Synthetic virology approaches to improve the safety and efficacy of oncolytic virus therapies.

The large coding potential of vaccinia virus (VV) vectors is a defining feature. However, limited regulatory switches are available to control viral replication as well as timing and dosing of transgene expression in order to facilitate safe and efficacious payload delivery. Herein, we adapt drug-controlled gene switches to enable control of virally encoded transgene expression, including systems controlled by the FDA-approved rapamycin and doxycycline. Using ribosome profiling to characterize viral promoter strength, we rationally design fusions of the operator element of different drug-inducible systems with VV promoters to produce synthetic promoters yielding robust inducible expression with undetectable baseline levels. We also generate chimeric synthetic promoters facilitating additional regulatory layers for VV-encoded synthetic transgene networks. The switches are applied to enable inducible expression of fusogenic proteins, dose-controlled delivery of toxic cytokines, and chemical regulation of VV replication. This toolbox enables the precise modulation of transgene circuitry in VV-vectored oncolytic virus design.

The Role of YAP and TAZ in Angiogenesis and Vascular Mimicry.

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is a physiological process that begins in utero and continues throughout life in both good health and disease. Understanding the underlying mechanism in angiogenesis could uncover a new therapeutic approach in pathological angiogenesis. Since its discovery, the Hippo signaling pathway has emerged as a key player in controlling organ size and tissue homeostasis. Recently, new studies have discovered that Hippo and two of its main effectors, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog transcription activator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ), play critical roles during angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which YAP/TAZ regulate endothelial cell shape, behavior, and function in angiogenesis. We further discuss how YAP/TAZ function as part of developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Finally, we review the role of YAP/TAZ in tumor vascular mimicry and propose directions for future work.

Lectin AtGAL1 interacts with high-mannose glycoform of the purple acid phosphatase AtPAP26 secreted by phosphate-starved Arabidopsis.

Among 29 predicted Arabidopsis purple acid phosphatases (PAPs), AtPAP26 functions as the principle extracellular and intracellular PAP isozyme that is upregulated to recycle and scavenge Pi during Pi-deprivation or leaf senescence. Our companion paper documented the copurification of a secreted, high-mannose AtPAP26-S2 glycoform with AtGAL1 (At1g78850), a Pi starvation-inducible (PSI), and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin-related (mannose-binding) and apple domain lectin. This study tests the hypothesis that AtGAL1 binds AtPAP26-S2 to modify its enzymatic properties. Far-western immunodot blotting established that AtGAL1 readily associates with AtPAP26-S2 but not the low mannose AtPAP26-S1 glycoform nor other secreted PSI PAPs (i.e., AtPAP12 or AtPAP25). Analytical gel filtration indicated that 55-kDa AtGAL1 and AtPAP26-S2 polypeptides associate to form a 112-kDa heterodimer. Microscopic imaging of transiently expressed, fluorescent protein-tagged AtGAL1, and associated bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that (a) like AtPAP26, AtGAL1 also localizes to lytic vacuoles of Pi-deprived Arabidopsis and (b) both proteins interact in vivo. AtGAL1 preincubation significantly enhanced the acid phosphatase activity and thermal stability of AtPAP26-S2 but not AtPAP26-S1. We hypothesize that AtGAL1 plays an important role during Pi deprivation through its interaction with mannose-rich glycans of AtPAP26-S2 and consequent positive impact on AtPAP26-S2 activity and stability.

A glycoform of the secreted purple acid phosphatase AtPAP26 co-purifies with a mannose-binding lectin (AtGAL1) upregulated by phosphate-starved Arabidopsis.

The purple acid phosphatase AtPAP26 plays a central role in Pi-scavenging by Pi-starved (-Pi) Arabidopsis. Mass spectrometry (MS) of AtPAP26-S1 and AtPAP26-S2 glycoforms secreted by -Pi suspension cells demonstrated that N-glycans at Asn365 and Asn422 were modified in AtPAP26-S2 to form high-mannose glycans. A 55-kDa protein that co-purified with AtPAP26-S2 was identified as a Galanthus nivalis agglutinin-related and apple domain lectin-1 (AtGAL1; At1g78850). MS revealed that AtGAL1 was bisphosphorylated at Tyr38 and Thr39 and glycosylated at four conserved Asn residues. When AtGAL was incubated in the presence of a thiol-reducing reagent prior to immunoblotting, its cross-reactivity with anti-AtGAL1-IgG was markedly attenuated (consistent with three predicted disulfide bonds in AtGAL1's apple domain). Secreted AtGAL1 polypeptides were upregulated to a far greater extent than AtGAL1 transcripts during Pi deprivation, indicating posttranscriptional control of AtGAL1 expression. Growth of a -Pi atgal1 mutant was unaffected, possibly due to compensation by AtGAL1's closest paralog, AtGAL2 (At1g78860). Nevertheless, AtGAL1's induction by numerous stresses combined with the broad distribution of AtGAL1-like lectins in diverse species implies an important function for AtGAL1 orthologs within the plant kingdom. We hypothesize that binding of AtPAP26-S2's high-mannose glycans by AtGAL1 enhances AtPAP26 function to facilitate Pi-scavenging by -Pi Arabidopsis.