c-Fos expression after neonatal handling in social brain regions: Distinctive profile of RHA-rat schizophrenia model on a social preference test.

Neonatal handling (NH) is an environmental manipulation that induces long-lasting changes in behavioural, neuroendocrine, and neuroanatomical processes in rodents. We have previously reported that NH treatment increases social interaction preference in an animal model of schizophrenia-relevant features, the Roman high-avoidance (RHA) rats. The present study was aimed at evaluating whether the increase of social behaviour/preference due to NH treatment in RHA rats is associated with differences in c-Fos expression levels in some of the brain areas that integrate the "social brain". To this aim, we evaluated the performance of adult male rats from both Roman rat strains (RHA vs. RLA -Roman low-avoidance- rats), either untreated (control) or treated with NH (administered during the first 21 days of life) in a social interaction task. For the analyses of c-Fos activation untreated and NH-treated animals were divided into three different experimental conditions: undisturbed home cage controls (HC); rats exposed to the testing set-up context (CTX); and rats exposed to a social interaction (SI) test. It was found that, compared with their RLA counterparts, NH treatment increased social behaviour in RHA rats, and also specifically enhanced c-Fos expression in RHA rats tested for SI in some brain areas related to social behaviour, i.e. the infralimbic cortex (IL) and the medial posterodorsal amygdala (MePD) regions.

Surgical versus medical treatment for endometriosis-associated severe deep dyspareunia: I. Effect on pain during intercourse and patient satisfaction.

STUDY QUESTION: Does surgical or medical treatment for endometriosis-associated severe deep dyspareunia achieve better results in terms of patients' satisfaction (main study outcome), variation of coital pain and frequency of intercourse? SUMMARY ANSWER: Surgery and progestin therapy were equally effective in the treatment of deep dyspareunia in women with rectovaginal endometriosis, whereas medical therapy performed significantly better than excisional treatment in those without deeply infiltrating lesions. WHAT IS KNOWN AND WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Conservative surgery and hormonal therapies have been used independently for endometriosis-associated deep dyspareunia with inconsistent results. This study reports a direct comparison between the two treatment options in women with severe pain during intercourse. DESIGN: Patient preference, parallel cohort study with a 12-month follow-up. The effect of conservative surgery at laparoscopy was compared with treatment with a low-dose of norethisterone acetate per os (2.5 mg/day) in women with persistent/recurrent severe deep dyspareunia after first-line surgery. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A total of 51 patients chose repeat surgery and 103 progestin treatment. Patient satisfaction was graded according to a five-category scale. Variations in pain during intercourse were measured by means of a 100-mm visual analogue scale. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: In the surgery group, a marked and rapid short-term dyspareunia score reduction was observed, followed by partial recurrence of pain. The pain relief effect of the progestin was more gradual, but progressive throughout the study period. At a 12-month follow-up, the frequency of intercourse per month (mean ± SD) was 4.6 ± 1.8 in the surgery group and 5.3 ± 1.5 in the norethisterone acetate group (P = 0.02). A total of 22/51 (43%) women were satisfied in the surgery group compared with 61/103 (59%) in the progestin group [adjusted odds ratios (OR), 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.16-0.82; P = 0.015]. Corresponding figures in women with and without rectovaginal endometriotic lesions were, respectively, 13/24 (54%) versus 18/35 (51%; adjusted OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.22-2.67; P = 0.68), and 9/27 (33%) versus 43/68 (63%; adjusted OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.76, P = 0.02). BIAS, CONFOUNDING, AND OTHER REASONS FOR CAUTION: Treatments were not randomly assigned, and distribution of participants as well as of dropouts between study arms was unbalanced. However, the possibility of choosing the treatment allowed assessment of the maximum potential effect size of the interventions. GENERALIZABILITY TO OTHER POPULATIONS: Caucasian patients able to choose their treatment. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study was supported by a research grant from the University of Milan School of Medicine (PUR number 2009-ATE-0570). None of the authors have a conflict of interest.

Gynecological endoscopy for symptomatic endometriosis.

