in a lineage-specific manner. Overall, our study provides new insights into the GIAC-specific gene regulatory networks and identifies potential therapeutic strategies against these common cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that GIAC-specific master regulatory transcription factors control HNF4A via three distal enhancers to promote GIAC cell proliferation and survival. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/13/2722/F1.large.jpg.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Epigenômica , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Fator 4 Nuclear de Hepatócito/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Proliferação de Células , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/genética , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/metabolismo , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Genômica , Fator 4 Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Prognóstico , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcriptoma , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Liposarcomas (LPSs) are a group of malignant mesenchymal tumors showing adipocytic differentiation. Here, to gain insight into the enhancer dysregulation and transcriptional addiction in this disease, we chart super-enhancer structures in both LPS tissues and cell lines. We identify a bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) protein-cooperated FUS-DDIT3 function in myxoid LPS and a BET protein-dependent core transcriptional regulatory circuitry consisting of FOSL2, MYC, and RUNX1 in de-differentiated LPS. Additionally, SNAI2 is identified as a crucial downstream target that enforces both proliferative and metastatic potentials to de-differentiated LPS cells. Genetic depletion of BET genes, core transcriptional factors, or SNAI2 mitigates consistently LPS malignancy. We also reveal a compelling susceptibility of LPS cells to BET protein degrader ARV-825. BET protein depletion confers additional advantages to circumvent acquired resistance to Trabectedin, a chemotherapy drug for LPS. Moreover, this study provides a framework for discovering and targeting of core oncogenic transcriptional programs in human cancers.
Assuntos
Lipossarcoma/genética , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Transcrição Gênica , Animais , Azepinas/farmacologia , Sequência de Bases , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Genoma Humano , Humanos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Talidomida/análogos & derivados , Talidomida/farmacologia , Transcrição Gênica/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
As the second most common malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents, Ewing sarcoma is initiated and exacerbated by a chimeric oncoprotein, most commonly, EWS-FLI1. In this study, we apply epigenomic analysis to characterize the transcription dysregulation in this cancer, focusing on the investigation of super-enhancer and its associated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. We demonstrate that super-enhancer-associated transcripts are significantly enriched in EWS-FLI1 target genes, contribute to the aberrant transcriptional network of the disease, and mediate the exceptional sensitivity of Ewing sarcoma to transcriptional inhibition. Through integrative analysis, we identify MEIS1 as a super-enhancer-driven oncogene, which co-operates with EWS-FLI1 in transcriptional regulation, and plays a key pro-survival role in Ewing sarcoma. Moreover, APCDD1, another super-enhancer-associated gene, acting as a downstream target of both MEIS1 and EWS-FLI1, is also characterized as a novel tumor-promoting factor in this malignancy. These data delineate super-enhancer-mediated transcriptional deregulation in Ewing sarcoma, and uncover numerous candidate oncogenes which can be exploited for further understanding of the molecular pathogenesis for this disease.
Assuntos
Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteína Meis1/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/genética , Transcrição Gênica , Apoptose/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Motivos de Nucleotídeos/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-fli-1/genética , Proteína EWS de Ligação a RNA/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/genéticaRESUMO
This study is an unbiased genomic screen to obtain functional targets for increased effectiveness of dasatinib in pancreatic cancer. Dasatinib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used in clinical trials for treatment of pancreatic cancer; however, intrinsic and acquired resistance often occurs. We used a dasatinib-resistant pancreatic cancer cell line SU8686 to screen for synthetic lethality that synergizes with dasatinib using a pooled human shRNA library followed by next generation sequencing. Novel genes were identified which when silenced produced a prominent inhibitory effect with dasatinib against the pancreatic cancer cells. Several of these genes are involved in the regulation of epigenetics, as well as signaling pathways of the FOXO and hedgehog families. Small molecule inhibitors of either histone deacetylases or nuclear exporter had marked inhibitory effect with dasatinib in pancreatic cancers, suggesting their potential therapeutic effectiveness in this deadly cancer.
