RESUMO
We conducted a genome-wide SNP association study on prostate cancer on over 23,000 Icelanders, followed by a replication study including over 15,500 individuals from Europe and the United States. Two newly identified variants were shown to be associated with prostate cancer: rs5945572 on Xp11.22 and rs721048 on 2p15 (odds ratios (OR) = 1.23 and 1.15; P = 3.9 x 10(-13) and 7.7 x 10(-9), respectively). The 2p15 variant shows a significantly stronger association with more aggressive, rather than less aggressive, forms of the disease.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 2 , Cromossomos Humanos X , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Frequência do Gene , Testes Genéticos , Humanos , Islândia , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Masculino , Países Baixos , Espanha , Suécia , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The alpha(V) integrins are key receptors involved in mediating cell migration and angiogenesis. In age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy, angiogenesis plays a critical role in the loss of vision. These ocular vasculopathies might be treatable with a suitable alpha(V) antagonist, and an oral drug would offer a distinct advantage over current therapies. (3,S,beta,S)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-beta-[[1-[1-oxo-3-(1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)propyl]-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-3-quinolinepropanoic acid (JNJ-26076713) is a potent, orally bioavailable, nonpeptide alpha(V) antagonist derived from the arginine-glycine-asparagine binding motif in the matrix protein ligands (e.g., vitronectin). This compound inhibits alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5) binding to vitronectin in the low nanomolar range, it has excellent selectivity over integrins alpha(IIb)beta(3) and alpha(5)beta(1), and it prevents adhesion to human, rat, and mouse endothelial cells. JNJ-26076713 blocks cell migration induced by vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and serum, and angiogenesis induced by FGF in the chick chorioallantoic membrane model. JNJ-26076713 is the first alpha(V) antagonist reported to inhibit retinal neovascularization in an oxygen-induced model of retinopathy of prematurity after oral administration. In diabetic rats, orally administered JNJ-26076713 markedly inhibits retinal vascular permeability, a key early event in diabetic macular edema and AMD. Given this profile, JNJ-26076713 represents a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, macular edema, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
Assuntos
Permeabilidade Capilar/fisiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Retinopatia Diabética/metabolismo , Integrina alfaV/metabolismo , Naftiridinas/administração & dosagem , Naftiridinas/farmacocinética , Quinolinas/administração & dosagem , Quinolinas/farmacocinética , Neovascularização Retiniana/metabolismo , Administração Oral , Inibidores da Angiogênese/administração & dosagem , Inibidores da Angiogênese/química , Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacocinética , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Permeabilidade Capilar/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Embrião de Galinha , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Retinopatia Diabética/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Naftiridinas/química , Gravidez , Quinolinas/química , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Neovascularização Retiniana/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We performed a genome-wide association scan to search for sequence variants conferring risk of prostate cancer using 1,501 Icelandic men with prostate cancer and 11,290 controls. Follow-up studies involving three additional case-control groups replicated an association of two variants on chromosome 17 with the disease. These two variants, 33 Mb apart, fall within a region previously implicated by family-based linkage studies on prostate cancer. The risks conferred by these variants are moderate individually (allele odds ratio of about 1.20), but because they are common, their joint population attributable risk is substantial. One of the variants is in TCF2 (HNF1beta), a gene known to be mutated in individuals with maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5. Results from eight case-control groups, including one West African and one Chinese, demonstrate that this variant confers protection against type 2 diabetes.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 17 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Fator 1-beta Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Haplótipos , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent noncutaneous cancer in males in developed regions, with African American men having among the highest worldwide incidence and mortality rates. Here we report a second genetic variant in the 8q24 region that, in conjunction with another variant we recently discovered, accounts for about 11%-13% of prostate cancer cases in individuals of European descent and 31% of cases in African Americans. We made the current discovery through a genome-wide association scan of 1,453 affected Icelandic individuals and 3,064 controls using the Illumina HumanHap300 BeadChip followed by four replication studies. A key step in the discovery was the construction of a 14-SNP haplotype that efficiently tags a relatively uncommon (2%-4%) susceptibility variant in individuals of European descent that happens to be very common (approximately 42%) in African Americans. The newly identified variant shows a stronger association with affected individuals who have an earlier age at diagnosis.
Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos Par 8/genética , Ligação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Variação Genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Europa (Continente) , Genômica/métodos , Haplótipos/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Estados Unidos , População BrancaRESUMO
With the increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identifying common genetic variants that confer risk of the disease is important. Here we report such a variant on chromosome 8q24, a region initially identified through a study of Icelandic families. Allele -8 of the microsatellite DG8S737 was associated with prostate cancer in three case-control series of European ancestry from Iceland, Sweden and the US. The estimated odds ratio (OR) of the allele is 1.62 (P = 2.7 x 10(-11)). About 19% of affected men and 13% of the general population carry at least one copy, yielding a population attributable risk (PAR) of approximately 8%. The association was also replicated in an African American case-control group with a similar OR, in which 41% of affected individuals and 30% of the population are carriers. This leads to a greater estimated PAR (16%) that may contribute to higher incidence of prostate cancer in African American men than in men of European ancestry.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , População Branca/genética , Alelos , Humanos , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
The cause of schizophrenia is unknown, but it has a significant genetic component. Pharmacologic studies, studies of gene expression in man, and studies of mouse mutants suggest involvement of glutamate and dopamine neurotransmitter systems. However, so far, strong association has not been found between schizophrenia and variants of the genes encoding components of these systems. Here, we report the results of a genomewide scan of schizophrenia families in Iceland; these results support previous work, done in five populations, showing that schizophrenia maps to chromosome 8p. Extensive fine-mapping of the 8p locus and haplotype-association analysis, supplemented by a transmission/disequilibrium test, identifies neuregulin 1 (NRG1) as a candidate gene for schizophrenia. NRG1 is expressed at central nervous system synapses and has a clear role in the expression and activation of neurotransmitter receptors, including glutamate receptors. Mutant mice heterozygous for either NRG1 or its receptor, ErbB4, show a behavioral phenotype that overlaps with mouse models for schizophrenia. Furthermore, NRG1 hypomorphs have fewer functional NMDA receptors than wild-type mice. We also demonstrate that the behavioral phenotypes of the NRG1 hypomorphs are partially reversible with clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia.