Consumption of ultra-processed food and its association with obesity in Chilean university students: A multi-center studyUltra-processed food and obesity in Chilean university students.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the associations between the consumption of three categories of ultra-processed food (sugary beverages, sweet, and salty snacks) and body mass index (BMI) among Chilean university students. METHODS: We conducted a multi-center, descriptive study among 2,039 students from 6 Chilean universities. Food consumption was surveyed using a validate food survey. That height and body weight were objectively measured to calculate BMI for determining weight status, and also, tobacco use and physical activity were measured. RESULTS: An intake equal to or higher than 1 serving of sugary beverage a day was associated with greater odds of obesity in university students (OR:1.32 [95% CI: 1.00, 1.74]), 2 servings/day (OR: 1.30 [95% CI: 1.04, 1.50]), and 3 servings/day (OR: 1.39 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.80]). Neither consumption of sweet nor salty snacks (≥1 servings/day) related to differential odds of obesity: (OR: 0.83 [95% CI: 0.42, 1.64]) and (OR: 1.79 [95% CI: 0.93, 3.41]), respectively. CONCLUSION: In a sample of Chilean university students, consumption of sugary beverages, and not consumption of sweet or salty snacks, was associated with obesity.

Tendencia de consejerías en actividad física y enfermedades cardiometabólicas en el Maule, Chile: estudio previo a pandemia por COVID-19 entre 2012 y 2019 / Trend in Physical Activity Counseling and Cardiometabolic Diseases in Maule, Chile: COVID-19 Pre-Pandemic Study between 2012 and 2019

BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) practice reduces the adverse effects of COVID-19. PA counseling promotes healthy lifestyles and prevents cardiometabolic diseases. AIM: To assess the trend in cases of PA counseling and the cardiometabolic disease between 2012 and 2019 (before COVID-19) in a southern Chilean region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Records of Maule Region Health Service for 731.163 men, and 829.097 women aged < 10 to ≥ 65 years were analyzed. The average annual percentage change (AAPC) during the study period and the annual percentage change (APC) during intermediate periods, were calculated. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in PA counseling in women in the study period (AAPC: −13.6%). In the 2012-2017 period a significant decrease in counseling for total, men and women were observed (APC: −18.1, −16.5 and −19.1%, respectively). Obesity increased significantly in total, men and women in the 2012-2019 period (AAPC: 10.1, 8.5 and 10.7%, respectively). The same trend was observed for hypertension (AAPC: 8.1, 8.5 and 7.6% respectively) and elevated blood glucose (AAPC: 10, 11.5 and 9.6%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In the study period PA counseling decreased along with an increase in obesity, hypertension and high blood glucose. Increasing PA counseling is a mainstay in the prevention of cardiometabolic diseases and probably to prevent contagion and complement the treatment of COVID-19.

Changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness in older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program / Cambios en los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física en adultos mayores luego de participar en un programa de actividad física de 16 semanas

Abstract Introduction: Physical activity is important for achieving healthy aging. Objective: To analyze changes in anthropometric parameters and physical fitness among Chilean older adults after participating in a 16-week physical activity program and to evaluate whether there were differences in relation to their baseline nutritional status or not. Materials and methods: Pre-experimental quantitative study. The study population consisted of 176 older adults (155 women and 21 men) distributed in three groups: normal weight (n = 56), overweight (n=67) and obese (n = 53). The following variables were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) and physical fitness. Results: Significant decreases between pre- and post-measurements were found for WC (p<0.001), BMI (p=0.015), and WHR (p<0.001). Improvements were observed in the following tests: chair stand (p<0.001), arm curl (p<0.001), 2-min step (p<0.001), chair sit-&-reach (p=0.018) and back scratch (p=0.014). Regarding BMI, significant changes were observed between normal weight vs. overweight participants (p=0.001) and between normal weight vs. obese participants (p=0.001). Conclusion: Older adult participants that regularly attended the physical activity program were able to reduce their WC, BMI and WHR, and also improved their physical-functional performance on the chair stand, arm curl, 2-min step, chair sit-&-reach and back scratch tests. In addition, anthropometric parameters and physical fitness also improved regardless of their baseline nutritional status.

