Alpha-synuclein interaction with mitochondria is the final mechanism of ferroptotic death induced by erastin in SH-SY5Y cells.

Ferroptosis has been characterized as a form of iron-dependent regulated cell death accompanied by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid oxidation products along with typical morphological alterations in mitochondria. Ferroptosis is activated by diverse triggers and inhibited by ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, apart from iron chelators and several antioxidants, and the process is implicated in multiple pathological conditions. There are, however, certain ambiguities about ferroptosis, especially regarding the final executioner of cell death subsequent to the accumulation of ROS. This study uses a typical inducer of ferroptosis such as erastin on SH-SY5Y cells, and shows clearly that ferroptotic death of cells is accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ATP content along with an accumulation of oxidative stress markers. All these are prevented by ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1. Additionally, cyclosporine A prevents mitochondrial alterations and cell death induced by erastin implying the crucial role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) activation in ferroptotic death. Furthermore, an accumulation of α-synuclein occurs during erastin induced ferroptosis which can be inhibited by ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1. When the knock-down of α-synuclein expression is performed by specific siRNA treatment of SH-SY5Y cells, the mitochondrial impairment and ferroptotic death of the cells induced by erastin are markedly prevented. Thus, α-synuclein through the involvement of mPTP appears to be the key executioner protein of ferroptosis induced by erastin, but it needs to be verified if it is a generalized mechanism of ferroptosis by using other inducers and cell lines.

Enhancing Anti-cancer Activity: Green Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Turmeric-Gold Nanocapsules on A549 Lung Cancer Cells.

Background Lung cancer remains a major global health concern, with a notable increase in new cases in recent years. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxic effects of polymeric turmeric-gold nanocapsules on A549 human lung cancer cells, utilizing green-synthesized gold nanoparticles from Curcuma longa L. and ethyl cellulose-based nanocapsules. Methods Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using the aqueous root extract of Curcuma longa L., and the resulting nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) techniques. Subsequently, polymeric nanocapsules of turmeric with encapsulated gold nanoparticles were prepared. The cytotoxicity of these nanocapsules was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay on both A549 lung cancer cell lines and normal cell lines. Results The turmeric-gold nanocapsules exhibited a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 40 µg/ml, while the gold nanoparticles alone showed an IC50 value of 60 µg/ml when tested on A549 cells. Furthermore, apoptosis was observed in A549 cells treated with turmeric-gold nanocapsules. The combination of gold nanoparticles and turmeric polymer (gold turmeric nanocapsules) demonstrated a more potent anti-cancer effect on the lung cancer cell line, with an IC50 value of 40 µg/ml compared to green-synthesized gold nanoparticles (IC50 of 60 µg/ml). Conclusion The utilization of polymeric nanocapsules of turmeric, with green-synthesized gold nanoparticles, presents a promising solution to overcome the limited water solubility of turmeric. The results suggest that the combination of gold nanoparticles and turmeric enhances the cytotoxic effects on A549 human lung cancer cells. These findings contribute to the potential application of turmeric-gold nanocapsules as a novel therapeutic approach in lung cancer research.

Pediatric Colonic Anastomosis: Can Method of Anastomosis and Wound Closure be of Help?

Background: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols after colorectal surgery focused on reduced bowel preparation, standardized feeding schedule, earlier return of bowel function, and earlier resumption of normal activities. ERAS in pediatric surgical practice is not well established. The present study aims to present the results of two colonic anastomosis techniques of interrupted single-layered closure: Halsted (Horizontal Mattress) and Matheson (serosubmucosal or appositional extramucosal) along with two different methods of colostomy wound closure and their influence on the adoption of ERAS protocol of early feeding and early discharge. Materials and Methods: This single institute-based randomized control study was conducted in a tertiary care facility in Kolkata for 2.4 years. Patients were chosen randomly for serosubmucosal (Group I) and full-thickness (Group II) anastomosis. Results: Among total of 91 patients (Group I-43 and Group II-48), Return of bowel sounds and passage of bowel averaged 1.51 ± 0.51 and 1.91 ± 0.55 days in Group I and 1.91 ± 0.57 and 3.9 ± 0.66 days in Group II, respectively. Postoperative hospital stay averaged 5.88 ± 1.12 days in Group I and 8.9 ± 1.17 days in Group II. Overall 15 (16.48%) patients had complications among which SSI (Suprficial surgical site infection) and minor leaks (Group I-3 and 1 and Group II-5 and 3, respectively) which were treated conservatively (Clavien-Dindo Grade-I) and three major leaks under Group II requiring surgical intervention (Clavien-Dindo Grade-III). Conclusion: This study concludes that the technique of colostomy closure in the form serosubmucosal closure helps in the implementation of ERAS protocol by producing early bowel movement, early initiation of food, and less postoperative complications.

