The cohesin ATPase cycle is mediated by specific conformational dynamics and interface plasticity of SMC1A and SMC3 ATPase domains.

Cohesin is key to eukaryotic genome organization and acts throughout the cell cycle in an ATP-dependent manner. The mechanisms underlying cohesin ATPase activity are poorly understood. Here, we characterize distinct steps of the human cohesin ATPase cycle and show that the SMC1A and SMC3 ATPase domains undergo specific but concerted structural rearrangements along this cycle. Specifically, whereas the proximal coiled coil of the SMC1A ATPase domain remains conformationally stable, that of the SMC3 displays an intrinsic flexibility. The ATP-dependent formation of the heterodimeric SMC1A/SMC3 ATPase module (engaged state) favors this flexibility, which is counteracted by NIPBL and DNA binding (clamped state). Opening of the SMC3/RAD21 interface (open-engaged state) stiffens the SMC3 proximal coiled coil, thus constricting together with that of SMC1A the ATPase module DNA-binding chamber. The plasticity of the ATP-dependent interface between the SMC1A and SMC3 ATPase domains enables these structural rearrangements while keeping the ATP gate shut. VIDEO ABSTRACT.

Neurodevelopmental disorders associated variants in ADAT3 disrupt the activity of the ADAT2/ADAT3 tRNA deaminase complex and impair neuronal migration.

The ADAT2/ADAT3 complex catalyzes the adenosine to inosine modification at the wobble position of eukaryotic tRNAs. Mutations in ADAT3 , the catalytically inactive subunit of the ADAT2/ADAT3 complex, have been identified in patients presenting with severe neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Yet, the physiological function of ADAT2/ADAT3 complex during brain development remains totally unknown. Here we showed that maintaining a proper level of ADAT2/ADAT3 catalytic activity is required for correct radial migration of projection neurons in the developing mouse cortex. In addition, we not only reported 7 new NDD patients carrying biallelic variants in ADAT3 but also deeply characterize the impact of those variants on ADAT2/ADAT3 structure, biochemical properties, enzymatic activity and tRNAs editing and abundance. We demonstrated that all the identified variants alter both the expression and the activity of the complex leading to a significant decrease of I 34 with direct consequence on their steady-state. Using in vivo complementation assays, we correlated the severity of the migration phenotype with the degree of the loss of function caused by the variants. Altogether, our results indicate a critical role of ADAT2/ADAT3 during cortical development and provide cellular and molecular insights into the pathogenicity of ADAT3-related neurodevelopmental disorder.

Antioxidant action of yerba mate on carcass and meat characteristics and fatty acid profile in meat and fat of lambs finished in tropical pastures.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the supplementation with natural antioxidants from Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) on the performance, carcass and meat characteristics, and fatty acid profile in meat and fat of Texel × Ile de France lambs kept in Brachiaria-grass pasture. Twenty lambs with a mean age of 90 days and 26.3 kg of BW were distributed in a completely randomized design in two treatments with 10 replicates/treatment: Control-protein-energy supplement based on corn and soybean meal (150 g/kg DM of crude protein) without the addition of natural antioxidant yerba mate and Yerba Mate - energy protein supplement with the addition of yerba mate (110 g/kg DM). There was no treatment effect on animal performance and carcass characteristics. The subcutaneous fat thickness was significantly higher for lambs treated without yerba mate. There was no effect of nutritional treatments on the oxidative markers of lamb meat. The muscle of the animals treated with yerba mate showed a higher concentration of unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids elaidic, linolenic, thymnodonic, docosadienoic, and ceorvonic. The fat of the animals treated with yerba mate showed a higher concentration of palmitoleic acid, linoelaidic acid, heneicosanoic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids was significantly higher in meat and fat of lambs treated with yerba mate. Including yerba mate in the diet of lambs kept on Brachiaria pastures improves the lipid profile of polyunsaturated fatty acids in meat and fat, without altering the performance of the animals.