Resumen Introducción. La actividad física es de gran importancia para lograr un envejecimiento saludable. Objetivos. Estudiar los cambios en los parámetros antropométricos y la condición física de adultos mayores (AM) chilenos después de 16 semanas de participación en un programa de actividad física, y evaluar las diferencias en relación con su estado nutricional inicial. Materiales y métodos. Estudio pre-experimental cuantitativo. Población: 176 AM (155 mujeres y 21 hombres) distribuidos en 3 grupos: normopesos (n = 56), sobrepesos (n=67) y obesos (n = 53). Se evaluaron las siguientes variables: índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura-estatura (ICE) y condición física. Resultados. Se observaron reducciones significativas en PC (p<0.001), IMC (p=0.015) e ICE (p<0.001), y mejoras en las siguientes pruebas: sentarse y levantarse de una silla (p<0.001), flexiones del codo (p<0.001), dos minutos de marcha (p<0.001), flexión del tronco en silla (p=0.018) y juntar las manos tras la espalda (p=0.014). Se encontraron diferencias significativas respecto al IMC entre participantes normopesos y sobrepesos (p=0.001), y entre normopesos y obesos (p=0.001). Conclusión. Los AM que participaron regularmente en el programa de actividad física lograron reducir su PC, IMC e ICE y mejorar su rendimiento físico-funcional en las pruebas de sentarse y levantarse de una silla, flexiones de codo, dos minutos de marcha, y flexibilidad del tren inferior y superior. Además, sus parámetros antropométricos y su condición física mejoraron independientemente de su estado nutricional inicial.

The Effects of Physical Activity and Diet Interventions on Body Mass Index in Latin American Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to compare the effect of physical activity only with that of physical activity plus diet interventions on body mass index (BMI) in Latin American children and adolescents. We searched the Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scielo databases from their inception until March 2020, including studies examining the effect of physical activity or physical activity plus diet interventions on BMI in children and adolescents and based on data from intervention studies. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute a pooled standardized mean difference for BMI in terms of effect size (ES) and respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Eighteen studies were included. Analyses were performed based on intervention (four studies were included for physical activity only and four studies were included for physical activity plus diet). In the analysis of physical activity only versus control, there was no effect on BMI (ES = 0.00; 95% CI -0.17-0.17, I2 = 0.0%; p = 0.443). In the analysis of physical activity plus diet versus control, there was a decrease in BMI in favour of the intervention group (ES = -0.28; 95% CI -0.42--0.14, I2 = 74.5%; p = 0.001). When ES was estimated considering only the effect in intervention groups, there was no evidence of a decrease in BMI (ES = -0.17; 95% CI -0.44-0.11, I2 = 84.5%; p < 0.001) for physical activity only (eight studies). However, there was a statistically significant decrease in BMI (ES = -0.30; 95% CI -0.50-0.11, I2 = 95.8%; p < 0.001) for physical activity plus diet (ten studies). Some limitations of this review could compromise our results, but the main limitation that should be stated is the quality of the studies (mainly medium/moderate), especially as physical activity and diet interventions cannot be blinded, compromising the quality of these studies. In summary, this meta-analysis offers evidence that physical activity plus diet interventions produced a reduction in BMI in Latin American children and adolescents, but physical activity only interventions did not.

