Increased Prevalence of Adverse Health Outcomes Across the Lifespan in Those Affected by Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Canadian Population Cohort.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common metabolic-endocrine disorder impacting the health and quality of life of women over the lifespan. Evidence-based data on the scope of adverse health outcomes in those affected by PCOS is critical to improve healthcare and quality of life in this population. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of adverse health outcomes in those with PCOS compared to age-matched controls. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational case-control study in those diagnosed with PCOS and age-matched controls using the Alberta Health Services Health Analytics database and the International Classification of Diseases, for the period from 2002-2018 in Alberta, Canada. Results: The cohort consisted of n = 16,531 exposed PCOS cases and n = 49,335 age-matched un-exposed controls. The prevalences of hypertension, renal disease, gastrointestinal disease, eating disorders, mental illness, depression-anxiety, rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory infections, and all malignancies were 20%-40% (P < 0.0001) higher in those with PCOS, compared to controls. The prevalence of obesity, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes was 2-3 fold higher in those with PCOS (P < 0.001). Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease were 30%-50% higher, and they occurred 3-4 years earlier in those with PCOS (P < 0.0001); a 2-fold higher prevalence of dementia occurred in those with PCOS, compared to controls. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence that PCOS is associated with a higher prevalence of morbidities over the lifespan, and the potential scope of the healthcare burden in women affected by PCOS.

Contexte: Le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) est le trouble métabolique et endocrinien le plus courant à toucher la santé et la qualité de vie des femmes de tout âge. Il est essentiel de disposer de données probantes sur l'ampleur des effets néfastes sur la santé des personnes qui en sont atteintes afin d'améliorer les soins de santé offerts à cette population et sa qualité de vie. Le but de la présente étude était de déterminer la prévalence des effets néfastes sur la santé des personnes atteintes du SOPK et de les comparer aux effets chez des témoins appariés selon l'âge. Méthodologie: Nous avons mené une étude cas-témoin observationnelle rétrospective chez des personnes diagnostiquées avec un SOPK et des témoins appariés selon l'âge en utilisant la base des données analytiques de santé de l'Alberta Health Services et la classification internationale des maladies pour l'Alberta (Canada) de 2002 à 2018. Résultats: La cohorte à l'étude était composée de cas de SOPK (n = 16 531) et de témoins appariés selon l'âge qui n'y étaient pas exposés (n = 49 335). L'hypertension, les maladies rénales, les maladies gastro-intestinales, les troubles alimentaires, les troubles de santé mentale, la dépression et l'anxiété, la polyarthrite rhumatoïde, les infections respiratoires, et les cancers de tout type étaient de 20 % à 40 % plus fréquents (p < 0,0001) chez les personnes atteintes de SOPK que chez les témoins. La prévalence de l'obésité, de la dyslipidémie, de la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique et du diabète de type 2 était 2 à 3 fois plus élevée chez les personnes atteintes de SOPK (p < 0,001). L'incidence des maladies cardiovasculaires, vasculaires cérébrales et vasculaires périphériques était 30 % à 50 % plus élevée et ces maladies survenaient 3 à 4 ans plus tôt chez les personnes atteintes de SOPK (p < 0,0001), et la prévalence de démence était 2 fois plus élevée chez les personnes atteintes de SOPK que chez les témoins. Conclusions: Ces résultats démontrent que le SOPK est associé à une prévalence plus élevée de morbidité tout au long de la vie et démontrent l'ampleur possible du fardeau en soins de santé chez les femmes touchées par le SOPK.

Prevalence and Etiology of Eating Disorders in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Scoping Review.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting females across the lifespan. Eating disorders (EDs) are psychiatric conditions that may impact the development of PCOS and comorbidities including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this scoping review was to determine the prevalence of EDs and disordered eating, and to review the etiology of EDs in PCOS. The review was conducted using search terms addressing PCOS, EDs, and disordered eating in databases, including PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Structured interviews, self-administered questionnaires, chart review, or self-reported diagnosis were used to identify EDs in 38 studies included in the review. The prevalence of any ED in those with PCOS ranged from 0% to 62%. Those with PCOS were 3-6-fold more likely to have an ED and higher odds ratios (ORs) of an elevated ED score compared with controls. In those with PCOS, 30% had a higher OR of bulimia nervosa and binge ED was 3-fold higher compared with controls. Studies were limited on anorexia nervosa and other specified feeding or ED (such as night eating syndrome) and these were not reported to be higher in PCOS. To our knowledge, no studies reported on avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, rumination disorder, or pica in PCOS. Studies showed strong associations between overweight, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating in PCOS. The etiologic development of EDs in PCOS remains unclear; however, psychological, metabolic, hypothalamic, and genetic factors are implicated. The prevalence of any ED in PCOS varied because of the use of different diagnostic and screening tools. Screening of all individuals with PCOS for EDs is recommended and high-quality studies on the prevalence, pathogenesis of specific EDs, relationship to comorbidities, and effective interventions to treat ED in those with PCOS are needed.