Metal-Induced Energy Transfer (MIET) for Live-Cell Imaging with Fluorescent Proteins.

Metal-induced energy transfer (MIET) imaging is an easy-to-implement super-resolution modality that achieves nanometer resolution along the optical axis of a microscope. Although its capability in numerous biological and biophysical studies has been demonstrated, its implementation for live-cell imaging with fluorescent proteins is still lacking. Here, we present its applicability and capabilities for live-cell imaging with fluorescent proteins in diverse cell types (adult human stem cells, human osteo-sarcoma cells, and Dictyostelium discoideum cells), and with various fluorescent proteins (GFP, mScarlet, RFP, YPet). We show that MIET imaging achieves nanometer axial mapping of living cellular and subcellular components across multiple time scales, from a few milliseconds to hours, with negligible phototoxic effects.

Graphene-Based Field-Effect Transistor for Ultrasensitive Immunosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Antigen.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that has posed a global health challenge caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Early management and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 are crucial for the timely treatment, traceability, and reduction of viral spread. We have developed a rapid method using a Graphene-based Field-Effect Transistor (Gr-FET) for the ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 antigen (S1-Ag). The in-house developed antispike S1 antibody (S1-Ab) was covalently immobilized on the surface of a carboxy functionalized graphene channel using carbodiimide chemistry. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Optical Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA), and device stability studies were conducted to characterize the bioconjugation and fabrication process of Gr-FET. In addition, the electrical response of the device was evaluated by monitoring the change in resistance caused by Ag-Ab interaction in real time. For S1-Ag, our Gr-FET devices were tested in the range of 1 fM to 1 µM with a limit of detection of 10 fM in the standard buffer. The fabricated devices are highly sensitive, specific, and capable of detecting low levels of S1-Ag.

Photosynthetic organs of wild Indian tea tree are rich in patchouli components: a GC-MS based metabolomics.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is an essential tool for metabolomics. In this research we have selected photosynthetic organs- leaf and sepal of a wild Indian tea tree from north-east India to study wild tea metabolites. The result of this study reveals that photosynthetic parts of wild Indian tea tree are rich in 'patchouli' components unlike established cultivated varieties which are known to be rich in polyphenols or flavonoids. Twenty six compounds were detected in sesquiterpene rich leaf while nineteen were detected in the waxy sepal. The remarkable outcome of this study is presence of fourteen 'patchouli' compounds including patchouli alcohol as the major compound (44.81% in leaf and 19.59% in sepal) which can promote this plant to a top-notch position in fields of botany, pharmaceuticals and essential oil industry by occupying the throne of patchouli.

Congenital Sacrococcygeal Neuroblastoma: A Report of Two Cases with Summary of Prior Published Cases.

BackgroundNeuroblastoma can arise from extra-adrenal sites in the paraspinal sympathetic chain, including the presacral region, where they must be differentiated from an immature or malignant neural lesion arising from a teratoma.Case ReportWe describe two congenital presacral neuroblastomas. The main clinical differential diagnoses were sacrococcygeal teratoma and meningomyelocele. Pathologically, they lacked teratomatous tissues, lacked germ cell serum markers, were localized without metastases, and were MYCN non-amplified. Both patients have done well without chemotherapy at 18 and 15 months of follow-up.ConclusionCongenital presacral neuroblastoma should be differentiated from teratomatous lesions, and in general have a good prognosis.

Mapping Activity-Dependent Quasi-stationary States of Mitochondrial Membranes with Graphene-Induced Energy Transfer Imaging.

Graphene-induced energy transfer (GIET) was recently introduced for sub-nanometric axial localization of fluorescent molecules. GIET relies on near-field energy transfer from an optically excited fluorophore to a single sheet of graphene. Recently, we demonstrated its potential by determining the distance between two leaflets of supported lipid bilayers. Here, we use GIET imaging for mapping quasi-stationary states of the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes before and during adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis. We trigger the ATP synthesis state in vitro by activating mitochondria with precursor molecules. Our results demonstrate that the inner membrane approaches the outer membrane, while the outer membrane does not show any measurable change in average axial position upon activation. The inter-membrane space is reduced by ∼2 nm. This direct experimental observation of the subtle dynamics of mitochondrial membranes and the change in intermembrane distance upon activation is relevant for our understanding of mitochondrial function.