The best available evidence on surgery for endometriosis-associated pain has been reviewed in order to define the benefit of various interventions in the most frequently encountered clinical conditions, and discuss the robustness of the reported data in light of the quality of the relevant study design. Methodological drawbacks limit the validity of observational, non-comparative studies on the effect of laparoscopy for stage I to IV disease. The results of three randomized, controlled trials, indicate that the absolute benefit increase of destruction of lesions compared with sham operation in terms of proportion of women reporting pain relief was between 30% and 40% after short follow-up periods. The effect size decreased with time and the reoperation rate, based on long-term follow-up studies, was as high as 50%. In most case series on excisional surgery for rectovaginal endometriosis, substantial short-term pain relief was experienced by about 70-80% of the subjects who continued the study. However, at one-year follow-up approximately 50% of the women needed medical treatments. Major complications were observed in 3-10% of the patients. Medium-term recurrence of lesions was observed in about 20% of the cases, and around 25% of the women underwent repetitive surgery. Routine complementary performance of denervating procedures cannot be recommended based on the quality of the available information, as only a few symptomatic patients complain of exclusively midline, hypogastric pain. Pain recurrence and reoperation rates after conservative surgery for symptomatic endometriosis are high and probably underestimated. Clinicians and patients should be aware that the expected benefit is operator-dependent and, especially in complex conditions, acceptable results can be assured in referral centers.

Fibroids and female reproduction: a critical analysis of the evidence.

Observational epidemiological studies aimed at elucidating the relationship between fibroids and infertility are inconclusive due to methodological limitations. However, two main pieces of clinical evidence support the opinion that the fibroids interfere with fertility. First, in IVF cycles, the delivery rate is reduced in patients with fibroids but is not affected in patients who have undergone myomectomy. Second, even if randomized studies are lacking, surgical treatment appears to increase the pregnancy rate: approximately 50% women who undergo myomectomy for infertility, subsequently conceive. Available evidence also suggests that submucosal, intramural and subserosal fibroids interfere with fertility in decreasing order of importance. Although more limited, some data supports an impact of the number and dimension of the lesions. Drawing clear guidelines for the management of fibroids in infertile women is difficult due to the lack of large randomized trials aimed at elucidating which patients may benefit from surgery. At present, physicians should pursue a comprehensive and personalized approach clearly exposing the pros and cons of myomectomy to the patient, including the risks associated with fibroids during pregnancy on one hand, and those associated with surgery on the other hand.

Prognostic significance of hysteroscopic imaging in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to relate hysteroscopic features of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma to stage, grade and overall survival. METHODS: Sixty women with endometrioid adenocarcinoma underwent laparotomy and staging according to current FIGO classification. Before surgery hysteroscopy was performed in all patients to establish the morphology of neoplasia, the extent of endometrial lining involvement, and endocervical spreading. These hysteroscopic parameters were related to overall survival, surgical stage, and grade of disease. RESULTS: First-stage carcinomas were found in 50 patients, second-stage in 4, third-stage in 3, and fourth-stage in 3 patients. Well-differentiated tumors were detected in 32, moderately differentiated in 21, and poorly differentiated in 7 patients. The cumulative 48-month probability of survival was 86.6%. The morphology of adenocarcinomas was unrelated to both their stage and their grade; no relationship to survival was found. The extent of carcinomatous spread within the endometrial cavity was significantly related to stage, grade, and survival. Endometrial lining involvement of less than 50% was associated with 100% survival, 97.1% of first-stage diseases, and 96.6% of low-grade carcinomas. These percentages dropped to 73.1, 65.3 (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.001), and 76.9% (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.035), respectively, when tumoral growth involved more than half of the endometrium. Hysteroscopy detected all carcinomas metastasizing to the cervix; in 8 patients we overdiagnosed endocervical spreading, although histology was negative. From these figures, hysteroscopy showed a sensitivity and specificity in predicting cervical spread of 100 and 87.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of endometrial lining involvement in patients with endometrioid carcinoma provides preoperative information on the risk of extrauterine spread. We confirm the high accuracy of hysteroscopy in excluding cervical spread.

Surgical management of endometriosis.