Evaluation of oral mucositis, candidiasis, and quality of life in patients with head and neck cancer treated with a hypofractionated or conventional radiotherapy protocol: a longitudinal, prospective, observational study.

BACKGROUND: Due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, recently, Radiotherapy (RT) protocols requiring fewer sessions (hypofractionated) have been used to shorten RT treatment and minimize patient exposure to medical centers, and decrease the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: This longitudinal, prospective, observational study aimed to compare the quality of life (QoL) and the incidence of oral mucositis and candidiasis in 66 patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) who undergo a hypofractionated RT protocol (GHipo), total of 55 Gy for 4 weeks, or a conventional RT protocol (GConv), total of 66 - 70 Gy for 6 - 7 weeks. PURPOSE: To assess the incidence and severity of oral mucositis, the incidence of candidiasis, and QoL were evaluated using the World Health Organization scale, clinical evaluation, and the QLC-30 and H&N-35 questionnaires, respectively, at the beginning and the end of RT. RESULTS: The incidence of candidiasis did not show differences between the two groups. However, at the end of RT, mucositis had a higher incidence (p < 0.01) and severity (p < 0.05) in GHipo. QoL was not markedly different between the two groups. Although mucositis worsened in patients treated with hypofractionated RT, QoL did not worsen for patients on this regimen. CONCLUSIONS: Our results open perspectives for the potential use of RT protocols for HNC with fewer sessions in conditions that require faster, cheaper, and more practical treatments.

The SISBIOTA-Diptera Brazilian Network: A long-term survey of Diptera from unexplored Brazilian Western Arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal

ABSTRACT The SISBIOTA-BRASIL was a three-year multimillion-dollar research program of the Brazilian government to document plants and animals in endangered/understudied areas and biomes in Brazil. Distributional patterns and the historical events that generated them are extensively unknown regarding Brazilian fauna and flora. This deficiency hinders the development of conservation policies and the understanding of evolutionary processes. Conservation decisions depend on precise knowledge of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of species. Given such a premise, we proposed to research the diversity of Diptera of the Brazilian western arc of Amazon, Cerrado, and Pantanal in the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Rondônia. Three important biomes of the South American continent characterize these Brazilian states: Amazon forest, Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah), and Pantanal. Besides their ecological relevance, these biomes historically lack intensive entomological surveys. Therefore, they are much underrepresented in the Brazilian natural history collections and in the scientific literature, which is further aggravated by the fact that these areas are being exponentially and rapidly converted to commercial lands. Our project involved over 90 collaborators from 24 different Brazilian institutions and one from Colombia among researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students, and technicians. We processed and analyzed nearly 300,000 specimens from ~60 families of Diptera collected with a large variety of methods in the sampled areas. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the genera and species diversity of 41 families treated. Our results point to a total of 2,130 species and 514 genera compiled and identified for the three states altogether, with an increase of 41% and 29% in the numbers of species and genera known for the three states combined, respectively. Overall, the 10 most species-rich families were Tachinidae, Cecidomyiidae, Tabanidae, Psychodidae, Sarcophagidae, Stratiomyidae, Bombyliidae, Syrphidae, Tephritidae, and Asilidae. The 10 most diverse in the number of genera were Tachinidae, Stratiomyidae, Asilidae, Mycetophilidae, Syrphidae, Tabanidae, Muscidae, Dolichopodidae, Sarcophagidae, and Chloropidae. So far, 111 scientific papers were published regarding taxonomic, phylogenetic, and biogeographical aspects of the studied families, with the description of 101 new species and three new genera. We expect that additional publications will result from this investigation because several specimens are now curated and being researched by specialists.

Dietary soybean oil modulates fatty acid composition of pork.

This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of soybean oil level on performance and fatty acid profile of backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle of gilts. Forty-eight gilts with an initial weight of 21.75 ± 0.138 kg and final weight of 98.65 ± 2.106 kg were subjected to one of the following six dietary soybean oil inclusions (0.00, 1.086, 2.173, 3.259, 4.345, and 5.432%). Experimental design was completely randomized block with six treatments and four replicates of two animals each. Lipid profile of backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle was analyzed by gas chromatography. Increasing dietary soybean oil levels did not influence final weight, daily weight gain, and feed intake (P > 0.05) but improved feed to gain ratio (P < 0.05). The inclusion of soybean oil modified the lipid profile of backfat and muscle, reduced saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and increased polyunsaturated fatty acids concentration, mainly linoleic and α-linolenic acids (P < 0.05). Increasing dietary soybean oil inclusion decreased atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, and the omega-6:omega-3 ratio of the backfat and longissimus lumborum muscle (P < 0.05). The level of soybean oil in swine diets influenced backfat and longissimus lumborum lipid profile.

Sobre o colapso da objetalidade no discurso do capitalista / On the collapse of objectality in Capitalist discourse

RESUMO: O artigo refaz o percurso de Freud desde a exclusão de das Ding até o surgimento da dimensão da objetalidade por meio da constituição da realidade estruturada como fantasia. Com Lacan, coloca-se em evidência o objeto a como causa do desejo no Seminário da Angústia, no qual se discute a caducidade dos objetos que estabelecem bordas pelas quais a libido irá se deslocar em busca do objeto perdido. Enfim, aborda-se o colapso da objetalidade na vigência do discurso do capitalista. Em particular, é sublinhado o engodo desse discurso que faz supor acessível o objeto perdido na forma dos gadgets que a cada vez renovam a promessa de mais gozar.

Abstract: The article retraces Freud's path from the exclusion of das Ding to the emergence of the dimension of objectality through the constitution of reality structured as fantasy. In Lacan´s Seminary of Anguish, it is highlighted the concept of object taken as cause of desire, resulting from his discussion of the downfall of the objects that establish the borders through which the libido will move in search of the lost object. At the end, the collapse of objectality caused by the capitalist discourse is examined. In particular, the deception of this discourse is underlined, as it makes it seem as if the lost object is accessible in the form of gadgets that each time renew the promise of more enjoyment.

Statistical optimization of methane production from brewery spent grain: Interaction effects of temperature and substrate concentration.

This study evaluated the effects of thermal pretreatment of brewery spent grain (BSG) (by autoclave 121 °C, 1.45 atm for 30 min) on methane production (CH4). Operation temperature (31-59 °C) and substrate concentration (8.3-19.7 g BSG.L-1) factors were investigated by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD). Values ranging from 81.1 ± 2.0 to 290.1 ± 3.5 mL CH4.g-1 TVS were obtained according to operation temperature and substrate concentration variation. The most adverse condition for methanogenesis (81.1 ± 2.0 mL CH4.g-1 TVS) was at 59 °C and 14 g BSG.L-1, in which there was increase in the organic matter concentration from 173.6 ± 4.94 to 3036 ± 7.78 mg.L-1) result of a higher final concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA, 2662.7 mg.L-1). On the other hand, the optimum condition predicted by the statistical model was at 35 °C and 18 g BSG.L-1 (289.1 mL CH4.g-1 TVS), which showed decrease in the organic matter concentration of 78.6% and a lower final concentration of VFA (533.2 mg.L-1). Hydrogenospora and Methanosaeta were identified in this optimum CH4 production condition, where acetoclastic methanogenic pathway prevailed. The CH4 production enhancement was concomitant to acetic acid concentration decrease (from 578.9 to 135.7 mg.L-1).