Graphene- and metal-induced energy transfer for single-molecule imaging and live-cell nanoscopy with (sub)-nanometer axial resolution.

Super-resolution fluorescence imaging that surpasses the classical optical resolution limit is widely utilized for resolving the spatial organization of biological structures at molecular length scales. In one example, single-molecule localization microscopy, the lateral positions of single molecules can be determined more precisely than the diffraction limit if the camera collects individual photons separately. Using several schemes that introduce engineered optical aberrations in the imaging optics, super-resolution along the optical axis (perpendicular to the sample plane) has been achieved, and single-molecule localization microscopy has been successfully applied for the study of 3D biological structures. Nonetheless, the achievable axial localization accuracy is typically three to five times worse than the lateral localization accuracy. Only a few exceptional methods based on interferometry exist that reach nanometer 3D super-resolution, but they involve enormous technical complexity and restricted sample preparations that inhibit their widespread application. We developed metal-induced energy transfer imaging for localizing fluorophores along the axial direction with nanometer accuracy, using only a conventional fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope. In metal-induced energy transfer, experimentally measured fluorescence lifetime values increase linearly with axial distance in the range of 0-100 nm, making it possible to calculate their axial position using a theoretical model. If graphene is used instead of the metal (graphene-induced energy transfer), the same range of lifetime values occurs over a shorter axial distance (~25 nm), meaning that it is possible to get very accurate axial information at the scale of a membrane bilayer or a molecular complex in a membrane. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol for metal- and graphene-induced energy transfer imaging in single molecules, supported lipid bilayer and live-cell membranes. Depending on the sample preparation time, the complete duration of the protocol is 1-3 d.

Early Feeding after Colorectal Surgery in Children: Is it Safe?

AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to assess the role of early feeding after elective colorectal surgery in children and compare the outcome of feeding practice early versus traditional feeding. STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled, single-center study was conducted over a period of 3 years (November 2015-October 2018) at a tertiary care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients (n = 147), after colostomy closure (as elective colorectal surgery), were randomly selected for postoperative feeding initiation and were divided into two groups, namely the control (traditional feeding) group and study group (early feeding). In early group, feeding was initiated on the postoperative day 1 after the removal of nasogastric tube (removed after 16 h of surgery). Postoperative hospital stay and complications were compared among them. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Data were tabulated and analyzed in Microsoft Excel 2010. RESULTS: Among 147 patients (boys[70] and girls [77]), the average age of colostomy closure was 4.36 years. Forty-five patients had early feeding and 102 traditional feeding. Average postoperative hospital stay was noted 5.62 ± 1.11 days for "Study group" and 8.1 ± 1.04 days for "Control group." Postoperative complications were found in 17 patients; 11 (7.5%) superficial surgical site infection (9 [8.8%] in control and 2 [4.4%] in study group) and 6 (4%) minor fecal fistulae (5 [4.9%] in control group and 1 [2.2%] in study group). None required any further surgical intervention. No mortality was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Early feeding initiation after elective colorectal surgery is safe, and postoperative hospital stay is significantly reduced. It is definitely a step forward in the era of fast track surgery in pediatric population.

Dimerization of Human Drebrin-like Protein Governs Its Biological Activity.

Drebrin-like protein (DBNL) is a multidomain F-actin-binding protein, which also interacts with other molecules within different intracellular pathways. Here, we present quantitative measurements on the size and conformation of human DBNL. Using dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, we determined the hydrodynamic radius of the DBNL monomer. Native gel electrophoresis and dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy show that both endogenous DBNL and recombinant DBNL exist as dimers under physiological conditions. We demonstrate that C-terminal truncations of DBNL downstream of the coiled-coil domain result in its oligomerization at nanomolar concentrations. In contrast, the ADF-H domain alone is a monomer, which displays a concentration-dependent self-assembly. In vivo FLIM-FRET imaging shows that the presence of only actin-binding domains is not sufficient for DBNL to localize properly at the actin filament inside the cell. In summary, our work provides detailed insight into the structure-function relationship of human drebrin-like protein.

14-3-3 proteins protect AMPK-phosphorylated ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) from PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation.