A systematic literature review of the last two decades was performed to evaluate the effect of pelvic denervations in addition to conservative surgery on dysmenorrhoea and deep dyspareunia associated with endometriosis. Chronic pelvic pain relief after hysterectomy or adhesiolysis was also assessed. In the five non-comparative studies on the effect of pre-sacral neurectomy, the frequency of dysmenorrhoea recurrence or persistence after treatment ranged from 4 to 40%. The pooled frequency of non-responders at the end of follow-up was 23% (95% confidence interval (CI), 19 to 27%). Only two of the three comparative, non-randomized trials demonstrated a significant treatment benefit of pre-sacral neurectomy, and the results of the two identified randomized controlled trials are discordant. Significant quantitative heterogeneity among studies prevented pooling of data on dysmenorrhoea. The common odds ratio of deep dyspareunia persistence was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.31 to 1.54). In the 10 non-comparative studies on the effect of uterosacral ligament resection, the frequency of dysmenorrhoea and deep dyspareunia persistence after treatment ranged, respectively, from 0 to 50% and from 6 to 42%. The pooled frequency of non-responders at the end of follow-up was 23% (95% CI, 20 to 27%) and 13% (95% CI, 8 to 18%), respectively. Routine performance of complementary denervating procedures cannot be recommended based on the quality of the evidence available. The results of the five studies on the effect of hysterectomy on chronic pelvic pain of presumed uterine origin consistently demonstrated that 83-97% of operated women reported pain relief or improvement 1 year after surgery. There is no consensus on the outcome of adhesiolysis in patients with chronic pain, and the role of pelvic adhesions in causing symptoms is under scrutiny.

Randomized comparison of vaporizing electrode and cutting loop for endometrial ablation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare endometrial ablation using a vaporizing electrode with resection using a standard cutting loop, evaluating distension fluid absorption, operating time, and ease of procedure. METHODS: Premenopausal menorrhagic women with normal hysteroscopic and endometrial biopsy findings were allocated randomly to endometrial vaporization (n = 47) or resection (n = 44). Distension medium deficit, operating time, and degree of difficulty of the procedure were determined at surgery. Menstrual pattern of women in both groups was also assessed after 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Mean +/- standard deviation (SD) distension fluid deficit was 109+/-126 mL in the vaporization and 367+/-257 mL in the resection group (mean difference 258 mL; 95% confidence interval 175, 341 mL; P < .001, unpaired t test). Mean +/- SD operating time was, respectively, 9.2+/-3.1 minutes versus 10.7+/-2.5 minutes. The surgeon classified intraoperative difficulties as none in 32, minimal in 11, moderate in four, and severe in none in the vaporization group, and 17, 14, seven, and six in the resection group. Menstrual pattern at 1 year in the former group was amenorrhea in 17 (36%) cases, hypomenorrhea or spotting in 20 (43%), normal flows in 10 (21%), and menorrhagia in none compared with, respectively, 21 (48%), 14 (32%), seven (16%), and two (5%) in the latter group. CONCLUSION: Endometrial ablation with the vaporizing electrode limited fluid absorption compared with resection by the standard cutting loop. Long-term effects on uterine bleeding were similar.

A levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system for the treatment of dysmenorrhea associated with endometriosis: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of an intrauterine system releasing 20 microg of levonorgestrel per 24 hours in the long-term treatment of recurrent dysmenorrhea in women already operated on conservatively for endometriosis. DESIGN: A prospective noncomparative pilot study. SETTING: A tertiary care and referral academic center for patients with endometriosis. PATIENT(S): Twenty parous women with recurrent moderate or severe dysmenorrhea after conservative surgery for endometriosis who did not want further children. INTERVENTION(S): A levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system was inserted in each woman within 7 days of the start of a menstrual cycle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Variations in severity of dysmenorrhea during treatment according to a 100-mm visual analogue scale and a 0-3-point verbal rating scale, modification of a pictorial blood-loss assessment chart devised to evaluate the amount of menstrual flow, and degree of satisfaction after 12 months of therapy. RESULT(S): One woman was lost to follow-up after achieving amenorrhea and expressing satisfaction, and 1 requested system removal because of weight gain and abdominal bloating. In another subject, the levonorgestrel intrauterine system was expelled 3 months after insertion. The menstrual patterns in the remaining 17 women were characterized by amenorrhea in 4 cases, hypomenorrhea or spotting in 8, and normal flow in 5. Baseline and 12-month follow-up mean +/- SD blood loss scores were 111+/-36 and 27+/-26, respectively. At the same time, mean +/- SD visual analogue and verbal rating scale scores dropped, respectively, from 76+/-12 to 34+/-23 points and from 2.5+/-0.5 to 1.2+/-0.5 points. Four women were very satisfied with treatment, 11 were satisfied, 2 were uncertain, and 3 were dissatisfied at 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSION(S): Because of the amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea induced in most women, a levonorgestrel intrauterine system greatly reduced menstrual pain associated with endometriosis and achieved a high degree of patient satisfaction.