Effects of physical activity interventions on the body mass index of children and adolescents in Latin America: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: In Latin America, the number of children and adolescents who are overweight or obese has significantly increased in recent decades, and this situation has become a major public health concern. To address this problem, several intervention programmes, based on factors such as physical activity and nutrition, have been implemented, and body mass index (BMI) has been widely used as a means of measuring the impact of such interventions. Although some Latin America-based systematic reviews have been performed, there have been no previous meta-analyses of findings regarding the effect of physical activity interventions on BMI. Thus, the objective of the systematic review and meta-analysis will be to provide an up-to-date synthesis of the effects of physical activity interventions on BMI of Latin American children and adolescents aged 4-18 years. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol is based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols statement. The literature search will involve MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scielo for articles published up to July 2019. This search will include randomised controlled trials (RCTs), non-randomised experimental studies and single-arm pre-post studies. Further, the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for RCT studies and the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies for non-randomised experimental and single-arm pre-post studies will be used to assess the risk of bias among the studies included in the systematic review. For the meta-analysis, the statistical program STATA V.14 will be used, and standardised mean differences are calculated as the primary outcomes. Subgroup analyses will then be performed based on the characteristics of the interventions and populations included in the studies examined. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This systematic review protocol is designed to provide updated evidence regarding the effects of physical activity interventions on the Latin American population; such evidence may be useful for institutions responsible for the development of public health policies and for those tasked with implementing such interventions among children and adolescents in Latin America. The results should be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Since the data used in systematic reviews of this type will be extracted exclusively from published studies, approval from an ethics committee will not be required. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42019077702.

Asociación entre índices antropométricos de salud y condición física en mujeres mayores físicamente activas / Association between health anthropometric indexes with physical fitness in physically active elderly women

Resumen: Objetivo: Asociar los índices antropométricos de salud con la condición física de las mujeres mayores (MM) que participan en talleres de ejercicio físico. Material y métodos: Participaron 272 mujeres chilenas mayores de 60 años. Las variables correspondieron al IMC, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice cintura estatura (ICE) y condición física (CF). Se realizaron correlaciones a través del coeficiente de Pearson o Spearman, y asociaciones bivariadas mediante ji cuadrada de Pearson y el test exacto de Fisher, considerando un p<0.05. Resultados: De las MM, 70.8% alcanzó sobrepeso u obesidad; y 68.8% y 96% riesgo cardiometabólico de acuerdo con PC e ICE, respectivamente. Su CF presentó un rendimiento igual (53.5%) o superior (33.8%) según su edad y sexo. Se encontraron correlaciones inversas entre estado nutricional y riesgo cardiometabólico con las pruebas de CF (excepto la agilidad y equilibrio dinámico, en donde la relación fue directa), y asociación directa con juntar manos. Conclusiones: El exceso de peso en MM físicamente activas no afecta su rendimiento físico-funcional; sin embargo, el riesgo cardiometabólico se asocia inversamente con la funcionalidad motriz.

Abstract: Objective: To associate health anthropometric indexes with physical fitness of elderly women (EW) who participate in physical exercise workshops. Materials and methods: 272 Chilean women over 60 years took part in the study. The variables studied were BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-height index (WHI) and physical fitness (PF). Correlations were made through the Pearson or Spearman coefficient, and bivariate associations using Pearson's Chi-square and the Fisher's exact test, considering p<0.05. Results: 70.8% of the EW were overweight or obese; 68.8% and 96% were at cardiometabolic risk due to their WC and WHI, respectively. Their PF showed equal performance (53.5%) or higher (33.8%) according to their age and gender. Inverse correlations were found between nutritional status and cardiometabolic risk with PF tests (except for agility and dynamic balance [direct]), and direct association with back scratch test. Conclusions: Excess weight in physically active EW would not affect their physical-functional performance; however, cardiometabolic risk would be inversely associated with motor function.

[Not Available]. / Estado nutricional, riesgo cardiovascular y nivel de glucemia de estudiantes universitarios de Pedagogía en Educación Física.

Introducción: las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles representan el 82% del total de muertes en Chile. Estas se encuentran asociadas a factores de riesgo modificables, entre los que están la dieta y la actividad física. Los estudiantes de educación física no presentan patrones alimenticios distintos a los de otros estudiantes universitarios, pero como son sujetos más activos deberían manifestar parámetros más aceptables respecto al promedio de la población. Objetivo: conocer el estado nutricional, riesgo cardiovascular y nivel de glucemia de estudiantes universitarios de Pedagogía en Educación Física (EUEF). Material y métodos: la investigación contempla un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra incluyó 83 personas, divididas en 30 mujeres y 53 varones. Se determinó en cada sujeto el índice de masa corporal (IMC), riesgo cardiovascular, además de una muestra de glucemia en ayuno. Resultados: las mujeres presentan un promedio de IMC de 22,9 kg/m 2 , una relación cintura-estatura (RCE) de 0,45, un indice cintura-cadera (ICC) de 0,75 y glucemia de 62,8 mg/dl, mientras que los hombres, 24,7 kg/m 2 , 0,47, 0,83 y 72,9 mg/dl para los mismos valores, respectivamente. Conclusión: el estado nutricional y la glucemia de los EUEF se encuentran en valores normales y no presentan riesgo cardiovascular. Se cree que la actividad física que practican desempeña un papel fundamental en los valores obtenidos; no obstante se requiere de mayor investigación para corroborarlo.

[ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FITNESS, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS]. / ASOCIACIÓN ENTRE LA CONDICIÓN FÍSICA, ESTADO NUTRICIONAL Y RENDIMIENTO ACADÉMICO EN ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.

INTRODUCTION: several studies demonstrated that regular physical exercise would impact positively on the academic performance of students. OBJECTIVE: to determine the association between physical fitness, nutritional status and academic performance of students of Pedagogy in Physical Education from Temuco, Chile. METHODS: the sample was selected on a non-probabilistic approach, which included 208 subjects (n = 153 women and n = 55 women). The variables studied were physical fitness (short Abs, long jump with feet together, forward trunk flexion, elbow flexion and extension and "course navette" test), nutritional status (BMI) and academic performance (classified as up and down the academic average). RESULTS: 87.5% of students have a satisfactory fitness and a BMI of 23.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2. The students with the best academic performance were those with the higher proportion of satisfactory physical condition (92.5 %). No association between academic performance and nutritional status was determined, but it was observed between low fitness and a great risk of low academic performance (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 8 1; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: a relationship between academic achievement and physical fitness among students is observed, but no for the nutritional status and the academic performance.

Introducción: diversas investigaciones han señalado que la práctica regular de ejercicio físico impactaría positivamente sobre el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. Objetivo: determinar la asociación entre la condición física, el estado nutricional y el rendimiento académico de estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física de Temuco, Chile. Material y métodos: la muestra fue seleccionada bajo un criterio no probabilístico, que incluyó 208 sujetos (n = 153 hombres y n = 55 mujeres). Las variables estudiadas correspondieron a la condición física (abdominales cortos, salto largo a pies juntos, flexión de tronco adelante, flexo-extensión de codos y test course navette), estado nutricional (índice de masa corporal ­,IMC) y rendimiento académico (sobre el promedio y bajo el promedio). Resultados: un 87,5% de los estudiantes presentan una condición física satisfactoria y un IMC promedio de 23,8 ± 2,9 kg/m2, siendo aquellos que alcanzan mejores valores de rendimiento académico los que poseen también mayor proporción de condición física satisfactoria (92,5%). Al realizar la asociación entre las variables estudiadas, no hubo asociación entre rendimiento académico y estado nutricional, pero sí entre baja condición física y un mayor riesgo de presentar un menor rendimiento académico (OR = 2,8; IC95%:1,0-8,1; p < 0,05). Conclusión: se observa una asociación entre rendimiento académico y condición física entre los estudiantes, pero no se asocia el estado nutricional con el rendimiento académico.

Características antropométricas de adolescentes pertenecientes a distintas escuelas deportivas formativas / Anthropometric characteristics of adolescents from different sports training schools