Ten-eleven translocation-2 (TET2) is a member of the methylcytosine dioxygenase family of enzymes and has been implicated in cancer and aging because of its role as a global epigenetic modifier. TET2 has a large N-terminal domain and a catalytic C-terminal region. Previous reports have demonstrated that the TET2 catalytic domain remains active independently of the N-terminal domain. As such, the function of the N terminus of this large protein remains poorly characterized. Here, using yeast two-hybrid screening, co-immunoprecipitation, and several biochemical assays, we found that several isoforms of the 14-3-3 family of proteins bind TET2. 14-3-3 proteins bound TET2 when it was phosphorylated at Ser-99. In particular, we observed that AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated phosphorylation at Ser-99 promotes TET2 stability and increases global DNA 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. The interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with TET2 protected the Ser-99 phosphorylation, and disruption of this interaction both reduced TET2 phosphorylation and decreased TET2 stability. Furthermore, we noted that protein phosphatase 2A can interact with TET2 and dephosphorylate Ser-99. Collectively, these results provide detailed insights into the role of the TET2 N-terminal domain in TET2 regulation. Moreover, they reveal the dynamic nature of TET2 protein regulation that could have therapeutic implications for disease states resulting from reduced TET2 levels or activity.

A smart nanosensor for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus and associated cardiovascular and arthritis diseases using functionalized graphene-based transistors.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which isa worldwide public health issue, is commonly associated with cardiovascular disorders (CVDs) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A smart nanosensor was developed for the detection of HIV and its related diseases (CVDs and RA) using graphene-based field-effect transistors (FETs). In this study, amine-functionalized graphene (afG) was conjugated with antibodies [anti-p24 for HIV, anti-cardiac troponin 1 (anti-cTn1) for CVDs, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) for RA] to detect various biomarkers. The antibodies were covalently conjugated to afG via carbodiimide activation. The bioconjugate (graphene-antibody) was characterized by various biophysical techniques such as UV-Vis, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrochemical performance of the sensor was evaluated with respect to changes in the resistance of the electrode surface due to the interaction of the antigen with its specific antibody. The developed sensor was highly sensitive and showed a linear response to p24, cTn1, and, CCP from 1 fg/mL to 1 µg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) was 100 fg/mL for p24 and 10 fg/mL for cTn1 and CCP under standard optimized conditions. The graphene-based smart nanodevice demonstrated excellent performance; thus, it could be used for the on-site detection of HIV, CVD, and RA biomarkers in real samples.

Pleuropulmonary Blastoma Developing in a Case of Misinterpreted Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation: a Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a childhood malignancy known to be associated with congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM). CASE REPORT: An 18 months boy presented with respiratory distress. Computed tomography (CT) scans revealed a large right-sided lung mass. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) showed sheets and clusters of small round to oval cells with scanty cytoplasm. The possibility of PPB was suggested. Trucut biopsy from the mass confirmed the diagnosis of PPB, of at least type II. The child had earlier been diagnosed as CPAM for which he had undergone lobectomy at six months, which on review was diagnosed as PPB I. CONCLUSION: We describe the cytological and histological findings of a case of PPBII/III evolving from a PPB I originally thought to be a CPAM type IV. This supports the theory that PPB I may progress to a more aggressive type II with time, and highlights the importance of the adequately treating the PPB I to prevent this transformation.

Kinomic profiling identifies focal adhesion kinase 1 as a therapeutic target in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

The introduction of targeted therapies has caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of metastatic clear cell (cc)-renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We hypothesized that determining differential kinase activity between primary and metastatic tumor sites may identify critical drivers of progression and relevant therapeutic targets in metastatic disease. Kinomic profiling was performed on primary tumor and metastatic tumor deposits utilizing a peptide substrate microarray to detect relative tyrosine phosphorylation activity. Pharmacologic and genetic loss of function experiments were used to assess the biologic significance of the top scoring kinase on in vitro and in vivo tumor phenotypes. Kinomics identified 7 peptides with increased tyrosine phosphorylation in metastases that were significantly altered (p<0.005). Based on these peptides, bioinformatics analyses identified several candidate kinases activated in metastases compared to primary tumors. The highest ranked upstream kinase was Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 (FAK1). RCC lines demonstrate evidence of elevated FAK1 activation relative to non-transformed renal epithelial cells. Pharmacologic inhibition of FAK1 with GSK2256098 suppresses in vitro tumor phenotypes. In turn, FAK1 knockdown in RCC cells suppresses both in vitro phenotypes and in vivo tumor growth. Collectively, these data demonstrate functional activation of FAK1 in metastases and provide preclinical rationale for targeting this kinase in the setting of advanced ccRCC.

Point mutations of the mTOR-RHEB pathway in renal cell carcinoma.