Hysteroscopic myomectomy: long-term effects on menstrual pattern and fertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of hysteroscopic myomectomy on menorrhagia and infertility and the influence of intramural extension on surgical feasibility and long-term outcomes. METHODS: We studied 108 women who had first-line hysteroscopic resection of submucous pedunculated (n = 54), sessile (n = 30), or intramural (n = 24) leiomyomas over 7 years at an academic department specializing in endoscopic surgery. RESULTS: The mean (+/- standard deviation) operating time and distension medium deficit were 18+/-7 minutes and 204+/-276 mL in the pedunculated lesion group, 23+/-9 minutes and 278+/-269 mL in the sessile lesion group, and 32+/-8 minutes and 335+/-272 mL in the intramural lesion group, respectively. More than one procedure was required to complete myoma removal in 14 (26%) of 54, eight (26%) of 30, and 12 (50%) of 24 subjects in the pedunculated, sessile, and intramural lesion groups, respectively. After a mean follow-up of 41 months, myomas recurred in 27 subjects, with a 3-year cumulative rate of 34%. Twenty women had recurrent menorrhagia, with a 3-year cumulative probability of 30%. The 3-year cumulative probability of conception was 49% in women with pedunculated lesions, 36% in those with sessile lesions, and 33% in those with intramural lesions. The study had 80% power to detect five- and three-fold increases in menorrhagia recurrence and conception rates, respectively, in the mainly intramural myoma group compared with the completely or mainly intracavitary myoma group. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopic resection of submucous myomas gives satisfactory menorrhagia control and limited recurrence, but the benefit for infertility was less impressive. Myoma intramural extension did not have a substantial influence on any of the long-term outcomes but affected operating time and the number of procedures needed for complete removal.

[Endometriosis of the ileum and colon complicated by intestinal obstruction. Report of two cases]. / Endometriosi dell'ileo e del colon complicata da occlusione intestinale. Due casi clinici.

The authors report two cases of intestinal occlusion, one ileal and the other colic, caused by endometriosis. Both patients underwent surgery. Following a review of data in the literature regarding the frequency, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management, the authors conclude that pre- and intraoperative diagnosis is often impossible in these cases and must be postponed to histological analysis. Full remission was achieved after surgery.

Determinants of reproductive outcome after abdominal myomectomy for infertility.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of myomectomy as a therapy for infertility and to define the factors that influence reproductive outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective study of a case series. SETTING: An academic department specializing in conservative surgery. PATIENT(S): A total of 138 infertile women who underwent first-line conservative surgical treatment at laparotomy for uterine leiomyomas over an 8-year period. INTERVENTION(S): Data were collected on baseline clinical characteristics, surgical details, and subsequent reproductive history. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cumulative pregnancy rates at 24 months according to selected clinical and fibroid characteristics. RESULT(S): Pregnancy occurred in 76 women. The 24-month cumulative probability of conception according to the Kaplan-Meier method was 87% in patients <30 years of age, 66% in patients 30-35 years of age, and 47% in patients >35 years of age. The pregnancy rates in women with and without minor infertility factors in addition to myomas were 56% and 71%, respectively, and those in women with <2 years versus > or =2 years of infertility were 84% and 51%, respectively. The size and site of the largest myoma and the total number of tumors removed did not influence the outcome. CONCLUSION(S): Our results suggest a benefit of myomectomy in infertile patients. However, women should be counseled carefully before surgery because the determinants of outcome appear to be independent of treatment.

Treatment with a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist before hysterectomy for leiomyomas: results of a multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain whether uterine shrinkage induced by a gonadotrophin releasing hormone agonist before hysterectomy for fibroids increases the possibility of a vaginal procedure. DESIGN: A multicentre, prospective, randomised, controlled study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and twenty-seven premenopausal women with a uterine volume of 12 to 16 gestational weeks. INTERVENTIONS: Twelve weeks of triptorelin depot treatment before hysterectomy or immediate surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of vaginal and abdominal hysterectomies, operating time, blood loss, degree of difficulty of the procedure, perioperative serum haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, hospital stay, and patients' overall satisfaction with treatment. RESULTS: After randomisation, four women withdrew from the study, leaving 60 women in the triptorelin arm and 63 in the immediate surgery arm. At baseline evaluation a vaginal hysterectomy was indicated in seven women allocated to pre-operative medical therapy (12%), and in 10 of those allocated to immediate surgery (16%). Clinical assessment after the 12-week GnRH agonist course showed that abdominal hysterectomy was no longer indicated in 25/53 women (47%) as a vaginal procedure appeared appropriate. Thus the overall rate of indication for a vaginal procedure in the pre-operative medical treatment arm was 32/60 cases (53%), with a between-group difference of 37% (95% CI, 26% to 51%; chi2(1) = 19.18, P < 0.0001; OR 6.06; 95% CI, 2.60 to 14.10). Pre- and post-operative serum haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were significantly higher in the GnRH agonist than in the immediate surgery arm. No appreciable difference was observed between the groups in the other intra- and post-operative variables, including patients' satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-operative GnRH agonist therapy increased the rate of vaginal hysterectomy in selected women with fibroids and uterine volume of 12 to 16 gestational weeks.