La alta tasa de sedentarismo y obesidad reportada en Chile, ha propiciado la aparición de diversos programas deportivos para niños y adolescentes, que requieren evaluaciones fiables en torno a las características antropométricas por disciplina Deportiva. En este sentido, la presente investigación pretende por objetivo determinar las características antropométricas de adolescentes pertenecientes a distintas escuelas deportivas formativas (AD) de Temuco, Chile y su relación con parámetros deportivos ideales. El tipo de investigación contempla un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 65 sujetos (38 mujeres) con un promedio de edad de 15,9 (2,5) años y un IMC de 22,8 (4) kg/m2, quienes practicaban taekwondo (n= 4), racquetbol (n= 6), esgrima (n= 7), karate (n= 8), atletismo (n= 13), tenis (n= 6) y fútbol (n= 21). Los resultados indican que las AD mujeres promediaron un somatotipo de 4,9 ­ 4,3 ­ 1,5 (clasificadas como endomesomorfas), masa adiposa de 33,6% y masa muscular de 39,7%, mientras los AD varones para las mismas variables ostentan 3 ­ 4,9 ­ 2,3 (mesoendomorfos), 27,4% y 43,7%. En conclusión, los AD evaluados ostentan normopeso, su composición corporal exhibe una elevada masa adiposa incluso para parámetros normales, mientras que su somatotipo parece acercarse a los ideales deportivos, sin evidenciar una tendencia por disciplina deportiva. Se sugiere para futuras investigaciones estudiar otras variables, como los programas de entrenamiento, el rendimiento deportivo y los hábitos alimentarios, con la intención de obtener respuestas más satisfactorias respecto a los factores que influyen en la proyección de adolescentes al deporte competitivo.

The high rate of physical inactivity and obesity reported in Chile, has given rise to various sports programs for children and adolescents who require reliable assessments of anthropometric characteristics for sports. In this sense, this research aims to determine the anthropometric characteristics of adolescents belonging to different training sports schools (AD) of Temuco, Chile and its relationship with ideal athletic parameters. The research provides a non-experimental, descriptive, transversal, with a quantitative approach to design. The sample consisted of 65 subjects (38 women) with a mean age of 15.9 (2.5) years and a BMI of 22.8 (4) kg/m2, who practiced taekwondo (n= 4), racquetball (n= 6), fencing (n= 7), karate (n= 8), athletics (n= 13), tennis (n= 6) andsoccer (n= 21). The results indicated that AD women were classified as endo-mesomorphic (4.9 ­ 4.3 ­ 1.5) with a mean percentage of 33.6% fat mass and 39.7% muscle mass, while the AD males were classified as meso-endomorphic (3 ­ 4.9 ­ 2.3) and they presented a 27.4% of fat mass and a 43.7% of muscle mass. In conclusion, although the AD evaluated showed normal weight, their body composition exhibits a high percentage of fat mass, even in comparison with normal parameters. Nevertheless, its somatotype was closer to the kineanthropometric profile ideal for sports, without showing any trend by sport. Further studies will be required to understand the role of training programs, athletic performance and eating habits in the optimization of sports performance.

[THE COMPARISON BETWEEN FOOD HABITS AND PHYSICAL CONDITION AMONG PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND OTHER UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS]. / COMPARACIÓN EN HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS Y CONDICIÓN FÍSICA ENTRE ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA Y OTRAS CARRERAS UNIVERSITARIAS.

INTRODUCTION: college students show a great susceptibility to acquire inadequate habits during their university studies, which they could maintain along their life. OBJECTIVE: compare the dietary habits and physical fitness among physical education students and other university careers at the same university and campus. METHODS: the sample included 343 students, mainly men (70%), 212 students from the career of Physical Education (PE) and 131 students of other careers (OC) of the Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco campus. A validated survey about eating habits and physical fitness tests were applied to each student. RESULTS: in comparison with the students from other careers, the men of PE have a lower frequency of consumption of dairy, vegetables, alcohol (p < 0.05) and women of PE have higher frequency of consumption of homemade food, biscuits and sweet snacks (p < 0.05). Regarding the physical fitness, PE students obtained the best performance as was expected. CONCLUSION: no major differences were observed among the eating habits of students PE and OC from the same university, while physical fitness is consistent with the greater stimulus that the PE students receive in their academic training, which would serve as a excuse to consume more sugary drinks, junk food, cookies and sweet snacks.