Aberrations in the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) axis are frequently reported in cancer. Using publicly available tumor genome sequencing data, we identified several point mutations in MTOR and its upstream regulator RHEB (Ras homolog enriched in brain) in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common histology of kidney cancer. Interestingly, we found a prominent cluster of hyperactivating mutations in the FAT (FRAP-ATM-TTRAP) domain of mTOR in renal cell carcinoma that led to an increase in both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities and led to an increased proliferation of cells. Several of the FAT domain mutants demonstrated a decreased binding of DEPTOR (DEP domain containing mTOR-interacting protein), while a subset of these mutations showed altered binding of the negative regulator PRAS40 (proline rich AKT substrate 40). We also identified a recurrent mutation in RHEB in ccRCC patients that leads to an increase in mTORC1 activity. In vitro characterization of this RHEB mutation revealed that this mutant showed considerable resistance to TSC2 (Tuberous Sclerosis 2) GAP (GTPase activating protein) activity, though its interaction with TSC2 remained unaltered. Mutations in the FAT domain of MTOR and in RHEB remained sensitive to rapamycin, though several of these mutations demonstrated residual mTOR kinase activity after treatment with rapamycin at clinically relevant doses. Overall, our data suggests that point mutations in the mTOR pathway may lead to downstream mTOR hyperactivation through multiple different mechanisms to confer a proliferative advantage to a tumor cell.

L-2-Hydroxyglutarate: an epigenetic modifier and putative oncometabolite in renal cancer.

UNLABELLED: Through unbiased metabolomics, we identified elevations of the metabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). 2HG can inhibit 2-oxoglutaratre (2-OG)-dependent dioxygenases that mediate epigenetic events, including DNA and histone demethylation. 2HG accumulation, specifically the d enantiomer, can result from gain-of-function mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1, IDH2) found in several different tumors. In contrast, kidney tumors demonstrate elevations of the l enantiomer of 2HG (l-2HG). High-2HG tumors demonstrate reduced DNA levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), consistent with 2HG-mediated inhibition of ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes, which convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5hmC. l-2HG elevation is mediated in part by reduced expression of l-2HG dehydrogenase (L2HGDH). L2HGDH reconstitution in RCC cells lowers l-2HG and promotes 5hmC accumulation. In addition, L2HGDH expression in RCC cells reduces histone methylation and suppresses in vitro tumor phenotypes. Our report identifies l-2HG as an epigenetic modifier and putative oncometabolite in kidney cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: Here, we report elevations of the putative oncometabolite l-2HG in the most common subtype of kidney cancer and describe a novel mechanism for the regulation of DNA 5hmC levels. Our findings provide new insight into the metabolic basis for the epigenetic landscape of renal cancer.

Combination of N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid and α-tocopherol substantially prevents the brain synaptosomal alterations and memory and learning deficits of aged rats.

This study has compared several synaptosomal parameters in three groups of rats: young (46 months), aged (22-24 months) and antioxidant supplemented aged rats (antioxidant supplementation given with the diet as a combination of N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid and α-tocopherol from 18 months onwards till 22-24 months). The synaptosomes from aged rat brain, in comparison to those of young animals, exhibit an increased membrane potential with altered contents of Na(+) and K(+) under basal incubation condition and in the presence of depolarizing agents. The intrasynaptosomal Ca(2+) is also higher in aged than in young rat. These age-dependent changes in synaptosomal parameters are prevented markedly in the antioxidant supplemented group. When examined on T-maze, the aged animals are noticeably impaired in learning and memory functions, but the deficit is remarkably prevented in the antioxidant supplemented aged animals. It is suggested that the synaptosomal alterations partly contribute to the cognitive deficits of aged animals, and both are rescued by long-term antioxidant supplementation.

Raised serum adenosine deaminase level in nonobese type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The role of inflammation being minimal in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in nonobese patients; the aim of the study was to investigate the role of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and see its association with diabetes mellitus. The preliminary case control study comprised of 56 cases and 45 healthy controls which were age and sex matched. 3 mL venous blood samples were obtained from the patients as well as controls after 8-10 hours of fasting. Serum ADA and routine biochemical parameters were analyzed. Serum ADA level was found significantly higher among nonobese T2DM subjects with respect to controls (38.77 ± 14.29 versus 17.02 ± 5.74 U/L; P < 0.0001). Serum ADA level showed a significant positive correlation with fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.657; P < 0.0001) level among nonobese T2DM subjects, but no significant correlation was observed in controls (r = -0.203; P = 0.180). However, no correlation was observed between serum ADA level compared to BMI and HbA1c levels. Our study shows higher serum ADA, triglycerides (TG) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels in nonobese T2DM patients, and a strong correlation between ADA and FPG which suggests an association between ADA and nonobese T2DM subjects.