Estudo epidemiológico de queimaduras em crianças atendidas em hospital terciário na cidade de Campo Grande/MS / Epidemiological study of burns in children treated at a tertiary hospital in Campo Grande/MS / Estudio epidemiológico de quemaduras en niños tratados en un hospital terciario de Campo Grande/MS

OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de crianças e adolescentes vítimas de queimaduras internadas em uma unidade, referência no tratamento de queimaduras, de um hospital de grande porte, localizado na cidade de Campo Grande/MS. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, no qual foram analisados prontuários de pacientes vítimas de queimaduras, com idade entre zero e 18 anos incompletos, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2015. A amostra foi constituída de 59 prontuários pesquisados na Unidade de Tratamento de Queimados, sendo os dados coletados diretamente dos prontuários eletrônicos do Serviço de Arquivo Médico e Estatísticas. RESULTADOS: Ficou evidenciado que 59% dos pacientes são do sexo masculino e a faixa etária de um a quatro anos foi a mais prevalente. O líquido superaquecido (42%) foi o agente etiológico mais frequente nos casos, sendo que os membros superiores, tórax e face foram as áreas do corpo mais acometidas, representando 50% das regiões queimadas. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo evidenciou que, no grupo estudado, as crianças na faixa etária entre um e quatro anos são as vítimas mais frequentes das queimaduras, e que o evento aconteceu, principalmente, no ambiente domiciliar de forma acidental, sendo o líquido superaquecido o agente etiológico responsável pela maioria das lesões.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological profile of children and adolescents victims of burns hospitalized in a large hospital, located in the city of Campo Grande/MS. METHODS: Retrospective and descriptive study, which analyzed records of burns victims, aged between zero and 18 years old, from January to December 2015. The sample consisted of 59 medical records, from children and adolescents, hospitalized in the Treatment of Burn Unit and the data collected directly from electronic medical records of the Medical Statistics and Archive Service. RESULTS: The study showed that 59% of patients are male and aged one to four years-old was the most prevalent. The superheated liquid (42%) was the most common etiologic agent in cases, and the upper limbs, chest and face were the most affected areas of the body, representing 50% of the burned regions. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that children aged between one and four years-old are the most frequent victims of burns, the event took place mainly in the home environment accidentally and the superheated liquid the etiological agent responsible for most injuries.

Principais causas de condenação no abate de frangos de corte em um abatedouro localizado na região sul de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil / Major reasons for condemnation in broiler slaughter in a slaughterhouse located in the south region of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Objetivou-se identificar as principais causas de condenação de aves em um abatedouro frigorífico localizado no sul do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os dados foram coletados a partir dos registros do Serviço de Inspeção Federal, com a quantificação das lesões encontradas e o destinado dado às carcaças, divididas em condenação parcial e total. Das aves abatidas entre janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2016, 9,08% apresentaram alguma lesão que levou à condenação post-mortem, sendo 8,05% condenações parciais e 1,03% condenações totais. Dentre o total de condenações a que prevaleceu foi a parcial (88,69%) e 11,31%, condenação total. As causas mais frequentes para a condenação parcial foram contusão/fratura (39,14%), aerossaculite (13,34%) e dermatose (11,92%). Já as causas de condenação total mais frequentes foram colibacilose (28,31%), aspecto repugnante (24,79%) e síndrome ascítica (11,39%).

Causas e prejuízos econômicos por condenação visceral de bovinos em um matadouro frigorífico sob inspeção oficial no município de Corumbá, MS, Brasil / Origin and economic losses decured of bovine visceral condemnation in a slaughterhouse under official inspection in Corumbá, MS, Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi mensurar as principais causas de condenações viscerais e seus prejuízos econômicos em um matadouro frigorífico localizado na cidade de Corumbá - MS. Foi realizada a quantificação do número de cabeças e órgãos condenados, identificação das principais lesões e estimativa dos prejuízos econômicos causados pelas mesmas. Foram abatidos 21.097 animais, dos quais 13.215 vísceras foram condenadas. Os órgãos com maiores índices de condenações foram os pulmões (47,73%), seguido dos rins (30,2%) e fígados (12,24%). As lesões de maior incidência de condenações foram enfisema pulmonar (27,63%), nefrite (17,43) e aspiração ruminal (13,43%). As condenações levaram a um prejuízo de R$ 73.484,19 em um ano. O fígado foi o órgão responsável por mais da metade das perdas econômicas (56,59%).