Introducción: los estudiantes universitarios manifiestan mayor susceptibilidad a la hora de adquirir hábitos inadecuados durante su formación, que podrían asentarse a lo largo de su vida. Objetivo: comparar los hábitos alimentarios y la condición física entre estudiantes de Educación Física y otras carreras universitarias de la misma universidad y sede. Métodos: la muestra incluyó a 343 estudiantes, hombres (70%), 212 estudiantes pertenecientes a la carrera de Educación Física (EF) y 131 estudiantes a otras carreras (OC) de la Universidad Autónoma de Chile, sede Temuco. A cada estudiante se le aplicó una encuesta de hábitos alimentarios validada y pruebas de condición física. Resultados: los estudiantes varones de EF presentan una menor frecuencia para el consumo de lácteos, verduras y alcohol (p < 0,05); en cambio las mujeres de EF presentan mayor frecuencia de consumo de comida casera, galletas y snacks dulces (p < 0,05). Mientras que la condición física, como es de esperar, alcanza mejor rendimiento en los estudiantes de EF. Conclusión: al parecer no existen grandes diferencias entre los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de EF y los de OC de la misma universidad, mientras que la condición física es concordante al mayor estímulo que reciben los estudiantes de EF en su formación académica, que les serviría de excusa para consumir mayor cantidad de bebidas azucaradas, comida basura, galletas y snacks dulces.

[SOMATOTYPE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION STUDENTS]. / SOMATOTIPO, ESTADO NUTRICIONAL Y NIVEL DE GLUCEMIA DE ESTUDIANTES DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.

INTRODUCTION: classical studies have compared the glycemia with the nutritional status in both children and adults; however studies that consider also somatotype are unknown. OBJECTIVE: associating the somatotype and nutritional status with the glycemic level of students of Pedagogy in Physical Education (PPE). METHODS: the sample included 40 subjects, divided between 13 women and 27 men. It was determined in each subject BMI, somatotype and also a fasting blood glucose sample was obtained. RESULTS: the somatotype in male PPE students was mesomorphic (3-2-2) with a nutritional status of overweight (25 kg/m2) and balanced mesomorphic (4-4-2) with normal weight (22 kg/m2) in women PPE students. While average fasting blood glucose was 69 mg / dl. No association between somatotype and BMI with blood sugar levels of students of PPE, however, women of PEF showed significant positive correlations between mesomorphy and the ICC (0.577) and between glycemia and height (0.650). CONCLUSION: somatotype and BMI of the students of PPE are consistent with their age and sex, but no association between somatotype and glucose was observed. Moreover, the average blood glucose levels were somewhat lower compared to normative tables, a situation that could be related to physical activity, however, requires further study to confirm it.

Introducción: en general, los estudios tanto en niños como en adultos han comparado la glucemia según estado nutricional, sin embargo no se conocen investigaciones que consideren el somatotipo de los sujetos. Objetivo: asociar el somatotipo, el estado nutricional y el nivel de glucemia de estudiantes de Pedagogía en Educación Física (PEF). Método: la muestra incluyó 40 sujetos, divididos en 13 mujeres y 27 varones. Se determinó en cada sujeto el IMC, el somatotipo y, además, se obtuvo una muestra de glucemia en ayuno. Resultados: el somatotipo de los estudiantes varones de PEF fue mesoendomorfo (3-2-2) con un estado nutricional de sobrepeso (25 kg/m2), las mujeres de PEF se clasificaron como mesoendomofas balanceadas (4-4-2) con normopeso (22 kg/m2), mientras que los valores promedio de glucemia en ayunas fueron de 69 mg/dl. No se encontró asociación entre el somatotipo y los niveles de glucemia de los estudiantes de PEF, sin embargo, en el caso de las mujeres de PEF, se observaron correlaciones positivas significativas entre la mesomorfía y el ICC (0,577) y entre la glucemia y la estatura (0,650). Conclusión: el somatotipo y el IMC de los estudiantes de PEF son concordantes con su edad y sexo, sin evidenciar asociación entre somatotipo y glucemia. Por otra parte, los valores promedio de glucemia son algo menores respecto a tablas normativas, situación que podría relacionarse con la práctica de actividad física; no obstante, se requiere de mayor estudio para corroborarlo.

[Consumption of fruits and its association with nutritional status in chilean university students career of physical education]. / CONSUMO DE FRUTAS Y SU ASOCIACIÓN CON EL ESTADO NUTRICIONAL EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS CHILENOS DE LA CARRERA DE EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA.