Challenges in diagnosis and health care in polycystic ovary syndrome in Canada: a patient view to improve health care.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine-metabolic disorder affecting health and quality of life of those affected across the lifespan. We currently have limited evidence-based data on the experience of those living with PCOS in the health care system including diagnosis, health concerns and disease management. The aim of this study was to assess the perceptions of health status, health care experience and disease management support in those affected by PCOS in Alberta, Canada. METHODS: An online questionnaire was completed via REDCap by individuals self-reporting a diagnosis of PCOS. Question categories included demographics, symptoms of PCOS and time to confirm a diagnosis, follow-up care, health concerns, and information resources. Descriptive statistics were used and thematic analyses was applied to open-response questions. RESULTS: Responses from 194 participants living in Canada (93% in Alberta) were included. The average age was 34 ± 8 years and BMI was 35 ± 9. Menstrual irregularity was identified in 84% of respondents as the first symptom noticed and the primary reason for seeking a medical consultation. A PCOS diagnosis occurred on average 4.3 years following awareness of first symptoms and required consultation with more than one primary care provider for 57% of respondents. Half (53%) of respondents reported not receiving a referral to specialists for follow-up care and 70% were not informed about long-term health morbidity such as diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Most respondents (82%) did their own research about PCOS using on-line sources, academic literature and advice from peer support. The participant themes from open questions for improving health care included more resources and support, increased and reliable information, better education and training for clinicians, timely diagnosis, prompt referrals to specialists, and generally more compassion and empathy to the challenges faced by those managing their disease. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the health concerns and challenges in health care for those with PCOS. In Alberta, Canada we have identified major gaps in health care including a timely diagnosis, follow up care and supports, and multidisciplinary care. This evidence-based data can be used to inform development of pathways to improve the health care experience in those affected by PCOS.

A Pilot Trial: Fish Oil and Metformin Effects on ApoB-Remnants and Triglycerides in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

CONTEXT: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have increased incidence of atherogenic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Interventions targeting atherogenic dyslipidemia to reduce CVD risk are limited in women with PCOS. OBJECTIVE: This pilot study was conducted to determine the effect of 12 weeks of high dose fish oil (FO), metformin, and FO as an adjunct to metformin (FO-metformin) therapy on fasting and nonfasting plasma lipids and ApoB-remnants in young women with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and PCOS. METHODS: In this open-label parallel pilot trial, women with MetS and PCOS (18-30 years of age) were randomized into 1 of 3 interventions: (1) FO; (2) metformin; and (3) FO-metformin. Plasma lipids and ApoB (48 and 100)-lipoproteins and triglycerides (TG) were measured in the fasted and postprandial state following a high-fat meal at baseline and postintervention. RESULTS: FO-metformin significantly lowered fasting plasma TG by >40% compared with FO and metformin treatments. Fasting plasma apoB48 was lowered 40% in FO-metformin and 15% in the FO groups from baseline to postintervention. ApoB48 area under the curve (ApoB48AUC), ApoB48 incremental AUC (ApoB48iAUC), ApoB100AUC, and ApoB100iAUC decreased in all groups from baseline to postintervention; however, these findings did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The findings of this pilot trial show that high dose FO and FO-metformin combination therapy tend to lower fasting and postprandial plasma TG and ApoB-lipoprotein remnants compared with metformin; however, the study is limited by small sample size. These results may be clinically significant in individuals with PCOS for management of atherogenic dyslipidemia.

Exploration of nutritional, antioxidative, antibacterial and anticancer status of Russula alatoreticula: towards valorization of a traditionally preferred unique myco-food.