Conselho de saúde do Distrito Federal: uma análise documental / Federal District Health Council: a documentary analysis / Consejos de Salud en el Distrito Federal: un análisis documental

Este estudo tem como objetivo geral discutir as principais mudanças ocorridas nos dispositivos legais que regulamentam o Conselho de Saúde do Distrito Federal à luz da Lei nº 8.142/90. Trata-se de análise documental acerca das alterações legais do Conselho de Saúde do DF. A técnica de análise utilizada foi a análise documental. Os dados foram analisados tomando-se como base as seguintes temáticas: composição, com enfoque na representatividade e na paridade; atribuições; autonomia e participação nas decisões políticas. Demonstrou-se que tanto a origem quanto a evolução do Conselho de Saúde do DF estão associadas aos diversos momentos históricos que o país vivenciou. As principais alterações nos instrumentos legais do Conselho de Saúde do DF surgiram como tentativas de atender a demandas trazidas a partir da promulgação das Leis 8080/1990 e 8142/1990. Observam-se limitações nos textos dos atos analisados, pois, desde a implementação do SUS, houve quatro alterações significativas com o objetivo de alterar a estrutura, a composição e as competências do Conselho de Saúde do DF. Nota-se ainda acentuada demora na regulamentação das alterações legislativas para conformar-se com a Constituinte, bem como com os dispositivos legais do âmbito federal. Somente a existência dos dispositivos legais não assegura a existência concreta do conselho, além disso, não se constitui necessariamente em efetiva participação social no SUS.

This study has the general objective to discuss the major changes in the legal provisions governing the Federal District Health Council in light of Law No. 8,142 / 90. This is a documentary analysis about the legal changes in the Health Council in the Federal District. The analysis technique used was documentary analysis. Data were analyzed on the basis of the following topics: composition, focusing on the representation and parity; assignments; autonomy and participation in political decisions. The results show that both the origin and evolution of the Health Council of the FD is associated with many historical moments that the country experienced. The main changes in the legal instruments of the Health Council of the FD emerged attempting to meet demands brought from the enactment of Laws 8080/1990 and 8142/1990. Limitations were observed in the texts of the acts that were analyzed, because since the implementation of SUS, there have been four significant changes in order to change the structure, composition and powers of the Health Council in FD. We also noted a marked delay in the regulation of legislative changes to conform with the constitutional and legal provisions in the Federal level. The existence of legal provisions not only doesn't ensure the concrete existence of the council, moreover, doesn't necessarily constitute an effective social participation in the SUS.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo general discutir los cambios importantes en las disposiciones legales que rigen el Consejo de Salud del Distrito Federal a la luz de la Ley N ° 8.142 / 90. Se trata de un análisis documental acerca de las alteraciones legales del Consejo de Salud en el Distrito Federal. La técnica de utilizada fue el análisis documental. Los datos fueron analizados con base en los siguientes temas: la composición, la cual se centra en la representación y la paridad; atribuciones; autonomía y participación en las decisiones políticas. Los resultados muestran que tanto el origen como la evolución del Consejo de Salud del DF se asocia con diversos momentos históricos que el país experimentó. Las principales alteraciones en los instrumentos jurídicos del Consejo de la Salud del Distrito surgieron para intentar satisfacer las demandas que aparecieron desde la promulgación de las Leyes 8080/1990 y 8142/1990. Se observaron limitaciones en los textos de los actos analizados, ya que desde la implementación de SUS, ha habido cuatro cambios significativos con el objetivo de alterar la estructura, composición y competencias del Consejo de Salud en el Distrito Federal. Se observa también una acentuada demora en la reglamentación de las alteraciones legislativas para conformarse como Constituyente, con dispositivos legales en el ámbito Federal. La existencia solamente de dispositivos legales no asegura la existencia concreta del consejo, además de eso, no constituye necesariamente una efectiva participación social en SUS

Mutagenic and genotoxic potential of direct electric current in Escherichia coli and Salmonella thyphimurium strains.