INTRODUCTION: Chile is a country that reaches the highest levels of overweight and obesity worldwide (66.7% of the Chilean population), with a group of college students tending to swell these numbers considered nutritionally vulnerable group. OBJECTIVE: To associate the consumption of fruits with nutritional status of Chilean university students in physical education. METHODS: The study population consisted of all students of the School of Pedagogy in Physical Education from the Autonomous University of Chile, Temuco based (n = 420). The sample included 239 students (56.9%), men (76.5%) with a mean age of 21.5 ± 2.1 years. Each student nutritional status was determined and applied a validated survey eating habits. RESULTS: An association between fruit consumption (≥2 servings / day) in the model crude OR = 0.528 (from 0.288 to 0.965), Model 1 adjusted OR = 0.496 (0.268 to 0.916) and Model 2 adjusted OR = 0.495 is observed (0.265 to 0.924) CONCLUSION: Consumption ≥ 2 servings a day of fruits is a protective factor for a good BMI Chilean university students in physical education.

Introducción: Chile es uno de los paises que alcanza los mayores niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad a nivel mundial (66.7% de la poblacion chilena), siendo los estudiantes universitarios un grupo tendiente a engrosar estas cifras por considerarse un grupo vulnerable nutricionalmente. Objetivo: Asociar el consumo de frutas con el estado nutricional de estudiantes universitarios chilenos de educacion fisica. Métodos: La poblacion estuvo constituida por todos los estudiantes de la Carrera de Pedagogia en Educacion Fisica de la Universidad Autonoma de Chile, sede Temuco (n=420). La muestra incluyo a 239 estudiantes (56,9%), hombres (76,5%), con un promedio de edad de 21,5 } 2,1 anos. A cada alumno se determino el estado nutricional y se les aplico una encuesta de habitos alimentarios validada. Resultados: Se observa una asociacion entre el consumo de frutas (≥2 porciones/dia) en el modelo crudo OR=0,528 (0,288-0,965), modelo ajustado 1 OR=0,496 (0,268-0,916) y modelo ajustado 2 OR=0,495 (0,265- 0,924) Conclusión: El consumo ≥ 2 porciones al dia de frutas es un factor protector para un buen IMC en estudiantes universitarios chilenos de educacion fisica.

Perfil antropométrico y condición física de jugadores veteranos de básquetbol / Anthropometric and fitness profile of senior basketball players

Los cambios demográficos y sociales están produciendo un incremento progresivo de las personas de más de 60 años a nivel mundial, situación que no es distinta en Chile, por lo que estudiar variables relacionadas con este grupo de la población se vuelve importante. En este sentido, la presente investigación tiene por objetivo conocer el perfil antropométrico y condición física de jugadores veteranos de basquetbol (JVB). El tipo de investigación contempla un diseño descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra seleccionada incluyó a 30 JVB (edad 66,7±6,8 años) pertenecientes a la liga de la Asociación de Básquetbol Sénior de la Región de la Araucanía, Chile. Las variables dependientes estudiadas corresponden a la composición corporal, somatotipo y condición física (fuerza, resistencia aeróbica, flexibilidad, agilidad y equilibrio dinámico). Los resultados indican que los JVB mostraron un componente endomórfico, mesomórfico y ectomórfico de 4,1, 6,1 y 1,0, respectivamente, clasificándolos como meso-endomorfos, con una masa muscular de 45% y masa grasa de 24,5%. La condición física de los JVB presentó un rendimiento igual (40% de los JVB) o superior (40% de los JVB) al esperado según edad y sexo. En conclusión, los JVB poseen un perfil antropométrico y condición física favorable de acuerdo a su edad y sexo, sugiriendo que la práctica sistemática de básquetbol permitiría impactar positivamente sobre la composición corporal y el rendimiento físico-funcional en adultos mayores, sin embargo se requiere de mayor investigación para poder afirmarlo.