RESUMO
As one of the primary members of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, ARID1A contains frequent loss-of-function mutations in many types of cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ARID1A deficiency in cancer biology remain to be investigated. Using breast cancer as a model, we report that silencing ARID1A significantly increased cellular proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, primarily functioning as a transcriptional repressor, loss of ARID1A profoundly alters histone modifications and the transcriptome. Notably, ARID1A inhibited the expression of a long non-coding RNA, UCA1, by regulating chromatin access of the transcription factor CEBPα. Restoration experiments showed that UCA1 mediates the functions of ARID1A that induces loss of cellular proliferation and migration. Together, our findings characterize ARID1A as a key tumor-suppressor gene in breast cancer through cooperation with CEBPα, and loss-of-function mutations of ARID1A activates UCA1.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/biossíntese , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Genes Supressores de Tumor , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Despite similarities with BRCA-mutated breast cancers, triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) remain resistant to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors as single agents. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can decrease expression of proteins involved in DNA repair. We thus hypothesized that a HDACi (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) or belinostat) could sensitize TNBC to the PARP inhibitor olaparib. METHODS: Human TNBC cells were co-treated with olaparib and either SAHA or belinostat, and their effects on survival, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA repair pathways were evaluated. Subcutaneous xenografts were used to determine the effect of the combination treatment in vivo. RESULTS: HDACi and olaparib synergistically inhibited proliferation of a panel of 8 TNBC cell lines in vitro and in nude mice harboring TNBC xenografts in vivo. We noted a weaker synergism in PTEN-deficient TNBC cells and a stronger synergism in BRCA1-mutated TNBC cells. In the BRCA1-mutated cell line HCC-1937, we observed a drastic decrease in the expression of proteins involved in homologous recombination (HR), leading to a large imbalance of the ratio P-H2AX/RAD51. In BRCA1 wild type (wt) cell lines, effect of the combination treatment relied on DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest followed by induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSION: In summary, these results provide a preclinical rationale to combine a HDACi with a PARP inhibitor to reduce HR efficiency in TNBC and sensitize these aggressive tumors to PARP inhibition.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA1/genética , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/uso terapêutico , Histona Desacetilases/metabolismo , Mutação/genética , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/uso terapêutico , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/uso terapêutico , Camundongos Nus , Ftalazinas/farmacologia , Ftalazinas/uso terapêutico , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Vorinostat , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7702.].
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B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cells are distinctively vulnerable to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Recently, inhibition of p97 was shown to induce ER stress and subsequently cell death in solid tumors and in multiple myeloma. We investigated the role of a novel, orally available, p97 inhibitor (CB-5083; Cleave Biosciences) in B-ALL. CB-5083 induced a significant reduction in viability in 10 human B-ALL cell lines, harboring the most common fusion-genes involved in pediatric and adult B-ALL, with IC50s ranging from 0.34 to 0.76 µM. Moreover, CB-5083 significantly reduced the colony formation of OP1 and NALM6 cells. Early and strong induction of apoptosis was demonstrated in BALL1 and OP1 cells, together with a robust cleavage of PARP. CB-5083 induced ER stress, as documented through: 1) prominent expression of chaperones (GRP78, GRP94, PDI, DNAJC3, and DNAJB9); 2) increased activation of IRE1-alpha, as demonstrated by the splicing of XBP1; and 3) activation of PERK, which resulted in a significant overexpression of CHOP, and its downstream genes. CB-5083 reduced the viability also in GRP78-/-, GRP94-/-, and XBP1-/- cells, suggesting that none of these proteins alone was strictly required for CB-5083 activity. Moreover, we showed that the absence of XBP1 (XBP1-/-) increased the sensitivity to CB-5083, leading to the hypothesis that XBP1 splicing counteracts the activity of CB-5083, probably mitigating ER stress. Finally, vincristine was synergistic with CB-5083 in both BALL1 and OP1 cells. In summary, the targeting of p97 with CB-5083 is a novel promising therapeutic approach that should be further evaluated in B-ALL.