Direct electric current has several therapeutic uses such as antibacterial and antiprotozoal action, tissues scarring and regeneration, as well as tumor treatment. This method has shown promising results in vivo and in vitro, with significant efficacy and almost no side effects. Considering lack of studies regarding direct electric current mutagenic and/or genotoxic effects, the present work evaluated both aspects by using five different bacterial experimental assays: survival of repair-deficient mutants, Salmonella-histidine reversion mutagenesis (Ames test), forward mutations to rifampicin resistance, phage reactivation, and lysogenic induction. In these experimental conditions, cells were submitted to an approach that allows evaluation of anodic, cathodic, and electro-ionic effects generated by 2 mA of direct electric current, with doses ranging from 0.36 to 3.60 Coulombs. Our results showed these doses did not induce mutagenic or genotoxic effects.

Antitumor effects of electrochemical treatment.

Electrochemical treatment is an alternative modality for tumor treatment based on the application of a low intensity direct electric current to the tumor tissue through two or more platinum electrodes placed within the tumor zone or in the surrounding areas. This treatment is noted for its great effectiveness, minimal invasiveness and local effect. Several studies have been conducted worldwide to evaluate the antitumoral effect of this therapy. In all these studies a variety of biochemical and physiological responses of tumors to the applied treatment have been obtained. By this reason, researchers have suggested various mechanisms to explain how direct electric current destroys tumor cells. Although, it is generally accepted this treatment induces electrolysis, electroosmosis and electroporation in tumoral tissues. However, action mechanism of this alternative modality on the tumor tissue is not well understood. Although the principle of Electrochemical treatment is simple, a standardized method is not yet available. The mechanism by which Electrochemical treatment affects tumor growth and survival may represent more complex process. The present work analyzes the latest and most important research done on the electrochemical treatment of tumors. We conclude with our point of view about the destruction mechanism features of this alternative therapy. Also, we suggest some mechanisms and strategies from the thermodynamic point of view for this therapy. In the area of Electrochemical treatment of cancer this tool has been exploited very little and much work remains to be done. Electrochemical treatment constitutes a good therapeutic option for patients that have failed the conventional oncology methods.

Effects of direct electric current on Herpetomonas samuelpessoai: An ultrastructural study.

The literature shows that the effects of direct electric currents on biological material are numerous, including bactericidal, fungicidal, parasiticidal, and anti-tumoral, among others. Non-pathogenic trypanosomatids, such as Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, have emerged as important models for the study of basic biological processes performed by a eukaryotic cell. The present study reports a dose-dependent anti-protozoan effect of direct electric treatment with both cathodic and anodic current flows on H. samuelpessoai cells. The damaging effects can be attributable to the electrolysis products generated during electric stimulation. The pH of the cell suspension was progressively augmented from 7.4 to 10.5 after the cathodic treatment. In contrast, the anodic treatment caused a pH decrease varying from 7.4 to 6.5. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed profound alterations in vital cellular structures (e.g., mitochondrion, kinetoplast, flagellum, flagellar pocket, nucleus, and plasma membrane) after exposure to both cathodic and anodic current flows. Specifically, cathodic current flow treatment induced the appearance of autophagic-like structures on parasite cells, while those submitted to an anodic current flow presented marked disorganization of plasma membrane and necrotic appearance. However, parasites treated in the intermediary chamber (without contact with the electrodes) did not present significant changes in viability or morphology, and no pH variation was detected in this system. The use of H. samuelpessoai as a biological model and the direct electric current experimental approach used in our study provide important information for understanding the mechanisms involved in the cytotoxic effects of this physical agent.

Multiple mutations in the Kras gene in colorectal cancer: review of the literature with two case reports.

