RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The expressions of genes related to lipid metabolism are decreased in adipocytes with insulin resistance. In this study, we examined the effects of fatty acids on the reduced expressions and histone acetylation of lipid metabolism-related genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. METHODS: Short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acid were co-administered with TNF-α in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Then, mRNA expressions and histone acetylation of genes involved in lipid metabolism were determined using mRNA microarrays, qRT-PCR, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS: We found in microarray and subsequent qRT-PCR analyses that the expression levels of several lipid metabolism-related genes, including Gpd1, Cidec, and Cyp4b1, were reduced by TNF-α treatment and restored by co-treatment with a short-chain fatty acid (C4: butyric acid) and medium-chain fatty acids (C8: caprylic acid and C10: capric acid). The pathway analysis of the microarray showed that capric acid enhanced mRNA levels of genes in the PPAR signaling pathway and adipogenesis genes in the TNF-α-treated adipocytes. Histone acetylation around Cidec and Gpd1 genes were also reduced by TNF-α treatment and recovered by co-administration with short- and medium-chain fatty acids. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: Medium- and short-chain fatty acids induce the expressions of Cidec and Gpd1, which are lipid metabolism-related genes in insulin-resistant adipocytes, by promoting histone acetylation around these genes.
RESUMO
We herein describe an extremely rare case of gastric granular cell tumor (GCT). The gastric submucosal tumor showed a central tiny depression on the surface with a molar tooth-like appearance on esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Our case highlights that gastric GCT should be considered as differential diagnosis of gastric submucosal tumors.
RESUMO
Desmoplastic myxoid tumor (DMT), SMARCB1-mutant is a recently proposed brain tumor that occurs in the pineal region of adults. This tumor is characterized by desmoplastic stroma and various degrees of myxoid matrix. Tumor cells with low-grade morphology show polyphenotypic immunoreactivity, and rhabdoid cells are rare. We herein present a case with some uncommon features such as no myxoid stroma and slightly elevated proliferating activity. To date, knowledge on the variety of SMARCB1/INI1-deficient tumors of the central nervous system is gradually increasing, encompassing highly aggressive to slow-growing varieties. DMT, SMARCB1-mutant seems to be relatively benign, but careful attention is necessary because SMARCB1/INI1 deficiency is generally a genetic signature of concern.
Assuntos
Tumor Desmoplásico de Pequenas Células Redondas/genética , Proteína SMARCB1/genética , Adulto , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Tumor Desmoplásico de Pequenas Células Redondas/metabolismo , Feminino , Expressão Gênica/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Glândula Pineal/patologia , Pinealoma/genética , Pinealoma/patologia , Tumor Rabdoide/patologia , Proteína SMARCB1/metabolismo , Sarcoma/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) and chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) can share clinical features and may be indistinguishable, even after brain biopsy. We encountered a case of Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV+) PCNSL recurrence in a patient with clinical features of CLIPPERS, and repeat brain biopsy was required to reach the correct diagnosis. Four years after the initial diagnosis and treatment of PCNSL, "peppering" punctate enhanced lesions with transient steroid responsiveness were detected during brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A second brain biopsy supported a diagnosis of CLIPPERS, while a third biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of recurrent PCNSL.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Tronco Encefálico/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Tronco Encefálico/genética , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/genética , Herpesvirus Humano 4/genética , Inflamação/genética , Linfoma/genética , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias do Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Neoplasias do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Doença Crônica , Herpesvirus Humano 4/patogenicidade , Humanos , Inflamação/patologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos/patologia , Linfoma/patologia , Masculino , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Cre and FLP recombinases mediate not only specific deletions and insertions, but also the recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) reaction, which is used in cell biotechnology including ES cells and mouse genetics. However, comparison of efficiencies for Cre and FLP in RMCE has not been made. We here examined the detailed process of RMCE with Cre and FLP in vitro using mutant loxP 2272 and three mutant FRTs (FRT G, FRT H, and FRT F3) and then quantitatively compared the RMCE reactions in vitro. Interestingly, in the in vitro reactions, the RMCE efficiency of Cre reached a plateau level of approximately 5% and did not proceed further, whereas that of FLPe reached approximately 12-13%, showing that FLPe reached a higher level of efficiency than Cre possibly when they were supplied at a very high concentration. Moreover, we quantitatively compared the production efficiency of E1-deleted adenovirus vector using the RMCE method with Cre or FLP. The results showed that FLPe was again found more efficient than Cre in RMCE reaction. Thus, although Cre is considered more active than, or similar to, FLPe, it may not be necessarily true for RMCE reaction. Possible reasons explaining these results are discussed.