Assuntos
Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/metabolismo , Proteína com Valosina/metabolismo , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Biomarcadores , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Humanos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/genética , Leucemia-Linfoma Linfoblástico de Células Precursoras/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , Proteína com Valosina/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína com Valosina/genéticaRESUMO
Purpose: Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a devastating soft tissue sarcoma affecting predominantly young individuals. Tyrosine kinases (TK) and associated pathways are continuously activated in many malignancies, including EWS; these enzymes provide candidate therapeutic targets.Experimental Design: Two high-throughput screens (a siRNA library and a small-molecule inhibitor library) were performed in EWS cells to establish candidate targets. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) phosphorylation was assessed in EWS patients and cell lines. SYK was inhibited by a variety of genetic and pharmacological approaches, and SYK-regulated pathways were investigated by cDNA microarrays. The transcriptional regulation of MALAT1 was examined by ChIP-qPCR, luciferase reporter, and qRT-PCR assays.Results: SYK was identified as a candidate actionable target through both high-throughput screens. SYK was highly phosphorylated in the majority of EWS cells, and SYK inhibition by a variety of genetic and pharmacologic approaches markedly inhibited EWS cells both in vitro and in vivo Ectopic expression of SYK rescued the cytotoxicity triggered by SYK-depletion associated with the reactivation of both AKT and c-MYC. A long noncoding RNA, MALAT1, was identified to be dependent on SYK-mediated signaling. Moreover, c-MYC, a SYK-promoted gene, bound to the promoter of MALAT1 and transcriptionally activated MALAT1, which further promoted the proliferation of EWS cells.Conclusions: This study identifies a novel signaling involving SYK/c-MYC/MALAT1 as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of EWS. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4376-87. ©2017 AACR.
Assuntos
Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/tratamento farmacológico , Quinase Syk/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Humanos , Camundongos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Análise de Sequência com Séries de Oligonucleotídeos/métodos , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/genética , Sarcoma de Ewing/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/administração & dosagem , Quinase Syk/antagonistas & inibidores , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is an aggressive bone malignancy that mainly affects children and young adults. The mechanisms by which EWS (EWSR1) fusion genes drive the disease are not fully understood. CRM1 (XPO1) traffics proteins from the nucleus, including tumor suppressors and growth factors, and is overexpressed in many cancers. A small-molecule inhibitor of CRM1, KPT-330, has shown therapeutic promise, but has yet to be investigated in the context of EWS. In this study, we demonstrate that CRM1 is also highly expressed in EWS. shRNA-mediated or pharmacologic inhibition of CRM1 in EWS cells dramatically decreased cell growth while inducing apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, and protein expression alterations to several cancer-related factors. Interestingly, silencing of CRM1 markedly reduced EWS-FLI1 fusion protein expression at the posttranscriptional level and upregulated the expression of the well-established EWS-FLI1 target gene, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), which inhibits IGF-1. Accordingly, KPT-330 treatment attenuated IGF-1-induced activation of the IGF-1R/AKT pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of IGFBP3 increased cell growth and rescued the inhibitory effects on IGF-1 signaling triggered by CRM1 inhibition. Finally, treatment of EWS cells with a combination of KPT-330 and the IGF-1R inhibitor, linsitinib, synergistically decreased cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo Taken together, these findings provide a strong rationale for investigating the efficacy of combinatorial inhibition of CRM1 and IGF-1R for the treatment of EWS. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2687-97. ©2016 AACR.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Carioferinas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Proteína Proto-Oncogênica c-fli-1/metabolismo , Proteína EWS de Ligação a RNA/metabolismo , Receptores Citoplasmáticos e Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Sarcoma de Ewing/patologia , Animais , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Ósseas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Hidrazinas/farmacologia , Imidazóis/farmacologia , Immunoblotting , Imuno-Histoquímica , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Sarcoma de Ewing/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Triazóis/farmacologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Proteína Exportina 1RESUMO
Survival of cancer cells relies on the unfolded protein response (UPR) to resist stress triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The IRE1α-XBP1 pathway, a key branch of the UPR, is activated in many cancers. Here, we show that the expression of both mature and spliced forms of XBP1 (XBP1s) is up-regulated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and AML patient samples. IRE1α RNase inhibitors [MKC-3946, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde (HNA), STF-083010 and toyocamycin] blocked XBP1 mRNA splicing and exhibited cytotoxicity against AML cells. IRE1α inhibition induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest at least partially by regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins, G1 phase controlling proteins (p21cip1, p27kip1 and cyclin D1), as well as chaperone proteins. Xbp1 deleted murine bone marrow cells were resistant to growth inhibition by IRE1α inhibitors. Combination of HNA with either bortezomib or AS2O3 was synergistic in AML cytotoxicity associated with induction of p-JNK and reduction of p-PI3K and p-MAPK. Inhibition of IRE1α RNase activity increased expression of many miRs in AML cells including miR-34a. Inhibition of miR-34a conferred cellular resistance to HNA. Our results strongly suggest that targeting IRE1α driven pro-survival pathways represent an exciting therapeutic approach for the treatment of AML.