PURPOSE: Kras mutations are negative predictors of anti-EGFR therapy, occurring in 40% of colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). Point substitutions in codon 12 or 13 are the most frequent mutations in Kras, but multiple mutations (MMs) in other codons can also develop. Few data exist on MMs with regard to their frequency and the codons and amino acids that are affected. We report two cases of Kras double mutations in codons 12 and 13 and review Kras MMs in primary CRC in PubMed databases. CASE REPORT: A 53-year-old woman and a 70-year-old man presented with deep, invasive, moderately differentiated CRC at an advanced clinical stage. The former had regional lymph node involvement and vaginal wall neoplastic implantation, and the latter had liver metastasis. Primary tumors were examined for Kras mutations by pyrosequencing, which were confirmed by direct sequencing. Both tumors had a mutation in codons 12 and 13, wherein codon 12 was mutated to GAT, and codon 13 became GAC. CONCLUSIONS: We identified 69 reported cases of Kras MMs and reported two other cases, representing 2.1% of all mutated tumors; the incidence of such mutations is 1.0% in CRC patients. In most cases (59%), MMs develop in a single codon, usually codon 12. Codons 12 and 13 are affected simultaneously in only 27% of cases. These findings add information about the impact of specific amino acid changes in the Kras gene.

Sintomas de distúrbios do sono em pacientes com rinite / Symptoms of sleep disorders in patients with rhinitis

Introdução: A obstrução nasal e a ação das citocinas no sistema nervoso central durante as crises de rinite podem causar distúrbios do sono. Objetivo: Avaliar distúrbios do sono em pacientes com rinite. Métodos: Foram avaliados 51 pacientes com rinite, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 12 e 63 anos (média 28,2 anos). Foram utilizados a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e o Questionário de Kamami para avaliar distúrbios do sono, e o teste epicutâneo de hipersensibilidade imediata para aeroalérgenos. Estudo de corte transversal. Resultados: Houve elevada freqüência do sintoma de obstrução nasal (54,9 per cent), com sintomas nasais persistentes em 78,4 per cent dos casos. Notamos precariedade das condições de higiene do domicílio dos pacientes, com uso de cortinas em 60,8 per cent dos casos, presença de mofo em 13,7 per cent e tabagismo passivo em 35,3 per cent. A prevalência de rinite alérgica foi de 74,5 per cent e predominou a hipersensibilidade aos ácaros da poeira domiciliar (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus em 64,7 per cent, Dermatophagoides farinae em 58,8 per cent e B/omia tropica/is em 56,9 per cent dos casos) e barata Biatella germanica (11,8 per cent). As principais queixas de distúrbios do sono foram: sonolência diurna (29,4 per cent segundo a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e 62,7 per cent segundo o Questionário de Kamami), cefaléia matutina/fadiga ao acordar e fragmentação do sono (33,3 per cent) e ronco noturno (27,5 per cent). Conclusão: Queixas de distúrbios do sono foram muito comuns nesta amostra de pacientes com rinite.

Introduction: Nasal obstruction and effects of cytokines on Central Nervous System during rhinitis crisis may cause sleep disorders. Objective: To evaluate sleep disorders in patients with rhinitis. Methods: There were enrolled 51 patients with rhinitis, both sexes, aged 12 to 63 years (mean 28.2 years). Sleep disorders were assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Kamami´s Questionnaire and there was performed the skin prick test for inhaled allergens. Cross-sectional study Results: There was found hígh prevalence of nasal obstruction (54.9 per cent), with persistent nasal symptoms in 78.4 per cent of cases. We noticed unfavorable environmental hygiene conditions at patient's homes, with curtains in 60.8 per cent of cases, mold in 13.7 per cent and passíve smoking in 35.3 per cent. Allergic rhinitis prevalence was 74.5 per cent and hypersensitivity to house dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in 64.7 perc cent, Dermatophagoides farinae in 58.8 per cent and B/omia tropica/is in 56.9 per cent of cases) and cockroach Biatella germanica (11.8 per cent) predorninated. The main complaints of sleep disorders were: daytime sleepiness (29.4 per cent according to the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and 62.7 per cent according to Karnarni's Questionnaire), morning headache/ fatigue and sleep fragmentation (33.3 per cent) and snoring (27.5 per cent). Conclusion: Sleep disorders complaints were quite common in this sample of rhinitis patients.