Healthy food trend is becoming popular these days fueling search for ingredients empowered by pharma-nutritional benefits. In contrast, numerous wild-growing mushrooms are traditionally cherished as health promoting gastronomies in India; although credibility of their effects has so far been limited. Hence the present study aimed to unveil a unique tribal cuisine, Russula alatoreticula, with nutritional, chemical and pharmacological relevance. The outcome demonstrated an excellent alimentary composition with carbohydrate and protein as prominent macronutrients in contrast to fat providing oleic acid (36.66%), linoleic acid (16.84%), palmitic acid (16.01%) and stearic acid (15.31%) indicative of profitable nutritive account. Conversely, ethanolic fraction enriched with phenolics (pyrogallol > cinnamic acid) presented effective antioxidant property in terms of radical scavenging, Fe2+ chelating and reducing power with EC50 ranging from 785 to 2500 µg/ml. Remarkable antibacterial activity was also noted against the tested microorganisms (MIC of 72.5-1560 µg/ml) preferentially targeting Gram-positive one. Besides treatment of the preparation rendered Hep3B proliferation as evident by phenotypic changes, cell cycle interference, reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, DNA fragmentation, change in Bax/Bcl2 ratio and activation of caspase9 signifying induction of intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Thus the study represents R. alatoreticula as a value-added bio-resource that could be featured in food and pharmaceutical industries for betterment of humankind.

Enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic lutein-PUFA esters and assessment of their stabilization potential in EPA-DHA rich fish oil matrix.

The objective of the present study was to synthesize ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid esters of lutein and to evaluate if esterification can stabilize the both bioactive molecules. Both ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and lutein are prone towards auto-oxidation in their free form. Free lutein extracted from the marigold petals was enzymatically esterified using Candida antarctica NS435 Lipase B, with the ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The lutein esters were purified, characterized and finally assessed for their protective role against oxidative degradation in bulk fish oil matrix. The antioxidative effect of these esters was compared with commercial antioxidants of natural origin, i.e., α-tocopherol and a synthetic antioxidant, i.e., tert-butylhydroquinone, at a dosage of 200 mg/L. Both free lutein and lutein-polyunsaturated fatty acid ester had significantly promoted the oxidative stability of bulk fish oil. But based on dose-response relationship, lutein-polyunsaturated fatty acid ester was found to be more efficient than free lutein, in protecting fish oil from secondary oxidation, thereby augmenting their shelf life. Given the high nutraceutical value, potent antioxidative potential and organic origin, it is only relevant to incorporate lutein esters as natural preservative and stabilizers in edible oils.

Effects of nano-sizing on lipid bioaccessibility and ex vivo bioavailability from EPA-DHA rich oil in water nanoemulsion.

The physiological efficacy of nutraceuticals is dependent on their physicochemical nature and bioavailability across biological barriers. In the present work, effects of nano-sizing of emulsion-based delivery vehicle on the bioavailability of polyunsaturated fatty acids rich fish oil have been investigated via three-step experimental design; ex vivo rat everted intestinal sac model, cellular lipid uptake and the bioactivity in rat PBMCs. Nanoemulsion in comparison to the conventional emulsion has shown significant higher rate of uptake of polyunsaturated fatty acids in three segments of small intestine. The time-kinetics of such uptake was correlated with appearance of short-chain fatty acids in basal side of the everted sac. The bioavailability of the formulated fish oil and its inhibitory response against lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in rat PBMCs were positively correlated. This formulation with nano-sized droplets can be utilized as smart delivery vehicles for designing oral therapies in future.

Octacosanol educes physico-chemical attributes, release and bioavailability as modified nanocrystals.

Octacosanol is a lesser known nutraceutical with the potential for treatment of several inflammatory diseases, high cholesterol, Parkinson's symptoms and tumour growth along with the capacity to improve athletic performance. But its lipophilicity and large structure inhibits extended solubility in water resulting in poor absorption and a low bioavailability. In the present work, sodium salt of octacosyl sulfate was synthesized. It displayed improved water solubility. Its nanocrystals, synthesized by means of nanoprecipitation technique, enhanced diffusion velocity, antioxidant capacity, shelf-life, penetrability and bioavailability. Particle size of the nanocrystals ranged between 197 and 220nm. Both modified octacosanol and its nanocrystals displayed maximum lipid peroxidation activities at a concentration 1000ppm, but nanocrystals demonstrated higher prevention. From freeze-thaw cycles it was evident that normal octacosanol crystals were far more prone to temperature variations than the nanocrystals. A pronounced increase in release/diffusion rate and bioavailability was observed for the nanocrystals of the modified octacosanol. In vitro release kinetics, bioavailability and bioequivalence were studied. Relative bioavailability for gastric passage and pancreatic passage of nanocrystals was 2.58 times and 1.81 times that of normal crystals respectively. Furthermore the nanocrystals displayed a superior in vitro release rate, while following a non-Fickian mode.