Assuntos
Endorribonucleases/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/enzimologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Endorribonucleases/genética , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Camundongos , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Ribonucleases/antagonistas & inibidores , Ribonucleases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Transfecção , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas , Regulação para Cima , Proteína 1 de Ligação a X-Box/genética , Proteína 1 de Ligação a X-Box/metabolismoRESUMO
CONTEXT: Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) has no effective treatment, resulting in a high rate of mortality. We established cell lines from a primary ATC and its lymph node metastasis, and investigated the molecular factors and genomic changes associated with tumor growth. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to understand the molecular and genomic changes of highly aggressive ATC and its clonal evolution to develop rational therapies. DESIGN: We established unique cell lines from primary (OGK-P) and metastatic (OGK-M) ATC specimen, as well as primagraft from the metastatic ATC, which was serially xeno-transplanted for more than 1 year in NOD scid gamma mice were established. These cell lines and primagraft were used as tools to examine gene expression, copy number changes, and somatic mutations using RNA array, SNP Chip, and whole exome sequencing. RESULTS: Mice carrying sc (OGK-P and OGK-M) tumors developed splenomegaly and neutrophilia with high expression of cytokines including CSF1, CSF2, CSF3, IL-1ß, and IL-6. Levels of HIF-1α and its targeted genes were also elevated in these tumors. The treatment of tumor carrying mice with Bevacizumab effectively decreased tumor growth, macrophage infiltration, and peripheral WBCs. SNP chip analysis showed homozygous deletion of exons 3-22 of the PARD3 gene in the cells. Forced expression of PARD3 decreased cell proliferation, motility, and invasiveness, restores cell-cell contacts and enhanced cell adhesion. Next generation exome sequencing identified the somatic changes present in the primary, metastatic, and primagraft tumors demonstrating evolution of the mutational signature over the year of passage in vivo. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, we established the first paired human primary and metastatic ATC cell lines offering unique possibilities for comparative functional investigations in vitro and in vivo. Our exome sequencing also identified novel mutations, as well as clonal evolution in both the metastasis and primagraft.
Assuntos
Linhagem Celular Tumoral/patologia , Carcinoma Anaplásico da Tireoide/patologia , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/patologia , Idoso , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Transplante de Neoplasias , Neutrófilos/patologia , Esplenomegalia/etiologia , Esplenomegalia/patologia , Carcinoma Anaplásico da Tireoide/complicações , Neoplasias da Glândula Tireoide/complicaçõesRESUMO
PURPOSE: Exportin-1 (XPO1, CRM1) mediates the nuclear export of several key growth regulatory and tumor suppressor proteins. Cancer cells often overexpress XPO1 resulting in cytoplasmic mislocalization and aberrant activity of its target proteins. Orally bioavailable selective inhibitors of nuclear export (SINE) that irreversibly bind to and inhibit the function of XPO1 have been recently developed. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the clinical staged, orally available, SINE compound, KPT-330 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: In silico, meta-analysis showed that XPO1 is overexpressed in HCC. Six HCC cell lines were treated with KPT-330, and cell proliferation and expression of cell growth regulators were examined by cell proliferation assays and Western blot analysis, respectively. The in vivo anti-cancer activity of KPT-330 was examined in a HCC xenograft murine model. RESULTS: KPT-330 reduced the viability of HCC cell lines in vitro and this anti-proliferative effect was associated with cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis. The expression of the pro-apoptotic protein PUMA was markedly up-regulated by KPT-330. In addition, SINE treatment increased the expression of the tumor suppressor proteins p53 and p27, while it reduced the expression of HCC promoting proteins, c-Myc and c-Met. XPO1 levels itself were also down-regulated following KPT-330 treatment. Finally, a HCC xenograft murine model showed that treatment of mice with oral KPT-330 significantly inhibited tumor growth with little evidence of toxicity. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that SINE compounds, such as KPT-330, are promising novel drugs for the targeted therapy of HCC.