Efeito do raloxifeno sobre a densidade mamográfica em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Effect of treatment with raloxifene on mammographic breast density in postmenopausa

OBJETIVO: avaliar a densidade mamográfica (DM) de mulheres na pós-menopausa submetidas ao tratamento com raloxifeno. MÉTODOS: em estudo aberto prospectivo, não randomizado, avaliaram-se 80 mulheres (média de idade=61,1 anos). Quarenta pacientes receberam 60 mg/dia de raloxifeno e 40 mulheres compuseram o grupo não tratado (controle), pareadas pela idade e tempo de menopausa. O grupo tratado foi composto por pacientes com osteoporose da coluna lombar. Foram excluídas aquelas com história de cirurgia mamária e usuárias de terapia hormonal (TH) até seis meses prévios. A DM foi avaliada de forma qualitativa (subjetiva) e quantitativa (objetiva) em dois momentos: inicial e após seis meses de seguimento. As 320 mamografias (crânio-caudal e oblíqua) foram interpretadas qualitativamente pela classificação do Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) e quantitativamente pela digitalização computadorizada da imagem. Para análise estatística empregaram-se os testes t, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney, correlação de Spearman e teste de concordância de kappa. RESULTADOS: na comparação estatística inicial, os grupos foram homogêneos para todas as variáveis analisadas (idade, tempo de menopausa, paridade, amamentação, TH prévia e índice de massa corpórea). Na DM inicial, pelos métodos qualitativo e quantitativo, houve correlação negativa com a idade, em ambos os grupos (p<0,05). Para as demais variáveis analisadas, não houve correlação significativa. Após seis meses não se encontrou alteração na DM em 38 usuárias de raloxifeno e 38 controles pela análise qualitativa, enquanto que pela análise quantitativa, a imagem manteve-se inalterada em 30 usuárias de raloxifeno e em 27 controles (p>0,05). Observou-se fraco valor de concordância (kappa=0,25) entre a classificação de BI-RADS e a digitalização da imagem. CONCLUSÕES: mulheres na pós-menopausa com osteoporose, submetidas ao tratamento com raloxifeno por seis meses, não apresentaram alterações no padrão de DM.

PURPOSE: to evaluate changes in mammographic breast density in postmenopausal women using raloxifene. METHODS: in this clinical trial, 80 women (mean age=61.1 years) were studied prospectively. Forty patients received 60 mg/day raloxifene, and 40 women comprised the non-treated group (control), paired by age and time of menopause. The treated group was composed of patients with osteoporosis of the lumbar spine. Those with history of breast surgery and users of hormone therapy up to six months prior to the study were excluded. The breast density was assessed qualitatively (subjective) and quantitatively (objective) in two moments, initial and final, after a 6-month follow-up. The 320 mammograms (craniocaudal and oblique) were interpreted qualitatively by the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification and quantitatively by digital scanning and computer-assisted segmentation. For statistical analysis t-test, Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation and the kappa index were used. RESULTS: on the initial statistical comparison, the groups were considered homogenous for the variables: analyzed age, time of menopause, parity, breast feeding, previous hormonal therapy and body mass index. Baseline breast density, by qualitative and quantitative methods, correlated negatively with the age in both groups (p<0.05). Concerning the other variables, there was no correlation. After six months, no alteration was observed in the mammographic breast density in 38 women of raloxifene group and 38 of the control group, by qualitative method. However, by quantitative method, no alteration was observed in 30 women of the raloxifene group and 27 controls (p>0.05). It was observed a weak agreement rate (kappa=0.25) between the BI-RADS classification and digital scanning/computer-assisted segmentation. CONCLUSIONS: in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis, submitted to raloxifene treatment for six months, no alterations were observed...