Salphen metal complexes as potential anticancer agents: interaction profile and selectivity studies toward the three G-quadruplex units in the KIT promoter.

DNA G-rich sequences can organize in four-stranded structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s). These motifs are enriched in significant sites within the human genomes, including telomeres and promoters of cancer related genes. For instance, KIT proto-oncogene promoter, associated with diverse cancers, contains three adjacent G4 units, namely Kit2, SP, and Kit1. Aiming at finding new and selective G-quadruplex binders, we have synthesized and characterized five non-charged metal complexes of Pt(II), Pd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) of a chlorine substituted Salphen ligand. The crystal structure of the Pt(II) and Pd(II) complexes was determined by XRPD. FRET measurements indicated that Pt(II) and Pd(II) compounds stabilize Kit1 and Kit2 G4s but not SP, telomeric and double stranded DNA. Spectroscopic investigations (UV-Vis, circular dichroism and fluorescence) suggested the Cu(II) complex as the most G4-selective compound. Interestingly, docking simulations indicate that the synthesized compounds fit groove binding pockets of both Kit1 and Kit2 G4s. Moreover, they exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxic activity in MCF-7, HepG2 and HeLa cancer cells.

Synchrotron Radiation-Based Micro-XANES and Micro-XRF Study of Unsuccessfully Produced Egyptian Blue from the Late Hellenistic Production Site of Kos (Dodecanese, Greece).

This paper examines the production technology of Egyptian blue, an ancient artificial pigment, through the investigation of an unsuccessfully produced pellet derived from the Hellenistic production site of Kos (Dodecanese, Greece). This heterogeneous material was investigated by a combination of laboratory and synchrotron radiation-based (SR) techniques: scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, micro-Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution SR micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and SR micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), at the ID21 beamline of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. Principal component analysis of a large dataset of 171 micro-XANES spectra acquired on the archaeological samples and on a series of reference copper compounds emphasizes high variations of XANES features due to different speciation and also orientation effects, as demonstrated by the simulated XANES spectra. The results indicate that, rather than inadequate firing temperatures that could have led to the reddish cuprite (Cu2O), unsuccessful production may occur due to the use of inappropriate starting materials, which contain an unusually high iron content. The contextual interpretation underlines the intertwined relationship between the production of Egyptian blue and metallurgy.

Nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) metallo-intercalators: structural details of the DNA-binding by a combined experimental and computational investigation.

We present a thorough characterization of the interaction of novel nickel(II) (1), copper(II) (2) and zinc(II) (3) Schiff base complexes with native calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA), in buffered aqueous solution at pH 7.5. UV-vis absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and viscometry titrations provided clear evidence of the intercalative mechanism of the three square-planar metal complexes, allowing us to determine the intrinsic DNA-binding constants (K(b)), equal to 1.3 × 10(7), 2.9 × 10(6), and 6.2 × 10(5) M(-1) for 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Preferential affinity, of one order of magnitude, toward AT compared to GC base pair sequences was detected by UV-vis absorption titrations of 1 with [poly(dG-dC)]2 and [poly(dA-dT)]2. Structural details of the intercalation site of the three metal complexes within [dodeca(dA-dT)]2 were obtained by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by density functional theory/molecular mechanics (DFT/MM) calculations. The calculations revealed that three major intermolecular interactions contribute to the strong affinity between DNA and the three metal complexes: (1) the electrostatic attraction between the two positively charged triethylammoniummethyl groups of the metal complexes and the negatively charged phosphate groups of the DNA backbone; (2) the intercalation of the naphthalene moiety within the four nitrogen bases of the intercalation site; (3) the metal coordination by exocyclic donor atoms of the bases, specifically the carbonyl oxygen and amine nitrogen atoms. Remarkably, the Gibbs formation free energy calculated for the intercalation complexes of 1, 2 and 3 with [dodeca(dA-dT)]2 in the implicit water solution is in agreement with the experimental Gibbs free energy values obtained from the DNA-binding constants as ΔG° = -RT ln(K(b)). In particular, the DNA-binding affinity trend, 1 > 2 > 3, is reproduced. Finally, the first shell coordination distances calculated for the intercalation complex 3/[dodeca(dA-dT)]2 are in excellent agreement with the experimental distances extracted from the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectrum of the corresponding 3/ct-DNA solutions. The latter results provided the first evidence of metal ion coordination by native DNA in aqueous solution.