Transvaginal ultrasonography versus uterine needle biopsy in the diagnosis of diffuse adenomyosis.

To assess the reliability of transvaginal ultrasonography and uterine needle biopsy, used singly or in combination, in the diagnosis of diffuse adenomyosis, a prospective study with pathological confirmation of the diagnosis was performed. A total of 102 premenopausal women scheduled for hysterectomy because of menorrhagia and/or pelvic pain underwent preoperative transvaginal ultrasonography. After removal of the uterus, a single full-thickness myometrial biopsy specimen was taken from along the median line in the upper third of the posterior uterine wall, using a 14-gauge Trucut needle. Adenomyosis was diagnosed by the sonographer by the presence of indistinctly demarcated heterogeneous myometrial areas with distorted echotexture, and by the pathologist when the distance between the lower border of the endometrium and the affected myometrial area was more than one-half of a low power field. The prevalence of adenomyosis was 28% (29/102 patients). The sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal ultrasonography were 82.7 and 67.1% respectively, compared with 44.8 and 95.9% for uterine needle biopsy. The positive predictive values of the two tests were 50.0 and 81.2% respectively, and the negative predictive values 90.7 and 81.4%, likelihood ratios of a positive test 2.5 and 10.9, likelihood ratios of a negative test 0.3 and 0.6, and kappa indexes of agreement 0.42 and 0.47. Combining the tests did not improve the overall diagnostic performance. Both transvaginal ultrasonography and uterine needle biopsy demonstrated suboptimal test characteristics.

Efficacy of preoperative medical treatment in facilitating hysteroscopic endometrial resection, myomectomy and metroplasty: literature review.

The evidence of the efficacy of preoperative medical treatment with danazol, gonadotrophin releasing-hormone agonists (GnRHa) or progestins in facilitating surgery and improving the long-term results of myomectomy, hysteroscopic metroplasty and endometrial resection has been reviewed. Sixteen randomized and non-randomized controlled clinical trials, published in the English literature between 1990 and 1996, were identified. In all studies comparing GnRHa or danazol versus no treatment, fluid absorption during surgery was less in subjects who underwent medical treatment independently of the drug used and the type of intervention, the reduction ranging from 142 to 572 ml. A reduction in operating time (between 2 and 25 min) was observed in both the danazol and GnRHa-treated groups in comparison with untreated controls, regardless of the type of operation (endometrial resection, myomectomy or metroplasty). With regard to long-term results, amenorrhoea tended to be more frequent in patients who received GnRHa: the pooled odds ratio (OR) of amenorrhoea for GnRHa-treated women compared with untreated controls was 2.0 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-3.8]. In studies comparing GnRHa with danazol, no marked differences were observed in mean operating time, but the OR of amenorrhoea at 6-12 months after surgery was 1.9 (95% CI 1.0-3.3).

Is cystic ovarian endometriosis an asymmetric disease?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether asymmetry exists in the left- and right-handed distribution of ovarian cystic lesions in a large series of women with endometriosis. DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation of a case series. SETTING: Tertiary care and referral academic centre for the study and treatment of endometriosis. POPULATION: A total of 1054 consecutive women undergoing first-line surgical treatment for endometriosis in an eight-year period. METHODS: Data were collected on indication for the intervention, age at surgery, parity and disease stage as well as side and size of ovarian endometriomas. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Frequency of left- and right-sided ovarian endometriomas. RESULTS: Histologically confirmed endometriotic ovarian cysts were present in 561 women, which were on the left side in 255 instances, on the right in 148, and bilateral in 158. In the patients with unilateral endometriomas, the observed proportion of left cysts (255/403, 63%; 95% confidence interval, 58% to 68%) was significantly different from the expected proportion of 50%, (chi2(1), 28.41, P<0.001). Including also the bilateral endometriotic cysts gave a total of 413/719 (57%) left-sided and 306/719 right-sided endometriomas. The magnitude of these proportions did not vary appreciably during the eight years considered. The difference in proportion of left- and right-sided endometriotic cysts was virtually similar in subgroups of women with different indications for surgery. Cyst side was not related to age, parity or cyst diameter. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a lateral asymmetry in the occurrence of ovarian endometriotic cysts is compatible with the anatomical differences of the left and right hemipelvis and supports the menstrual reflux theory.