The demographic and social changes are causing a gradual increase in people over 60 years worldwide, situation thar is similar in Chile, so the study of variables related to this group of the population becomes important. In this regard, the aim of this study is to determine the anthropometric and physical fitness profile of senior basketball players (SBP). This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative research. The sample included 30 SBP (age 66.7±6.8 years) belonging to the league of the Senior Basketball Association of the Araucanía Region, Chile. The dependent variables studied correspond to body composition, somatotype and fitness (strength, endurance, flexibility, agility and dynamic balance). Results indicate that the SBP showed endomorphic, mesomorphic and ectomorphic values of 4.1, 6.1 and 1.0, respectively, as meso-endomorphs with a muscle mass of 45% and body fat of 24.5%. Compared to age and sex counterparts, SBP exhibit equal (40% of SBP) or even higher (40% of SBP) values for physical fitness perfomance variables. In conclusion, SBP have a favorable anthropometric and physical fitness profile for their age and sex, suggesting that the systematic practice of basketball would have a positive impact on body composition and physical fitness-function in older adults, however more experimental research is needed to corroborate this.

Somatotipo, composición corporal, estado nutricional y condición física en personas con discapacidad visual que practican goalball / Somatotype, body composition, nutritional state and physical condition in people with visual impairment who practice goalball

Las publicaciones referidas a personas con discapacidad visual que practican Goalball son escasas, dado a estudiar otros grupos de la población o bien por razones que se desconocen. El objetivo de esta investigación fue medir el somatotipo, composición corporal, estado nutricional y condición física por aspectos estructurales y funcionales en personas con discapacidad visual que practican Goalball en la región de la Araucanía. El tipo de investigación contempla un diseño no experimental, descriptivo, transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La población estuvo constituida por 14 deportistas de Goalball de la región de la Araucanía, Chile. La muestra fue seleccionada bajo un criterio probabilístico, que incluyo a 11 personas, todos hombres (edad 42,36±14,46 años), en relación al peso y estatura la media fue de 74,76±10,36 kg y 1,695±0,07 m, respectivamente. Para medir el somatotipo y la composición corporal se utilizó el protocolo descrito por la Sociedad Internacional para el avance de la Kineantropometría (ISAK) y para evaluar el estado nutricional y la condición física, se utilizaron las pruebas empleadas en el Sistema de medición de la calidad de la educación (SIMCE) para el subsector de Educación Física, propuestos por el Ministerio de Educación de Chile (MINEDUC). Los resultados indican que los deportistas evaluados se clasifican como mesoendomorfos, alcanzando un 28,78% de masa grasa y 42,71% de masa muscular, mientras que su IMC fue 26,05 kg/m2. En cuanto a la condición física los valores encontrados señalan que se encuentran en un nivel satisfactorio para las pruebas de abdominales, flexibilidad y resistencia cardiorrespiratoria, mientras que ostentan malos resultados para las pruebas de salto largo a pies juntos y flexoextensión de codos, situación que se puede entender por la edad, discapacidad y características de la disciplina deportiva practicada.

Few publications refer to people with a visual impairment who practice Goalball, given that other groups of the population were studied or for unknown reasons. The aim was to measure the somatotype, the body composition, the nutritional state, and the physical condition (more specifically structural and functional features) of people with visual impairment in the Araucanía Region in Chile. The type of investigation considers a cuantitative, non-experimental, descriptive and transversal design. The sample consists of 14 Goalball athletes of the Araucanía Region. The sample was selected randomly and included 11 male subjects (age 42.36±14.46), with respect to weight and height the average was 74.76±10.36 and 1.695±0.07 respectively. To measure the somatotype and the body composition, the protocol described by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) was used, whereas to evaluate the nutritional state and physical condition, the tests employed in the SIMCE (System of Measuring the Quality of Education) for the subsector of Physical Education in Chile (MINEDUC ­ Ministry of Education) were administered. The results indicate that the evaluated athletes classify as meso-endomorph. They reached 28.78% of fat mass and 42.71% of muscle mass, whereas their BMI is 26.05kg/m2. Regarding their physical condition the findings show a satisfactory level for the tests of abdominals, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory resistence. The tests of long jump with joined feet and elbow-flexo-extention were not as good, however. These outcomes can possibly be explained by the age, visual impairment, and by characteristics of the sport discipline practiced.