Nutritional Evaluation of Oleogel Made from Micronutrient Rich Edible Oils.

The present study examined the nutritional properties of trans-free edible oleogels made from oil blends of rice bran and flaxseed in animal model. Oleogels were prepared by using mixture of palm stearin (PS) with cetyl laurate (CL) and palm stearin (PS) with cetyl caprylate (CC) as oleogelators. The oleogel samples were prepared with 15 weight % oleogelators (2:1 molar ratio of PS:CC or PS:CL) at 60°C with 1 hr constant stirring in blended oil. The prepared oleogel samples were subjected to DSC and XRD studies in order to evaluate their melting and crystal characteristics. Oleogel formed by using PS and CC showed the desired thermal characteristics. The peak melting temperature of the said sample was almost 44.5°C as determined by the DSC technique. The X-ray diffraction study clearly signified that the crystals were well developed. For nutritional evaluation, Male Wister rats were fed with prepared oleogel samples along with control diet for 4 weeks. Animals were divided into four groups. The control group was fed with normal stock diet containing blend of rice bran oil and flaxseed oil (4:1); one was fed with TFA rich vanaspati (TFA content is about 11.20%); experimental groups were fed with oleogel prepared by using PS:CC and oleogel prepared by using PS:CL respectively. Analysis of the blood lipid profile of the four groups was done. In vivo study established the cholesterol lowering properties of prepared oleogel samples which further enhanced the novelty of oleogel as healthy alternative of trans fat. The positive changes were more pronounced in case of rats fed with oleogel prepared with PS:CC as oleogelators. This study provides an elegant approach of producing trans-free edible quality oleogel with recognized cholesterol lowering property.

Studies on performance evaluation of a green plasticizer made by enzymatic esterification of furfuryl alcohol and castor oil fatty acid.

The esterification of furfuryl alcohol (FA) and castor oil fatty acid (COFA) at 3:1 molar ratio, by immobilized Candida antarctica Lipase B (NS 435 from Novozyme) in a solvent free system gave a maximum yield of 88.64% (%w/w) at 5h. Performance of the FA-COFA ester plasticized Ethyl Cellulose (EC) films were evaluated by surface morphologies, XRD analysis, mechanical properties,thermal properties, water vapor permeability and migration stability test. It was an effective plasticizer with better mechanical properties and thermal stability at the increasing concentration of FA-COFA ester (15-25%) containing EC film, than the traditional plasticizer, i.e; dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in producing good quality films. Chemical structure and the intermolecular interactions between FA-COFA ester and ethyl cellulose chains were the causative agents of these outstanding performances. Therefore, this FA-COFA ester, with significant plasticizing property, at a certain concentration, can be a substitute of DBP.

Structured DAG oil ameliorates renal injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through inhibition of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 pathway.

Accumulating evidence suggested that inflammatory processes are involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Here, we have tested the hypothesis that Caprylic Acid (Cy)-diacylglycerol (DAG) oil (Cy-DAG), a novel structurally formulated lipid with high nutritional value, ameliorated DN in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats through the anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Basic hematological, biochemical parameters, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis were performed to observe the anti-inflammatory potential of Cy-DAG oil. The data revealed that STZ significantly increased the renal oxidative stress markers and decreased the levels of renal enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Moreover, renal nitric oxide (NO), tissue necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) were also increased in the renal tissue of STZ-treated rats. Further, DAG oil pretreatment produced a significant improvement in renal antioxidant status, reduced the lipid peroxidation and the levels of inflammatory markers in STZ-treated kidney. Similarly, results of protein expression showed that DAG oil pretreatment normalized the renal expression of Nrf2/Keap1 and its downstream regulatory proteins in STZ-treated condition. Immunohistochemical observations provided further evidence that DAG oil effectively protected the kidney from STZ-mediated oxidative damage. These results suggested that the DAG oil ameliorated STZ-induced oxidative renal injury by the activation of AKT/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and the inhibition of ROS/MAPK/NF-κB pathway.

Preparation of human milk fat analogue by enzymatic interesterification reaction using palm stearin and fish oil.