Endometrial ablation with a vaporizing electrode. II. Clinical outcome of a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: As a vaporizing electrode has been successfully used to treat submucous myomas, we evaluated its safety and efficacy in performing endometrial ablation. METHODS: Forty consecutive women with established menorrhagia with (n=26) and without (n=14) submucous myomas were enrolled in a prospective, noncomparative, pilot study. Hysteroscopic endometrial vaporization was performed with pure cutting current set at 200 watts. RESULTS: All procedures were completed without complications. Median (interquartile range, IQR) fluid deficit was 90 (0-200) ml and median (IQR) operating time 10 (7-12.5) min. A significant correlation was observed between operating time and fluid absorption (Spearman's test by ranks, r=0.47; p=0.002). The degree of difficulty of the operation was classified as none on 28 (70%) occasions, mild on 11 (27.5%) and moderate on one (2.5%). After a mean+/-s.d. follow-up of 20.3+/-2.4 months, amenorrhea or spotting were reported by 23 (57.5%) subjects, hypomenorrhea by 10 (25%), normal flows by six (15%), and menorrhagia by one (2.5%). The median (IQR) menstrual score calculated according to a pictorial blood loss assessment chart dropped from 282.5 (199-383) to 0 (0-15) (p<0.0001). Six (15%) subjects were very satisfied with the effect of surgery, 30 (75%) satisfied, two (5%) uncertain, one (2.5%) dissatisfied and one (2.5%) very dissatisfied. CONCLUSIONS: The vaporizing electrode seems to combine the benefits of the cutting loop (speed, efficacy and possibility of removing myomas) and the roller-ball electrode (safety and limited fluid absorption) while avoiding their respective disadvantages, and may be considered an interesting alternative in the hysteroscopic treatment of menorrhagia.

Abdominal myomectomy for infertility: a comprehensive review.

To obtain estimates of the effect of abdominal myomectomy on infertility, information from studies published in the English language literature between 1982 and 1996 was retrieved. Articles were identified through hand and computerized searches using Medline. A total of 27 trials, all published in peer-reviewed journals, was identified, of which four were excluded from the analysis because of methodological limitations. All studies were non-comparative and only nine were prospective. The sample size was generally limited, the mean number of patients included being 49 and the mean number of infertile subjects 26. All patients were followed for at least 12 months after surgery in 12 studies. The combined estimate of pregnancy rates across prospective studies based on a total of 138 observed subjects was 57% [95% confidence interval (CI), 48-65%]. Time to conception varied from a mean of 8 to 20 months. Survival analysis was used in only three studies, with cumulative rates ranging from 57 to 67% at 1 year, and 63% at 5 years. The overall conception rate among seven prospective studies in which only women with otherwise unexplained infertility were recruited was 61% (95% CI, 51-70%) compared with 38% (95% CI, 20-59%) in two prospective studies that included patients with causes of infertility in addition to myomas (chi2(1) = 4.25, P = 0.04; mean difference = 23%, 95% CI, 1-43%; OR = 2.47, 95% CI, 1.03-5.94). The conception rate ranged from 58 to 65% in the three studies of women with only intramural and/or subserous fibroids and were respectively 53 and 70% in the two that considered only patients with submucous myomas. Data on recurrence after myomectomy were reported in 13 articles, with rates varying from 4 to 47%. According to the available evidence, slightly less than two-thirds of women with uterine leiomyomas and otherwise unexplained infertility conceived after myomectomy. However, comparison with expectant management is needed before drawing definitive conclusions on the effectiveness of this time-honoured conservative surgical procedure.

Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device versus hysteroscopic endometrial resection in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device with that of endometrial resection on menstrual bleeding, patient satisfaction, and quality of life in menorrhagic women during 12 months of follow-up. METHODS: Seventy premenopausal women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding were enrolled in a prospective, open, parallel-group, controlled trial. They were randomized to either insertion of an intrauterine system releasing 20 micrograms/day of levonorgestrel (n = 35) or endometrial resection (n = 35). The women were evaluated at baseline, and thereafter, uterine bleeding was assessed monthly with a pictorial blood loss assessment chart. Clinical gynecologic examination was performed bimonthly, and the hematologic variables were measured at 6 and 12 months. On the latter occasion, the women were requested to rate the degree of satisfaction with the effect of their treatment and to complete the Short Form 36 General Health Survey questionnaire. RESULTS: Recurrent menorrhagia was observed at 12 months in four women in the intrauterine device group (including two with partial expulsion of the device) and in three women in the resection group. Compared with baseline values, at 1 year, the pictorial blood loss assessment chart score was reduced by 79% in the former group and by 89% in the latter. Amenorrhea or hypomenorrhea at 12 months was reported by 65% of the women with an intrauterine device compared with 71% who underwent endometrial resection. The degree of satisfaction with treatment was high in both groups, with 29 of 34 (85%) women being satisfied or very satisfied in the intrauterine device group versus 33 of 35 (94%) in the resection group. Health-related quality of life perception was not significantly different in the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION: Somewhat less satisfactory results were obtained with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system compared with endometrial resection for dysfunctional uterine bleeding at 1 year of follow-up.

Menstrual characteristics in women with and without endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess menstrual blood loss and other menstrual characteristics prospectively in women with and without endometriosis. METHODS: Three hundred fifteen premenopausal women undergoing laparoscopy for various reasons were asked to complete a pictorial blood loss assessment chart devised by Higham et al to evaluate menstrual flow on which the monthly score has been demonstrated to correlate directly with uterine blood loss measured by the alkaline hematin method. In addition, cycle length and flow duration were recorded. The women also were asked to grade dysmenorrhea severity using a 100-mm visual analogue and a 0-3-points verbal rating scale. RESULTS: One hundred sixty-three women had endometriosis, and 152 did not. The latter group comprised 59 women with a normal pelvis, 36 with nonendometriotic ovarian cysts, 29 with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease, and 28 with miscellaneous conditions. The median [interquartile range] pictorial blood loss assessment chart score was 110 [66.5-156.5] in women with endometriosis and 84 [56-129] in those without the disease (P = .007); 87 out of 163 (53%) women with endometriosis had a menstrual chart score equal to or greater than 100 compared with 56 out of 152 (37%) of those without (chi 2(1) = 8.02, P = .005; difference = 16%, 95% confidence interval, 6%, 28%). Menstrual flow duration was slightly longer in women with endometriosis (mean difference, 0.33 days). Dysmenorrhea visual analogue and verbal rating scores were significantly higher in the endometriosis than the nonendometriosis group. CONCLUSION: According to a visual chart, women with endometriosis had heavier menstrual flow and a significantly higher rate of abnormal menstrual scores that those without the disease.

The role of transvaginal ultrasonography and outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy in the evaluation of patients with menorrhagia.

To verify the reliability of transvaginal ultrasonography in diagnosing intrauterine disease and in evaluating the operability of submucous myomas and to determine the feasibility, acceptability and validity of hysteroscopy for menorrhagia, we performed a prospective 5 year study on 793 women of mean age +/- SD of 41.5 +/- 7.8 years. All the patients referred for excessive menstrual bleeding with uterine volume <12 week pregnancy who underwent complete physical examination, transvaginal ultrasonography and outpatient hysteroscopy with endometrial biopsy were included in the study. Outpatient hysteroscopy was not completed due to intolerance or was unsatisfactory due to excessive bleeding in 23 cases (2.9%). Only 28 women (3.5%) declared they would have refused the procedure had they imagined the pain involved. One case of pelvic infection was observed. Compared with hysteroscopy, transvaginal ultrasonography had 96% sensitivity, 86% specificity, 91% positive predictive value and 94% negative predictive value in the diagnosis of intrauterine abnormality. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of ultrasonography in identifying submucous myomas operable hysteroscopically (intramural extension <50%) were respectively 80, 69, 83 and 65% with a k index of agreement between ultrasonography and hysteroscopy of 0.48. Thus, considering the good specificity and high negative predictive value, transvaginal ultrasonography may be suggested as the initial investigation in menorrhagic patients, limiting hysteroscopy to cases with positive or doubtful sonographic findings.