Palm stearin fractionate (PSF), obtained from palm stearin by further fractionation with solvents and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) rich fish oil (FO) were subjected to interesterification at 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1 substrate molar ratio and catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa for obtaining a product with triacylglycerol (TAG) structure similar to that of human milk fat (HMF). The parameters (molar ratio and time) of the interesterification reaction were standardized. The temperature of 60 °C and enzyme concentration of 10 % (w/w) were kept fixed as these parameters were previously optimized. The reactions were carried out in a stirred tank reactor equipped with a magnetic stirrer for 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. The blends were analyzed for fatty acid (FA) composition of both total FAs and those at the sn-2 position after pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. All the blended products were subjected to melting point determination and free fatty acid content. Finally, blend of PSF and FO at 2:1 molar ratio with 69.70 % palmitic acid (PA) content and 12 h of reaction produced the desired product with 75.98 % of PA at sn-2 position, 0.27 % arachidonic acid (AA), 3.43 % eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 4.25 % docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and with melting point of 42 °C. This study portrayed a successful preparation of TAG containing unique FA composition i.e. ≥ 70 % of the PA, by weight, were esterified at the sn-2 position which could be used in infant formulation with health benefits of n-3 PUFAs.

In vitro antioxidant assay of medium chain fatty acid rich rice bran oil in comparison to native rice bran oil.

The study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) rich-rice bran oils in comparison with native rice bran oil. Different in vitro methods were used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity, metal chelation activity, reducing acitivity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and so on at different concentrations of the oils such as 10-100 µg/mL. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was evaluated measuring thiobarbituric acid responsive substance (TBARS) and conjugated diene formation. All the oils showed potent antioxidant activity at 100 µg/mL concentration. TBARS formation and conjugated diene formation was lower with MCFA rich oils i.e. the inhibition of lipid peroxidation was more in MCFA rich oils than original rice bran oil. Caprylic acid rich rice bran oil showed maximum antioxidant activity in comparison to capric- and lauric acid rich rice bran oils. Overall the MCFA rich rice bran oils showed to be more potent antioxidant than rice bran oil due to their lower unsaturated fatty acid content.

Gossypetin ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative stress in mice liver--a molecular approach.

Radioprotective action of gossypetin (GTIN) against gamma (γ)-radiation-induced oxidative stress in liver was explored in the present article. Our main aim was to evaluate the protective efficacy of GTIN against radiation-induced alteration of liver in murine system. To evaluate the effect of GTIN, it was orally administered to mice at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight for three consecutive days prior to γ-radiation at a dose of 5 Gy. Radioprotective efficacy of GTIN were evaluated at physiological, cellular, and molecular level using biochemical analysis, comet assay, flow cytometry, histopathology, immunofluorescence, and immunoblotting techniques. Ionizing radiation was responsible for augmentation of hepatic oxidative stress in terms of lipid peroxidation and depletion of endogenous antioxidant enzymes. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence studies showed that irradiation enhanced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) level, which leads to hepatic inflammation. To investigate further, we found that radiation induced the activation of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK)-mediated apoptotic pathway and deactivation of the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated redox signaling pathway, whereas GTIN pretreatment ameliorated these radiation-mediated effects. This is the novel report where GTIN rationally validated the molecular mechanism in terms of the modulation of cellular signaling system' instead of ' This is the novel report where GTIN is rationally validated in molecular terms to establish it as promising radioprotective agents. This might be fruitful especially for nuclear workers and defense personnel assuming the possibility of radiation exposure.

Anti-oxidative effect of turmeric on frying characteristics of soybean oil.

Curcumin, the active principle of turmeric, is known to act as an anti-oxidant, anti-mutagen and anti-carcinogen. This study aimed to find out the thermal and oxidative stability of soybean oil when potatoes marinated with turmeric were deep fried in the oil. Two sets of experiment were carried out. In one set, 1 L of oil was heated for 24 h (8 h daily for 3 consecutive days) and 200 g of potato chips without any marination were fried each time twice daily. Foods were fried in batches to replicate the commercial practice of the food industries. The temperature maintained during the whole experiment was at 180-190 °C i.e. at the frying temperature. About 50 ml of the oil sample was collected after every 4 h. In the second set, another 1 L of soybean oil was heated for 24 h in the similar manner and potato chips marinated with turmeric was fried twice daily. Oil samples were collected as before and comparative studies were done. The chemical parameters like acid value, peroxide value, content of 4-hydroxy-2-trans-nonenal (HNE) and fatty acid composition for all the oil samples of each set were determined. The comparative studies on peroxide value and content of HNE revealed that the antioxidant property of curcumin in turmeric helped in reducing the oxidation of the oil initially, but with increase in duration of time, the antioxidant potency got gradually reduced. The loss of unsaturated fatty acids were calculated from the fatty acid composition and it was found that loss of unsaturation in soybean oil where turmeric marinated potatoes were fried was 6.37 % while the controlled one showed 7.76 % loss after 24 h of heating. These results indicated higher thermal and oxidative stability of the soybean oil in presence of turmeric. However, the antioxidant effect gradually decreased with increase in duration of heating.

Production of medium chain fatty acid rich mustard oil using packed bed bioreactor.

A comparative study was done on the production of different medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) rich mustard oil using a stirred tank batchreactor (STBR) and packed bed bio reactor (PBBR) using three commercially available immobilised lipases viz. Thermomyces lanuginosus, Candida antarctica and Rhizomucor meihe. Three different MCFAs capric, caprylic and lauric acids were incorporated in the mustard oil. Reaction parameters, such as substrate molar ratio, reaction temperature and enzyme concentration were standardized in the STBR and maintained in the PBBR. To provide equal time of residence between the substrate and enzyme in both the reactors for the same amount of substrates, the substrate flow rate in the PBBR was maintainedat 0.27 ml/min. Gas liquid chromatography was used to monitor the incorporation of MCFA in mustard oil. The study showed that the PBBR was more efficient than the STBR in the synthesis of structured lipids with less migration of acyl groups. The physico-chemical parameters of the product along with fatty acid composition in all positions and sn-2 positions were also determined.

Antioxidative effect of rice bran oil and medium chain fatty acid rich rice bran oil in arsenite induced oxidative stress in rats.

The present study was adopted to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of medium chain fatty acid (caprylic, capric and lauric) rich rice bran oils in comparison to rice bran oil in terms of altered biochemical parameters of oxidative stress following sodium arsenite treatment in rats. Animals were divided into ten groups; five normal groups and five arsenite treated groups. Results showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes in liver, brain and erythrocyte membrane increased with the administration of rice bran oil and MCFA rich rice bran oils both in normal and arsenite treated cases. Lipid peroxidation increased with the administration of sodium arsenite, but again administration of rice bran oil and MCFA rich rice bran oils decreased the lipid peroxidation. Caprylic acid rich rice bran oil showed the best ameliorative effects.

Role of ferulic acid in the amelioration of ionizing radiation induced inflammation: a murine model.

Ionizing radiation is responsible for oxidative stress by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which alters the cellular redox potential. This change activates several redox sensitive enzymes which are crucial in activating signaling pathways at molecular level and can lead to oxidative stress induced inflammation. Therefore, the present study was intended to assess the anti-inflammatory role of ferulic acid (FA), a plant flavonoid, against radiation-induced oxidative stress with a novel mechanistic viewpoint. FA was administered (50 mg/kg body wt) to Swiss albino mice for five consecutive days prior to exposing them to a single dose of 10 Gy 60Co γ-irradiation. The dose of FA was optimized from the survival experiment and 50 mg/kg body wt dose showed optimum effect. FA significantly ameliorated the radiation induced inflammatory response such as phosphorylation of IKKα/ß and IκBα and consequent nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). FA also prevented the increase of cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2) protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase-2 (iNOS-2) gene expression, lipid peroxidation in liver and the increase of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum. It was observed that exposure to radiation results in decreased activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and the pool of reduced glutathione (GSH) content. However, FA treatment prior to irradiation increased the activities of the same endogenous antioxidants. Thus, pretreatment with FA offers protection against gamma radiation induced inflammation.

Optimization of reaction parameters of acidolysis reaction between mustard oil and capric acid by using Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase.

Structured lipids were prepared from mustard oil by enzymatic acidolysis reaction with capric acid (C10) using lipase enzyme TLIM from Thermomyces lanuginosus as biocatalyst. Parameters such as substrate molar ratio, enzyme concentration, reaction temperature, stirring speed and time of maximum incorporation, were studied for the optimization of the reaction. The optimized set of process conditions was predicted by response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA). The robustness of GA and RSM was evaluated using regression coefficient and p value. The R(2) found out by GA was 0.996 while from RSM was 0.973. The results proved that GA models have better performance than RSM models. From the result, it could be concluded that optimal conditions for synthesis of capric acid rich mustard oil were: Temperature = 39.5 °C ; time = 21.1 hr; Substrate ratio = 3.5; Enzyme content = 8.8%; Speed = 570.8 rpm.